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The difficulties in performing 3D GIS and Applications of 3D Spatial Analysis

Year 2010, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 1 - 12, 01.09.2010

İsmail Rakıp Karaş Fatmagül Batuk Erdener Yeşil

Abstract

While commonly used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mostly allow two dimensional (2D) applications,with the technological improvements it is necessary to produce more effective solutions in modeling real world. This progress have revealed the concept of the “Three Dimensional GIS (3D GIS)”. The systems that perform every functions expected from a GIS on real objects of 3D world can be defined as 3D GIS. Even if some of the systems are called as 3D while they are out of the concept of 3D GIS. In this study, the 3D GIS concept and the difficulties in performing a 3D GIS are described in detail, and then two different applications developed based on 3D spatial analyses are presented.

Keywords

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References

  • Kwan, M. P. ve Lee, J., 2005, “Emergency response after 9/11: the potential of realtime 3D GIS for quick emergency response in micro-spatial environments, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 29, pp 93-113.
  • Pu, S. ve Zlatanova, S., 2005, Evacuation route calculation of inner buildings, in: van Oosterom, Zlatanova & Fendel Eds.), Geo-information for disaster management, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 1143-1161
  • Sutter, F., Stefan, R., Bernhard, J., “The accurate representation of caves”, Institute of Cartography, 2010, ETH Zurich, http://www.terrainmodels.com/caves.html
  • Yomralıoğlu, T., 2000, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar, 486 s., Birinci Baskı, İstanbul.
  • AGI GIS Dictionary, 1991, Assocation for Geographic Information Standarts Commitee Publication, London, England.
  • Burrough, P. A., 1998, Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, Oxford University Press, 2. Ed.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., Pilouk, M. ve Zlatanova, S., 2001, “The 3D GIS software development: global efforts from researchers and vendors”, Geoinformation Science Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2
  • Förstner, W., 1995, “GIS - the third dimension”, Workshop on Current Status and Challenges of Geoinformation Systems, IUSM working group on LIS/GIS, University of Hannover, 25-28 Eylül, Germany, pp. 65-72
  • Bonham-Carter, G. F., 1996, “Geographic information systems for geoscientists: modelling with GIS”, Computer Methods in the Geosciences, Vol. 13, Pergamon Publications, 398 p.
  • Pilouk, M., 1996, “Integrated modelling for 3D GIS”, PhD thesis, ITC, The Netherlands, 200 p.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2000, The design and implementation of two and three-dimensional triangular irregular network (TIN) based GIS, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, 250 p.
  • Stoter, J. E., ve Ploeger, H. D., 2003, “Registration of 3D objects crossing parcel boundaries”, FIG Working week 2003, 13-17 April, Paris, France.
  • Raper, J. ve Kelk, B., 1991, Three-dimensional GIS. In: Geographical information systems: principles and applications, D. J. Maguire, M. Goodchild and D. W. Rhind (eds.), Longman Geoinformation, pp. 299-317
  • Rongxing, L., 1994, “Data structures and application issues in 3-D geographic information Systems”, Geomatica, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 209-224
  • Stoter, J. ve Zlatanova, S., 2003, “3D GIS where are we standing?”, Joint Workshop on Spatial, Temporal and Multi-Dimensional Data Modelling and Analysis, 2-3 Ekim, Quebec city, Canada, 6p.
