Infrared non-contact forehead skin thermometer: Is it reliable for the measurement of children’s fever? – a systematic review

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 68 - 76, 01.12.2013

Ayfer Ekim Ayşe Ferda Ocakçı

Öz

Objective: In this systematic review, it was aimed to take a glance at the studies in which non-contact infrared forehead thermometer measurements were compared to other measurement techniques. Method: In order to access the studies on the issue, Pubmed, Ulakbim, Turkish Medline, National Thesis Scanning Database and the archives of 13 Nursing journals published either written or online were used. Results: The studies showed that the sensitivity of infrared non-contact forehead thermometer was “high” and its specificity was “low”. In 37.5% of the studies, it was revealed that the most reliable method of measuring fever was rectal measurement, and infrared non-contact forehead thermometer measurement could only be used as an alternative way when rectal measurement could not be performed. In addition; according to 12.5% of studies, infrared non-contact thermometer measurement technique should never be used. In 31.2% of the studies, it was shown that a high correlation 0.74 - 0.91 was determined between the rectal thermometer results and the results of infrared non-contact forehead thermometer, and infrared non-contact thermometer could safely be used in children. Conclusion: Even though the data on efficiency of infrared non-contact forehead thermometer measurements in children are rather limited, the study results set forth that it is not appropriate to use that technique in children between 0-3 months and in intensive care units. However, it is stated that infrared non-contact forehead thermometer is an easy to use technique at home owing to its easy evaluation and practicality

Anahtar Kelimeler

Child, fever, thermometer

İnfrared temassız alın termometresi: çocukların ateş ölçümünde güvenilir bir yöntem mi? – sistematik derleme

Öz

Amaç: Bu sistematik derlemede, son yıllarda çocuklarda yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanan infrared temassız alın termometresi ölçümlerinin, diğer ölçüm yöntemleri ile karşılaştırıldığı araştırmaların gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Konu ile ilgili araştırmalara ulaşmak için PubMed, Ulakbim, Türk Medline, Ulusal Tez Tarama veri tabanı ve ülkemizde düzenli olarak yayınlanan, editörlü ve çevrimiçi olarak ulaşılabilen 13 hemşirelik dergisinin arşivleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmalar, infrared temassız alın termometresinin duyarlılığının “yüksek”, özgüllüğünün “düşük” olduğunu göstermektedir. İncelenen araştırmaların %37,5’i çocukların ateş ölçümlerinde en güvenilir yöntemin rektal ölçümler olduğu, infrared temassız alın termometresinin, rektal ölçüm yapılamadığı durumlarda ancak alternatif olarak kullanılabileceği, %12,5’i ise bu yöntemin kullanılmaması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmaların %31,2’sinde rektal termometre ve infrared temassız alın termometre ölçüm sonuçları arasında korelasyon düzeyinin yüksek olduğu 0,74-0,91 saptanmış olup, infrared temassız alın termometresinin çocuklarda güvenle kullanılabileceği gösterilmektedir. Sonuç: Çocuklarda, infrared temassız alın termometresi ölçümlerinin etkililiğini ortaya koyma konusunda verilerin oldukça sınırlı olmasına rağmen, araştırma sonuçları, 0-3 ay arası çocuklarda ve yoğun bakım kliniklerinde infrared temassız alın termometresinin kullanılmasının uygun olmadığını göstermektedir. Bunun yanında, ev ortamında çocuğun ateşinin değerlendirilmesi ve hızlı kullanımından dolayı da taramalarda kullanılabileceği belirtilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk, ateş, termometre

