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RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 299 - 335, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232

Abstract

Karşı önlem, uluslararası haksız fiil sahibi bir devleti uluslararası yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmeye yöneltmek için başvurulan bir zorlama yoludur. Karşı önlemin hukuka uygun olması için mağdur devlet tarafından haksız fiil sahibi devlete yönelik alınması ve ona borçlu olduğu yükümlülüklerin yerine getirilmemesi şeklinde uygulanması gerekmektedir.
Karşı önlemler ve başvuru koşulları, Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun 2001 yılında kabul edilen “Devletlerin Uluslararası Hukuka Aykırı Fiillerinden Doğan Sorumluluğu”na ilişkin maddeler metninde detaylı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ancak Metnin “mağdur devletten başka devletlerce alınan önlemler” başlıklı 54. maddesinde “karşı önlemler” yerine “hukuka uygun önlemler” ifadesine yer verildiğinden, üçüncü devletlerin, bir bütün olarak uluslararası topluluğa yönelik bir ihlal gerekçesiyle sorumlu devlete yönelik karşı önlem alıp alamayacağı halen tartışılan bir meseledir.
Bu makale, Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya saldırısı üzerine Ukrayna dışındaki üçüncü devletlerce kararlaştırılıp uygulanan önlemlerin hukuki niteliği meselesi üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle, Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya saldırıları üzerine AB üyesi devletler ile İsviçre, ABD, İngiltere, Kanada ve Avustralya tarafından bu fiillere cevaben alınan önlemler sıralanacak, ardından “bir bütün olarak uluslararası topluluğa yönelik bir yükümlülüğün ihlali” sebebiyle üçüncü devletlerce alınan önlemlerin hukuki niteliği tartışılacaktır.

References

  • Alland D, ‘The Definitation of Countermeasures’ in James Crawford, Alain Pellet, Simon Olleson (eds), The Law of International Responsibility, (Oxford University Press 2010) 1127-1136.
  • Alland D, ‘Countermeasures of General Interest’ (2002) 13(5) European Journal of International Law 1221-1239.
  • Cassese A, International Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005).
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/335 of 28 February 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 57/4.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/337 of 28 February 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2022) OJL 59/1.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/429 of 15 March 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2022) OJL 87/44.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/430 of 15 March 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 87/56.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/578 of 8 April 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 111/70.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/582 of 8 April 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, OJL 110/55.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/1271 of 21 July 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 193/196
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/1907 of 6 October 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2022) OJL 259/98
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/2478 of 16 December 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJ L 322/614.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2023/432 of 25 February 2023 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2023) OJL 59/437
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2023/1217 of 23 June 2023 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2023) OJL159/451
  • Crawford J, State Responsibility: The General Part (Cambridge University Press 2013).
  • Currie, John H., Public International Law (2nd edn, Irwin Law 2008).
  • Dawidowicz M, Third-party Countermeasures in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2017).
  • Denk E, ‘Uluslararası Andlaşmalar Hukukunda Jus Cogens Kurallar’ (2001) 56(2) Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 43-70.