  • Abdul-Rahman, Alias, Pilouk, Morakot, 2008, "Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS", XII, 290 p. 72 illus., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-3-540-74166-4
  • Kemp, K. K. (Ed.). 2008. Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
  • Worboys, M., 1995, GIS: a computing perspective. Taylor & Francis publication, 376 p.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2006, “GIS - 3D and beyond”, Map Malaysia, 3-4 May 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Snead, D., Maidment, D.R, 2000, Floodplain Visualization Using HEC-GeoRAS. http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro01/Class/exercises/georas.html
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2006, Closing Speech, International Workshop on 3D Geoinformation 2006 (3DGeoInfo'06), 7-8 Aug. 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Brisson, E., 1990, Representation of d-dimensional geometric objects, PhD thesis, University of Washington, USA
  • Molenaar, M ., 1992, “A topology for 3D vector maps”, ITC Journal 1, pp. 25-33
  • Cambray, B., 1993, “Three-dimensional (3D) modelling in a geographical database”, Proceedings of 11th. International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (AutoCarto 11), ASPRS/ACSM, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 338-347
  • Pigot, S., 1995, A topological model for a 3-dimensional Spatial Information System, PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia
  • Zlatanova, S., 2000, 3D GIS for urban development. PhD thesis, ITC, The Netherlands, 222 p.
  • Pfund, M., 2001, “Topologic data structure for a 3D GIS”, Proceedings of 3rd International Workshopon Dynamic and Multi-dimensional GIS (Inter. Archives for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol.34, Part 2W2), 23-25 May, Bangkok, Thailand, pp.233-237.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2007, “3D GIS: Current Status and Perspectives”, Seminer, Nisan 2007, YTU, İstanbul.
  • Pullar, D.V. ve M.J. Egenhofer, 1988, “Toward formal definition of topological relations among spatial objects”, Proceedings of the Third International symposium on SDH, Sydney, Australia, pp. 225-241
  • Egenhofer, M. J. ve J. R Herring, 1992, Categorising topological relations between regions, lines and points in Geographic databases, The 9-intersections: formalism and its use for natural language spatial predicates, Technical report 94-1, NCGIA, University of California.
  • Molenaar, M., 1998, An Introduction to the theory of spatial objects modelling, Taylor&Francis, London
  • Kraak, M. J., 1998, “The cartographic visualization process: from presentation to exploration”, Cartographic Journal 35, 1, pp 11-16.
  • Raper, J. F., McCarthy, T. ve Unwin, D., 1998, “Multi dimensional Virtual Reality Geographic Information System, (VRGIS): Research Guidelines”, Proceedings GISRUK 98, Edinburgh, UK, 6 p.
  • Coors, V. ve V. Jung, 1998, “Using VRML as an Interface to the 3D data warehouse”, Proceedings of VRML'98, New York
  • Tao, V., 2007, “Opportunities and Challenges in Mobile Mapping for On-line Services and Consumer Applications: A Perspective from Microsoft Virtual Earth Microsoft Visual Earth”, 5th International Symposium on Mobile Mapping Technology (MMT’07), Padua, Italy, 28-31 May 2007.
  • Karaş, İ. R., 2007, "Objelerin Topolojik İlişkilerinin 3B CBS ve Ağ Analizi Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi", Doktora Tezi, YTÜ, Istanbul.
  • Döner, F., Bıyık, C., 2009, “3B CBS için İmkân ve Kısıtlamalar”, TMMOB Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi, 02-06 Kasım, İzmir.
  • Döner, F., Bıyık, C., 2009, “Üç Boyutlu Nesnelerin Konumsal Veritabanında Yönetimi”, HKM Jeodezi, Jeoinformasyon ve Arazi Yönetimi Dergisi, Cilt: 1 Sayı:100, Syf: 27-33