Kaynakça

• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) [Online]. Fever- how to take a temperature. Available from: http://www. medem.com, (Accessed 2013 Agust 25).
• Robinson JL. Body temperature measurement in paediatrics: Which gadget should we believe? Paediatr Child Health 2004;9(7):457-459.
• Thompson HJ, Kagan SH. Clinical report: Fever and antipyretic use in children. Pediatrics 2011;127(3):580-587.
• Watts R, Robertson J, Thomas G. Nursing management of fever in children: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Pract 2003;9(1):1-8.
• McKenzie NE. Evaluation of a new, wearable, precision phase-change thermometer in neonates. Pediatric Nursing 2003; 29 (2):117-125.
• Carr E, Wilmoth ML, Eliades AB, Baker PJ, Shelestak D, Heisroth KL, Stoner KH. Comparison of temporal artery to rectal temperature measurements in children up to 24 months. J Pediatr Nurs 2011;26(3):179–185.
• Martin SA, Kline AM. Can there be a standard for temperature measurement in the pediatric intensive care unit? AACN Clin Issues 2001;15(2):254–266.
• Öncel MY, Tekgündüz KŞ, Özdemir R, Calisici E, Karahan S, Erdeve Ö, Oguz ŞS, Dilmen U. A comparison of different methods of temperature measurement by mothers and physicians in healthy newborns. Indian J Pediatr 2012;80(3):190–194.
• Uslu S, Ozdemir H, Bulbul A, Comert S, Bolat F, Can E, Nuhoglu A. A comparison of different methods of temperature measurements in sick newborns. J Trop Pediatr 2011;57(6):418-423.
• Batra P, Goyal S. Comparison of rectal, axillary, tympanic, and temporal artery thermometry in the pediatric emergency room. Pediatr Emerg Care 2013;29(1):63-66.
• Al-Mukhaizeem F, Allen U, Komar L, Naser B, Roy L, Stephens D, Read S, Kim C, Schuh S. Comparison of temporal artery, rectal and esophageal core temperatures in children: Results of a pilot study. Paediatr Child Health 2004;9(7):461-465.
• De Curtis M, Calzolari F, Marciano A, Cardilli V, Barba G. Comparison between rectal and infrared skin temperature in the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2008;93(1):55–57.
• Greenes DS, Fleisher GR. When body temperature changes, does rectal temperature lag? J Pediatr 2004;144(6):824-826.
• Fortuna EL, Carney MM, Macy M, Stanley RM, Younger JG, Bradin SA. Accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometry versus rectal thermometry in young children evaluated in the emergency department for fever. J Emerg Nurs 2009;36(2):101–104.
• Teran CG, Torrez-Llanos J, Teran-Miranda TE, Balderrama C, Shah NS, Villarroel P. Clinical accuracy of a non-contact infrared skin thermometer in paediatric practice. Child Care Health Dev 2012;38(4):471-476.
• Hebbar K, Fortenberry JD, Rogers K, Merritt R, Easley K. Comparison of temporal artery thermometer to standard temperature measurements in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005;6(5):557-561.
• Holzhauer JK, Reith V, Sawin KJ, Yen K. Evaluation of temporal artery thermometry in children 3–36 months old. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2009;14(4):239-244.
• Schuh S, Komar L, Stephens D, Chu L, Read S, Allen U. Comparison of the temporal artery and rectal thermometry in children in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004;20(11):736-741.
• Can E, Bülbül A, Uslu S, Nuhoğlu A. Yenidoğan yoğun bakım birimindeki hastalarda temassız infrared alın termometresi ile standart termometrelerin karşılaştırılması. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 2010;45:257-263.
• Siberry GK, West MD, Schappell E, Karon RA. Comparison of temple temperatures with rectal temperatures in children under two years of age. Clin Pediatr 2002; 41(6):405-414.
• Titus MO, Hulsey T. Heckman J, Losek JD. Temporal artery thermometry utilization in pediatric emergency care. Clin Pediatr 2009;48(2):190-193.
• Ng DK, Chan CH, Lee RS, Leung LC. Non contact infrared thermometry temperature measurement for screening fever in children. Ann Trop Paediatr 2005;25(4):267-275.
• El-Radhi AS, Patel SP. Temperature measurement in children with cancer: An evaluation. Br J Nurs 2007;16(21):1313- 1316.
• Paes BF, Vermeulen K, Brohe RM , Ploeg T, de Winter JP. Accuracy of tympanic and infrared skin thermometers in children. Arch Dis Child 2010;95:974-978
• Pavlović M, Radlović N, Leković Z, Berenji K. Comparison of different methods of temperature measurement in children. Med Pregl 2008;61(11-12):615-619.
• Roy S, Powell K, Gerson LW. Temporal artery temperature measurements in healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Clin Pediatr 2003;42(5):433-437.