PANDEMİLERLE MÜCADELE İÇİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA “CEBRİ YARDIM”

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 760 - 795, 15.12.2020

Şahin Eray Kırdım

https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.781928

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Güvenlik Konseyi’nin uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe tehdit oluşturma riski bulunan bir pandemiyi BM Şartı VII. Bölüm kapsamında ele alıp, uluslararası toplumu salgının ortaya çıktığı devletin rızası hilafına kuvvet kullanmak suretiyle yardımda bulunma konusunda yetkilendirip yetkilendiremeyeceğini incelemektedir. Çalışma ilk olarak devletlerin neden ülkelerindeki salgınları gizleme ve dahası uluslararası yardımları reddetme eğiliminde olabileceklerini tarihsel örneklerle incelenmekte ve araştırma sorusunun uzak bir varsayım olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Güvenlik Konseyi, bir salgın hastalığın en muhtemel sonuçları itibariyle salgın hastalıklarla benzerlik gösteren en az üç krizde, insani krizleri VII. Bölümün yetki alanına dahil etmiştir. Bu krizlerin sonunda alınan 814, 841 ve 940 sayılı Güvenlik Konseyi kararları inceleyen çalışma, daha sonra Güvenlik Konseyi’nin VI. Bölüm yetkileri dahilinde ve doğrudan pandemilerle alakalı olarak aldığı 1308, 1983 ve 2177 sayılı kararları incelemektedir. Bu incelemeler sonucunda çalışma iki temel iddiayı ileri sürmektedir. Birincisi, uluslararası toplumun genelinde salgın hastalıkları uluslararası barış ve güvenliğe yönelik doğrudan bir tehdit olarak görme eğilimi tam olarak yerleşmiş değildir. İkincisi, salgın hastalıklar Güvenlik Konseyi’nin bazı daimî üyelerinin de içinde bulunduğu bir devletler grubu tarafından uluslararası barış ve güvenlik için doğrudan bir tehdit olarak kabul edilmiş olsa da pandemilerin önlenmesi için VII. Bölüme başvurmak konusunda bir uluslararası teamül hukuku oluştuğunu söylemek henüz mümkün değildir.

Keywords

Pandemiler, BM Şartı, Güvenlik Konseyi, VII. Bölüm, Kuvvet Kullanımı

“Forced Aid” in International Law to Fight Pandemics

Abstract

This study examines whether the Security Council, considering a pandemic that poses a threat to international peace and security and acting within the scope of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, can authorize the international community to provide assistance by using force against the consent of the state where the epidemic occurred. With historical examples, the study first examines why states may tend to hide outbreaks in their countries and, moreover, to reject international aid, which reveals that the research question is not a distant assumption. The Security Council has included humanitarian crises under the mandate of Chapter VII in at least three crises that are similar to epidemics in terms of the most likely consequences of an epidemic. The study, which examines the Security Council Resolutions 814, 841 and 940 taken at the end of these crises, then examines the Resolutions 1308, 1983 and 2177 taken by the Security Council within the powers of Chapter VII and directly related to pandemics. As a result of these investigations, the study puts forward two main claims. First, the tendency of the international community to view pandemics as a direct threat to international peace and security is not fully established. Secondly, although pandemics have been recognized as a direct threat to international peace and security by a group of states including some permanent members of the Security Council, it is not yet possible to say that there is an international customary law to apply to Chapter VII for the prevention of pandemics.

