Research Article
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Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs

Year 2025, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 5 - 11, 25.04.2025

Abstract

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a multipurpose crop prized for its diverse applications, from textiles to pharmaceuticals. However, traditional hemp breeding programs are often constrained by the laborious and time-consuming nature of phenotypic screening for key traits such as plant gender and cannabinoid profiles. Traditional methods are generally inefficient and delay selection until later developmental stages. This study investigated the application of a PCR Plant Screening by SCAR markers (SCAR119 and MADC2) and commercial youPCR assays (Gender Assay, CBDA Markers, and THCA Markers) for rapid and accurate early-stage screening of ten industrial Turkish hemp landraces. The research focused on achieving early and precise identification of sex and cannabinoid chemotypes to accelerate breeding cycles. By employing these molecular markers, we were able to confirm the gender and predict the cannabinoid chemotypes of all accessions within one week of germination. These molecular identifications showed high agreement with later-stage visual observations, thus validating the efficacy of the applied method. The ability to rapidly identify male plants and cannabinoid chemotypes significantly reduces the time, labor, and resources required for trait selection in traditional style breeding. The study highlights the breeding potential of incorporating genetic tools into hemp breeding strategies. These findings demonstrate that the implementation of molecular markers can substantially improve the efficiency and effectiveness of hemp breeding programs. The demonstrated benefits are not limited to a faster selection process, but also facilitate targeted hemp cultivation and advancements in both agricultural and industrial applications. The current method supports the faster development of improved cultivars tailored to specific industrial and medicinal applications.

Project Number

-

References

  • Alsaleh, A., Yılmaz, G. (2025). Exploring cannabidiol variations, investigation of genetic diversity, population structure and unveiling male-specific genetic marker in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 72(3), 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02015-1
  • Ahmed, A. F., Islam, M. Z., Mahmud, M. S., Sarker, M. E., & Islam, M. R. (2022). Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review. Heliyon, 8(1)
  • Barcaccia, G., Palumbo, F., Scariolo, F., Vannozzi, A., Borin, M., Bona, S. (2020). Potentials and challenges of genomics for breeding cannabis cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 573299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.573299
  • Borin, M., Palumbo, F., Vannozzi, A., Scariolo, F., Sacilotto, G. B., Gazzola, M., Barcaccia, G. (2021). Developing and testing molecular markers in Cannabis sativa (Hemp) for their use in variety and dioecy assessments. Plants, 10(10), 2174.
  • Borna, T., Salami, S. A., Shokrpour, M. (2017). High resolution melting curve analysis revealed SNPs in major cannabinoid genes associated with drug and non-drug types of cannabis. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 31(4), 839–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1333456
  • Grassa, C. J., Weiblen, G. D., Wenger, J. P., Dabney, C., Poplawski, S. G., Motley, S. T., Michael, T. P., Schwartz, C. J. (2021). A new Cannabis genome assembly associates elevated cannabidiol (CBD) with hemp introgressed into marijuana. New Phytologist, 230(4), 1665–1679. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17243
  • Gudi, S., Kumar, P., Singh, S., Tanin, M. J., Sharma, A. (2022). Strategies for accelerating genetic gains in crop plants: Special focus on speed breeding. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 28(10), 1921–1938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01247-8
  • Ingvardsen, C. R., Brinch-Pedersen, H. (2023). Challenges and potentials of new breeding techniques in Cannabis sativa. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1154332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1154332
  • Kamle, M., Mahato, D. K., Sharma, B., Gupta, A., Shah, A. K., Mahmud, M. C., Agrawal, S., Singh, J., Rasane, P., Shakula, A. C., Kumar, P. (2024). Nutraceutical potential, phytochemistry of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and its application in food and feed: A review. Food Chemistry Advances, 4, 100671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100671.
  • Krishna, T. P. A., Veeramuthu, D., Maharajan, T., Soosaimanickam, M. (2023). The era of plant breeding: Conventional breeding to genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Current Genomics, 24(1), 24-35.doi: 10.2174/1389202924666230517115912.
  • Laverty, K. U., Stout, J. M., Sullivan, M. J., Shah, H., Gill, N., Holbrook, L., Deikus, G., Sebra, R., Hughes, T. R., Page, J. E., van Bakel, H. (2019). A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies extensive rearrangements at the THC/CBD acid synthase loci. Genome Research, 29(1), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.242594.118
  • Moliterni, V. M. C., Cattivelli, L., Ranalli, P., Mandolino, G. (2004). The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: a morphological and molecular study. Euphytica 140, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4758-7
  • Taşkesen, O. H.,Tüfekci, H. (2025). Possibilities of Using Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and its By-Products in Sheep Nutrition–A Review. Annals of Animal Science, 25(1), 159-173. DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2024-0065
  • Toth, J. A., Stack, G. M., Cala, A. R., Carlson, C. H., Wilk, R. L., Crawford, J. L., Viands, D. R., Philippe, G., Smart, C. D., Rose, J. K. C., Smart, L. B. (2020). Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L. GCB Bioenergy, 12(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12667
  • Trancoso, I., de Souza, G. A. R., dos Santos, P. R., dos Santos, K. D., de Miranda, R. M. d. S. N., da Silva, A. L. P. M., Santos, D. Z., García-Tejero, I. F., Campostrini, E. (2022). Cannabis sativa L.: Crop management and abiotic factors that affect phytocannabinoid production. Agronomy, 12(7), 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071492
  • Visković, J., Zheljazkov, V. D., Sikora, V., Noller, J., Latković, D., Ocamb, C. M., Koren, A. (2023). Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) agronomy and utilization: A review. Agronomy, 13(3), 931. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030931
  • Weiblen, G. D., Wenger, J. P., Craft, K. J., ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Treiber, E. L., & Marks, M. D. (2015). Gene duplication and divergence affecting drug content in Cannabis sativa. New Phytologist, 208(4), 1241–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13562
  • Yazici, L., Yılmaz, G., Koçer, T., Şakar, H. (2019). Investigation of some Yield Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Tokat Ecology. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 15(2), 104-108.