  • Dopagne F, ‘Sanctions and Countermeasures by International Organizations’ in Richard Collins and Nigel D. White (eds), International Organizations and the Idea of Autonomy, Institutional Independence in the International Legal Order (Routledge 2011).
  • Ertuğrul Ü E, Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarından Doğan Yükümlülüklerin Ciddi İhlallerinden Devletin Sorumluluğu (Yetkin Yayınevi 2012).
  • Feinäugle C A, ‘UN Smart Sanctions and the UN Declaration on the Rule of Law’ in Matthew Happold and Paul
  • Eden (eds) Economic Sanctions and International Law (Hart Publishing 2016) 113-134.
  • Gazzini T, ‘The Normative Element Inherent in Economic Collective Enforcement Measures: United Nations and European Union Practice’ in Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos and Laura Picchio Forlati (eds) Les sanctions e ´conomiques en droit international/ Economic Sanctions in International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2004) 279-308.
  • Gestri M, ‘Sanctions Imposed by the European Union: Legal and Institutional Aspects’ in Natalino Ronzitti (ed), Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff, 2016) 70-102.
  • Happold M, ‘Economic Sanctions and International Law: An Introduction’ in Matthew Happold and Paul Eden (eds), Economic Sanctions and International Law (Hart Publishing 2016) 1-12.
  • Happold M, ‘Targeted Sanctions and Human Rights’ in Matthew Happold and Paul Eden (eds), Economic Sanctions and International Law (Hart Publishing 2016) 87-112.
  • Hofer A, ‘Unilateral Sanctions As a Challenge to the Law of State Responsibility’ in Charlotte Beaucillon (ed) Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions (Edward Elgar Publishing 2021) 186-203.
  • Hofer A, ‘The “Curiouser and Curiouser” Legal Nature of Non-UN Sanctions: The Case of the US Sanctions against Russia’ (2018) 23(1) Journal of Conflict & Security Law 75-104.
  • Katselli Proukaki E, The Problem of Enforcement in International Law: Countermeasures, the Non-İnjured State and the Idea of İnternational Community (Routledge 2010).
  • Keskin F, Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler (Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları No:20 1998).
  • Mégret F, ‘International Law as Law’ in James Crawford, Martti, Koskenniemi ve Ranganathan Surabhi (eds), The Cambridge Companion to International Law, (Cambridge University Press 2012) 64-92.
  • Murphy, Sean D., Principles of International Law (2nd edn, West Academic Publishing 2012).
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk (18th edn, Turhan Kitabevi 2019).
  • Pirim C Z, ‘Uluslararası Sorumluluk Hukukunda Devletlerin Ağırlaştırılmış Sorumluluğu: Kuramsal Bir Değerlendirme’ (2012) 32(2) Public and Private International Law Bulletin 147-182.
  • Ronzitti N, ‘Sanctions as Instruments of Coercive Diplomacy: An International Law Perspective’ in Natalino Ronzitti (ed) Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2016) 1-32.
  • Ruys T, ‘Sanctions, Retorsions and Countermeasures: Concepts and International Legal Framework’ in Larissa van den Herik (ed), Research Handbook on UN Sanctions and International Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2017) 1-27.
  • Sicilianos L A, ‘Countermeasures in Response to Grave Violations Owed to the International Community’ in
  • James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson (eds), The Law of International Responsibilty (Oxford University Press 2010) 1137-1148.
  • Sur M, Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, (15th edn, Beta Basım 2021).
  • Şimşek G E, ‘Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve ABD’nin Tek Taraflı Yaptırımlarının Kısa Bir Değerlendirilmesi’ (2021) 78(4) İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 2049- 2078.
  • Tams C, Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2005). White N D and Abass A, ‘Countermeasures and Sanctions’ in Malcolm D. Evans (ed), International Law (5th edn, Oxford Universit Press 2018) 509-530.
  • White N D, ‘Sanctions Against Non-State Actors’ in Natalino Ronzitti (ed), Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff, 2016) 127-160.
Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 299 - 335, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232