Keywords

Pandemics, UN Charter, Security Council, Chapter VII, Use of Force

References

• Adrienne, Meisels C., “Special Agreements in the Post-Cold War Era: Reality’s Conflict with Legal Theory”, Fordham Law Review, Yıl: 19995, Cilt: 64, Sayı: 1, (ss. 199-246).
• ANNE, Orford, “Locating the International: Military and Monetary Interventions after the Cold War” Harvard International Law Journal, Yıl: 1997, Cilt: 38, Sayı: 2, (ss. 443-486).
• AYDIN, Mustafa, “Uluslararası İlişkilerin “Gerçekçi” Teorisi: Kökeni, Kapsamı, Kritiği”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Yıl: 2004, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, (ss. 33-60).
• AYRES, Leonard O., The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary, 1. Basım, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1919.
• BAHDI, Reem, “Iraq, Sanctions and Security: A Critique”, Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy, Yıl: 2002, Cilt: 9, (ss. 237-252).
• BRIGGS, Charles, “Theorizing Modernity Conspiratorially: Science, Scale, and the Political Economy of Public Discourse in Explanations of a Cholera Epidemic”, American Ethnologist, Yıl: 2004, Cilt: 31, Sayı: 2, (ss. 164-187).
• BRIGGS, Ryan C., “Receiving Foreign Aid Can Reduce Support for Incumbent Presidents”, Political Research Quarterly, Yıl: 2018, Cilt: 72, Sayı: 1, 2018, (ss. 1-13).
• BROOKE, James, “Cholera Kills 1,100 in Peru and Marches on, Reaching the Brazilian Border”, the New York Times (Nisan 19, 1991), http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/19/world/cholera-kills-1100-in-peru-andmarches-on-reaching-the-brazilian-border.html (erişim tarihi: 21.05.2020).
• BURNS, John F., “Thousands Flee Indian City In Deadly Plague Outbreak”, the New York Times (Eylük 24, 1994), https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/24/world/thousands-flee-indian-city-in-deadly-plague-outbreak.html (erişim tarihi 28.05.2020).
• CASH, Richard A. / NARASIMBAN, Vasant, “Impediments to Global Surveillance of Infectious Diseases: Consequences of Open Reporting in a Global Economy”, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Yıl: 2000, Cilt: 78, Sayı: 11, (ss. 1358-1367).
• DAVIS, Robert / KIMBALL, Ann Marie, “The Economics of Emerging Infections in the Asia-Pacific Region: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know”, Plagues and Politics: Infectious Disease and International Policy (der. Andrew T. Price-Smith), 1. Basım, Palgrave Macmillian, New York, 2001, (ss. 59-75).
• DAVIS, Ryan A., The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918, 1. Basım, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2013.
• DEODHAR, N. S. / YEMUL, Vishwanath L. / BANERJEE, Kalyan, “Plague that Never Was: A Review of the Alleged Plague Outbreaks in India in 1994”, Journal of Public Health Policy, Yıl: 1998, Cilt: 19, Sayı: 2, (ss. 184-199).
• DUTT, Ashok K. / RAIS Akhtar / MELINDA McVeigh. “Surat Plague of 1994 Re-examined” The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Yıl: 2006, Cilt: 37, Sayı: 4, (ss. 755-60).
• EREKER, Fulya A., “İlkçağlardan Günümüze Haklı Savaş Kavramı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Yıl: 2004, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, (s. 1-36).
• GIORGIA, Papalia, “A Critique of the Unqualified Veto Power”, Perth International Law Journal, Yıl: 2017, Cilt: 2, ss. (55-63).
• HIGGINS, Rosalyn “The Advisory Opinion on Namibia: Which UN Resolutions are Binding under Article 25 of the Charter”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Yıl: 1972, Vilt: 21,Sayı: 2, (ss. 270-286).
• HOOD, Anna, “Ebola: A Threat to the Parameters of a Threat to the Peace”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Yıl: 2015, Cilt: 16, Sayı: 1, (ss. 29-51).
• KASTURI, Charu S., “Foreign Aid? No, Thanks”, Telegraph India (Temmuz 7, 2013), http://www. telegraphindia.com/1 130707/jsp/nation/storyl 7090124.jsp#.VOSwoZErI2w.
• KNOBLER, Stacey / Mahmoud, Adel / Lemon, Stanley / Pray, Leslie, The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary, 1. Basım, National Academies Press, Washington (DC), 2006.
• KUCHARSKI, Adam, The Rules of Contagion: Why Things Spread - and Why They Stop, 1. Basım, Profile Books, London, 2020.
• LACKLAND, Daniel, “Systemic Hypertension: An Endemic, Epidemic, and a Pandemic”, Seminars in Nephrology, Yıl: 2005, Cilt: 25, Sayı: 4, (ss. 194–197).