3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları

Year 2010, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 1 - 12, 01.09.2010

İsmail Rakıp Karaş Fatmagül Batuk Erdener Yeşil

Abstract

Yaygın olarak kullanılan Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS), analiz anlamında daha çok iki boyutlu (2B)uygulamalara imkan tanırken, günümüzde teknolojinin de gelismesi ile gerçek dünyanın birebir modellenmesini gerektiren çok daha etkin çözümlerin üretilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu da “Üç Boyutlu CBS(3B CBS)”kavramının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmustur. Bir CBS’den beklenen tüm fonksiyonları, 3B dünyadaki gerçek objelere yönelik olarak gerçeklestirebilecek düzeydeki sistemler ancak, 3B CBS olarak adlandırılabilirler. Bu açıdan her ne kadar 3B olarak anılsa da, kimi sistemler aslında 3B CBS kapsamında girmekten uzaktırlar. Bu çalısmada 3B CBS kavramı ve 3B CBS'nin gerçeklestirimi yönündeki zorluklar detaylandırılmıs, ardından 3B konumsal veri analizlerine yönelik olarak gelistirilmis olan iki farklı uygulama tanıtılmıstır.

Keywords

CBS 3B CBS Konumsal Analizler 3B Ağ Analizi 3B Tampon Analizi

References

  • Kwan, M. P. ve Lee, J., 2005, “Emergency response after 9/11: the potential of realtime 3D GIS for quick emergency response in micro-spatial environments, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 29, pp 93-113.
  • Pu, S. ve Zlatanova, S., 2005, Evacuation route calculation of inner buildings, in: van Oosterom, Zlatanova & Fendel Eds.), Geo-information for disaster management, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 1143-1161
  • Sutter, F., Stefan, R., Bernhard, J., “The accurate representation of caves”, Institute of Cartography, 2010, ETH Zurich, http://www.terrainmodels.com/caves.html
  • Yomralıoğlu, T., 2000, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar, 486 s., Birinci Baskı, İstanbul.
  • AGI GIS Dictionary, 1991, Assocation for Geographic Information Standarts Commitee Publication, London, England.
  • Burrough, P. A., 1998, Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment, Oxford University Press, 2. Ed.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., Pilouk, M. ve Zlatanova, S., 2001, “The 3D GIS software development: global efforts from researchers and vendors”, Geoinformation Science Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2
  • Förstner, W., 1995, “GIS - the third dimension”, Workshop on Current Status and Challenges of Geoinformation Systems, IUSM working group on LIS/GIS, University of Hannover, 25-28 Eylül, Germany, pp. 65-72
  • Bonham-Carter, G. F., 1996, “Geographic information systems for geoscientists: modelling with GIS”, Computer Methods in the Geosciences, Vol. 13, Pergamon Publications, 398 p.
  • Pilouk, M., 1996, “Integrated modelling for 3D GIS”, PhD thesis, ITC, The Netherlands, 200 p.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2000, The design and implementation of two and three-dimensional triangular irregular network (TIN) based GIS, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, 250 p.
  • Stoter, J. E., ve Ploeger, H. D., 2003, “Registration of 3D objects crossing parcel boundaries”, FIG Working week 2003, 13-17 April, Paris, France.
  • Raper, J. ve Kelk, B., 1991, Three-dimensional GIS. In: Geographical information systems: principles and applications, D. J. Maguire, M. Goodchild and D. W. Rhind (eds.), Longman Geoinformation, pp. 299-317
  • Rongxing, L., 1994, “Data structures and application issues in 3-D geographic information Systems”, Geomatica, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 209-224
  • Stoter, J. ve Zlatanova, S., 2003, “3D GIS where are we standing?”, Joint Workshop on Spatial, Temporal and Multi-Dimensional Data Modelling and Analysis, 2-3 Ekim, Quebec city, Canada, 6p.
  • Abdul-Rahman, Alias, Pilouk, Morakot, 2008, "Spatial Data Modelling for 3D GIS", XII, 290 p. 72 illus., Hardcover, ISBN: 978-3-540-74166-4
  • Kemp, K. K. (Ed.). 2008. Encyclopedia of Geographic Information Science. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
  • Worboys, M., 1995, GIS: a computing perspective. Taylor & Francis publication, 376 p.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2006, “GIS - 3D and beyond”, Map Malaysia, 3-4 May 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Snead, D., Maidment, D.R, 2000, Floodplain Visualization Using HEC-GeoRAS. http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro01/Class/exercises/georas.html