Abstract

References

  • Alland D, ‘The Definitation of Countermeasures’ in James Crawford, Alain Pellet, Simon Olleson (eds), The Law of International Responsibility, (Oxford University Press 2010) 1127-1136.
  • Alland D, ‘Countermeasures of General Interest’ (2002) 13(5) European Journal of International Law 1221-1239.
  • Cassese A, International Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005).
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/335 of 28 February 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 57/4.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/337 of 28 February 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2022) OJL 59/1.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/429 of 15 March 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2022) OJL 87/44.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/430 of 15 March 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 87/56.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/578 of 8 April 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 111/70.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/582 of 8 April 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine, OJL 110/55.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/1271 of 21 July 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJL 193/196
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/1907 of 6 October 2022 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2022) OJL 259/98
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/2478 of 16 December 2022 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2022) OJ L 322/614.
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2023/432 of 25 February 2023 amending Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine (2023) OJL 59/437
  • Council Decision (CFSP) 2023/1217 of 23 June 2023 amending Decision 2014/512/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia’s actions destabilising the situation in Ukraine (2023) OJL159/451
  • Crawford J, State Responsibility: The General Part (Cambridge University Press 2013).
  • Currie, John H., Public International Law (2nd edn, Irwin Law 2008).
  • Dawidowicz M, Third-party Countermeasures in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2017).
  • Denk E, ‘Uluslararası Andlaşmalar Hukukunda Jus Cogens Kurallar’ (2001) 56(2) Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 43-70.
  • Dopagne F, ‘Sanctions and Countermeasures by International Organizations’ in Richard Collins and Nigel D. White (eds), International Organizations and the Idea of Autonomy, Institutional Independence in the International Legal Order (Routledge 2011).
  • Ertuğrul Ü E, Uluslararası Hukukun Emredici Normlarından Doğan Yükümlülüklerin Ciddi İhlallerinden Devletin Sorumluluğu (Yetkin Yayınevi 2012).
  • Feinäugle C A, ‘UN Smart Sanctions and the UN Declaration on the Rule of Law’ in Matthew Happold and Paul
  • Eden (eds) Economic Sanctions and International Law (Hart Publishing 2016) 113-134.
  • Gazzini T, ‘The Normative Element Inherent in Economic Collective Enforcement Measures: United Nations and European Union Practice’ in Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos and Laura Picchio Forlati (eds) Les sanctions e ´conomiques en droit international/ Economic Sanctions in International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2004) 279-308.
  • Gestri M, ‘Sanctions Imposed by the European Union: Legal and Institutional Aspects’ in Natalino Ronzitti (ed), Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff, 2016) 70-102.
  • Happold M, ‘Economic Sanctions and International Law: An Introduction’ in Matthew Happold and Paul Eden (eds), Economic Sanctions and International Law (Hart Publishing 2016) 1-12.
  • Happold M, ‘Targeted Sanctions and Human Rights’ in Matthew Happold and Paul Eden (eds), Economic Sanctions and International Law (Hart Publishing 2016) 87-112.
  • Hofer A, ‘Unilateral Sanctions As a Challenge to the Law of State Responsibility’ in Charlotte Beaucillon (ed) Research Handbook on Unilateral and Extraterritorial Sanctions (Edward Elgar Publishing 2021) 186-203.
  • Hofer A, ‘The “Curiouser and Curiouser” Legal Nature of Non-UN Sanctions: The Case of the US Sanctions against Russia’ (2018) 23(1) Journal of Conflict & Security Law 75-104.
  • Katselli Proukaki E, The Problem of Enforcement in International Law: Countermeasures, the Non-İnjured State and the Idea of İnternational Community (Routledge 2010).
  • Keskin F, Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler (Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları No:20 1998).
  • Mégret F, ‘International Law as Law’ in James Crawford, Martti, Koskenniemi ve Ranganathan Surabhi (eds), The Cambridge Companion to International Law, (Cambridge University Press 2012) 64-92.
  • Murphy, Sean D., Principles of International Law (2nd edn, West Academic Publishing 2012).
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk (18th edn, Turhan Kitabevi 2019).
  • Pirim C Z, ‘Uluslararası Sorumluluk Hukukunda Devletlerin Ağırlaştırılmış Sorumluluğu: Kuramsal Bir Değerlendirme’ (2012) 32(2) Public and Private International Law Bulletin 147-182.
  • Ronzitti N, ‘Sanctions as Instruments of Coercive Diplomacy: An International Law Perspective’ in Natalino Ronzitti (ed) Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2016) 1-32.
  • Ruys T, ‘Sanctions, Retorsions and Countermeasures: Concepts and International Legal Framework’ in Larissa van den Herik (ed), Research Handbook on UN Sanctions and International Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2017) 1-27.
  • Sicilianos L A, ‘Countermeasures in Response to Grave Violations Owed to the International Community’ in
  • James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson (eds), The Law of International Responsibilty (Oxford University Press 2010) 1137-1148.
  • Sur M, Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, (15th edn, Beta Basım 2021).
  • Şimşek G E, ‘Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve ABD’nin Tek Taraflı Yaptırımlarının Kısa Bir Değerlendirilmesi’ (2021) 78(4) İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 2049- 2078.
  • Tams C, Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2005). White N D and Abass A, ‘Countermeasures and Sanctions’ in Malcolm D. Evans (ed), International Law (5th edn, Oxford Universit Press 2018) 509-530.
  • White N D, ‘Sanctions Against Non-State Actors’ in Natalino Ronzitti (ed), Coercive Diplomacy, Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff, 2016) 127-160.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayla Çalışkan

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çalışkan, A. (2023). RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 299-335. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232
AMA Çalışkan A. RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER. Hacettepe HFD. December 2023;13(2):299-335. doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232
Chicago Çalışkan, Ayla. “RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 13, no. 2 (December 2023): 299-335. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232.
EndNote Çalışkan A (December 1, 2023) RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 13 2 299–335.
IEEE A. Çalışkan, “RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER”, Hacettepe HFD, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 299–335, 2023, doi: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Ayla. “RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 13/2 (December 2023), 299-335. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232.
JAMA Çalışkan A. RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER. Hacettepe HFD. 2023;13:299–335.
MLA Çalışkan, Ayla. “RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, 2023, pp. 299-35, doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1359232.
Vancouver Çalışkan A. RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞINDA ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVLETLERCE ALINAN ÖNLEMLER. Hacettepe HFD. 2023;13(2):299-335.