• Letter dated 96/05/20 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1996/356 (May 20, 1996) (https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/213544#record-files-collapse-header) (erişim tarihi 07.07.2020).
• LIN, Ching-Fu. “COVID-19 and the Institutional Resilience of the IHR (2005): Time for a Dispute Settlement Redesign?”, Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal, Yıl: 2020, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 1, (ss. 269-290).
• MACKINNON, Ian, “Burmese regime blocked international aid to cyclone victims, report says”, 27 Şubat 2009, the Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/27/regime-blocked-aid-to-burma-cyclone-victims (erişim tarihi: 13.04.2020).
• Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua, 1986 ICJ Rep. 14 (June 27), https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/70/070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (erişim tarihi: 15.04.2020).
• MOHAMED, Nizar, Learning from Cyclone Nargis - A Case Study (2009), https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/14116/myanmar_cyclonenargis_case_study.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (erişim tarihi: 13.04.2020).
• MYDANS, Seth, “Myanmar Seizes U.N. Food for Cyclone Victims and Blocks Foreign Experts”, 10 Mayıs 2008, the New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/10/world/asia/10myanmar.html (erişim tarihi: 13.04.2020).
• OLUDOUN, Temitope. “Peace and Security as a Catalyst for the Reform of the UN Security Council”, Review of International Law and Politics, Yıl: 2014, Cilt 10, Sayı 39, (ss. 63-96).
• ONISHI, Norimitsu, “As Ebola Grips Liberia’s Capital, a Quarantine Sows Social Chaos”, the New York Times (Ağustos 28, 2014) https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/29/world/africa/in-liberias-capital-an-ebola-outbreak-like-no-other.html (erişim tarihi: 05.06.2020).
• Press Release, Security Council, Unanimously Adopting 1983 (2011), Security Council Encourages Inclusion of HIV Prevention, Treatment, Care, Support in Implementing Peacekeeping Mandates, U.N. Press Release SC/10272 (June 7,2011).
• REIFF, Fred M., “Cholera in Peru”,‎ World Health: The Magazine of the World Health Organization, July-August 1992, ss. 18-19, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/325336 (erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020).
• Report by the Director-General, “Cholera (‎Implementation of Resolution WHA44.6)”, World Health Organization Executive Board 89, Yıl: ‎1991‎, s. 2, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/170490, (erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020).
• RODRIGUEZ-DOD, Eloisa C. / MARTY, Aileen Maria / MARTY-NELSON, Elena Maria, “Tears in Heaven: Religiously and Culturally Sensitive Laws for Preventing the Next Pandemic”, Catholic University Law Review, Yıl: 2016, Cilt: 66, Sayı: 1, (ss. 117-160).
• RUTH, Gordon, E. “Humanitarian Intervention by the United Nations: Iraq, Somalia, and Haiti”, Texas International Law Journal, Yıl: 1996, Cilt: 31, Sayı 1, (ss. 43-56).
• Security Council, 66th year, 6547th meeting (7 June 2011), s. 9 (https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/704833).
• Security Council, 69th year, 7268th meeting (Eylül 18, 2014), s. 7 (https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/spv_7268.pdf) (eişirim tarihi 06.07.2020).
• SHWE, Tun Aung/ZWI, Anthony/ROBERTS, Graham, “Cyclone Nargis 2008-Human Resourcing Insights From Within The Myanmar Red Cross”, Human, Resources for Health Knowledge Hub.
• SUAREZ, Ruben / BRADFORD, Bonnie, The Economic Impact of the Cholera Epidemic in Peru: An Application of the Cost of Ilness Methodology, Office of Health, Bureau for Research and Development, Water and Sanitation for Health Project, Field Report. 415, 1993.
• TAUBENBERGER, Jeffery K. / MORENS, David M., “1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics”, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Yıl: 2006, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 1, (ss. 15-22).
• TSOUCALAS, Gregory / KOUSOULİS, Antonios / SGANTZOS, Markosi “The 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic, the Origins of the H1N1-virus Strain, a Glance in History”, European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Yıl: 2016, Cilt 2, Sayı 4, (ss. 23-28).
• WENDT, Alexander, “Constructing International Politics”, International Security, Yıl: 1995, Cilt: 20, Sayı: 1, (ss. 71-81).