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2006, Closing Speech, International Workshop on 3D Geoinformation 2006 (3DGeoInfo'06), 7-8 Aug. 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Brisson, E., 1990, Representation of d-dimensional geometric objects, PhD thesis, University of Washington, USA
  • Molenaar, M ., 1992, “A topology for 3D vector maps”, ITC Journal 1, pp. 25-33
  • Cambray, B., 1993, “Three-dimensional (3D) modelling in a geographical database”, Proceedings of 11th. International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (AutoCarto 11), ASPRS/ACSM, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 338-347
  • Pigot, S., 1995, A topological model for a 3-dimensional Spatial Information System, PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia
  • Zlatanova, S., 2000, 3D GIS for urban development. PhD thesis, ITC, The Netherlands, 222 p.
  • Pfund, M., 2001, “Topologic data structure for a 3D GIS”, Proceedings of 3rd International Workshopon Dynamic and Multi-dimensional GIS (Inter. Archives for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol.34, Part 2W2), 23-25 May, Bangkok, Thailand, pp.233-237.
  • Abdul-Rahman, A., 2007, “3D GIS: Current Status and Perspectives”, Seminer, Nisan 2007, YTU, İstanbul.
  • Pullar, D.V. ve M.J. Egenhofer, 1988, “Toward formal definition of topological relations among spatial objects”, Proceedings of the Third International symposium on SDH, Sydney, Australia, pp. 225-241
  • Egenhofer, M. J. ve J. R Herring, 1992, Categorising topological relations between regions, lines and points in Geographic databases, The 9-intersections: formalism and its use for natural language spatial predicates, Technical report 94-1, NCGIA, University of California.
  • Molenaar, M., 1998, An Introduction to the theory of spatial objects modelling, Taylor&Francis, London
  • Kraak, M. J., 1998, “The cartographic visualization process: from presentation to exploration”, Cartographic Journal 35, 1, pp 11-16.
  • Raper, J. F., McCarthy, T. ve Unwin, D., 1998, “Multi dimensional Virtual Reality Geographic Information System, (VRGIS): Research Guidelines”, Proceedings GISRUK 98, Edinburgh, UK, 6 p.
  • Coors, V. ve V. Jung, 1998, “Using VRML as an Interface to the 3D data warehouse”, Proceedings of VRML'98, New York
  • Tao, V., 2007, “Opportunities and Challenges in Mobile Mapping for On-line Services and Consumer Applications: A Perspective from Microsoft Virtual Earth Microsoft Visual Earth”, 5th International Symposium on Mobile Mapping Technology (MMT’07), Padua, Italy, 28-31 May 2007.
  • Karaş, İ. R., 2007, "Objelerin Topolojik İlişkilerinin 3B CBS ve Ağ Analizi Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi", Doktora Tezi, YTÜ, Istanbul.
  • Döner, F., Bıyık, C., 2009, “3B CBS için İmkân ve Kısıtlamalar”, TMMOB Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi, 02-06 Kasım, İzmir.
  • Döner, F., Bıyık, C., 2009, “Üç Boyutlu Nesnelerin Konumsal Veritabanında Yönetimi”, HKM Jeodezi, Jeoinformasyon ve Arazi Yönetimi Dergisi, Cilt: 1 Sayı:100, Syf: 27-33
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İsmail Rakıp Karaş This is me

Fatmagül Batuk This is me

Erdener Yeşil This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Karaş, İ. R., Batuk, F., & Yeşil, E. (2010). 3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2(3), 1-12.
AMA Karaş İR, Batuk F, Yeşil E. 3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. September 2010;2(3):1-12.
Chicago Karaş, İsmail Rakıp, Fatmagül Batuk, and Erdener Yeşil. “3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar Ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları”. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 2, no. 3 (September 2010): 1-12.
EndNote Karaş İR, Batuk F, Yeşil E (September 1, 2010) 3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 2 3 1–12.
IEEE İ. R. Karaş, F. Batuk, and E. Yeşil, “3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları”, Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1–12, 2010.
ISNAD Karaş, İsmail Rakıp et al. “3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar Ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları”. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 2/3 (September 2010), 1-12.
JAMA Karaş İR, Batuk F, Yeşil E. 3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 2010;2:1–12.
MLA Karaş, İsmail Rakıp et al. “3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar Ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları”. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 3, 2010, pp. 1-12.
Vancouver Karaş İR, Batuk F, Yeşil E. 3B CBS Gerçeklestiriminin Önündeki Zorluklar ve 3B Konumsal Analiz Uygulamaları. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi. 2010;2(3):1-12.