Kenevir Islah Programlarını Hızlandırmada Güçlü Bir Araç Olarak Moleküler Belirteçlerin Kullanımı

Year 2025, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 5 - 11, 25.04.2025

Abstract

Endüstriyel kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.), tekstilden farmasötiğe kadar çeşitli uygulamalarıyla değerli, çok amaçlı bir bitkidir. Bununla birlikte, geleneksel kenevir ıslah programları, bitki cinsiyeti ve kannabinoid profilleri gibi temel özellikler için fenotipik taramanın zahmetli ve zaman alıcı doğası nedeniyle sıklıkla kısıtlanmaktadır. Geleneksel yöntemler genellikle verimsizdir ve seçimi daha sonraki gelişim aşamalarına erteler. Bu çalışma, on endüstriyel Türk kenevir yerel ırkının hızlı ve doğru erken aşama taraması için SCAR markörleri (SCAR119 ve MADC2) ve ticari youPCR analizleri (Cinsiyet Analizi, CBDA Markörleri ve THCA Markörleri) ile PCR Bitki Taramasının uygulamasını araştırmıştır. Araştırma, ıslah döngülerini hızlandırmak amacıyla cinsiyet ve kannabinoid kemotiplerinin erken ve kesin olarak tanımlanmasına odaklanmıştır. Bu moleküler markörleri kullanarak, çimlenmeden sonraki bir hafta içinde tüm aksesuarların cinsiyetini doğrulamayı ve kannabinoid kemotiplerini tahmin etmeyi başardık. Bu moleküler tanımlamalar, daha sonraki aşamalardaki görsel gözlemlerle yüksek oranda uyuşma göstererek uygulanan yöntemin etkinliğini doğrulamıştır. Erkek bitkileri ve kannabinoid kemotiplerini hızla tanımlama yeteneği, geleneksel tarzı ıslahda özellik seçimi için gereken zamanı, emeği ve kaynakları önemli ölçüde azaltır. Çalışma, genetik araçları kenevir ıslah stratejilerine dahil etmenin ıslah potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Bu bulgular, moleküler markörlerin uygulanmasının kenevir ıslah programlarının verimliliğini ve etkinliğini önemli ölçüde artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Gösterilen faydalar, daha hızlı bir seçim süreciyle sınırlı kalmayıp, aynı zamanda hedeflenen kenevir yetiştiriciliğini ve hem tarımsal hem de endüstriyel uygulamalardaki gelişmeleri de kolaylaştırmaktadır. Mevcut yöntem, belirli endüstriyel ve tıbbi uygulamalara göre uyarlanmış geliştirilmiş kültivarların daha hızlı geliştirilmesini desteklemektedir.

Project Number

-

References

  • Alsaleh, A., Yılmaz, G. (2025). Exploring cannabidiol variations, investigation of genetic diversity, population structure and unveiling male-specific genetic marker in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 72(3), 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02015-1
  • Ahmed, A. F., Islam, M. Z., Mahmud, M. S., Sarker, M. E., & Islam, M. R. (2022). Hemp as a potential raw material toward a sustainable world: A review. Heliyon, 8(1)
  • Barcaccia, G., Palumbo, F., Scariolo, F., Vannozzi, A., Borin, M., Bona, S. (2020). Potentials and challenges of genomics for breeding cannabis cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 573299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.573299
  • Borin, M., Palumbo, F., Vannozzi, A., Scariolo, F., Sacilotto, G. B., Gazzola, M., Barcaccia, G. (2021). Developing and testing molecular markers in Cannabis sativa (Hemp) for their use in variety and dioecy assessments. Plants, 10(10), 2174.
  • Borna, T., Salami, S. A., Shokrpour, M. (2017). High resolution melting curve analysis revealed SNPs in major cannabinoid genes associated with drug and non-drug types of cannabis. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 31(4), 839–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2017.1333456
  • Grassa, C. J., Weiblen, G. D., Wenger, J. P., Dabney, C., Poplawski, S. G., Motley, S. T., Michael, T. P., Schwartz, C. J. (2021). A new Cannabis genome assembly associates elevated cannabidiol (CBD) with hemp introgressed into marijuana. New Phytologist, 230(4), 1665–1679. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17243
  • Gudi, S., Kumar, P., Singh, S., Tanin, M. J., Sharma, A. (2022). Strategies for accelerating genetic gains in crop plants: Special focus on speed breeding. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 28(10), 1921–1938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01247-8
  • Ingvardsen, C. R., Brinch-Pedersen, H. (2023). Challenges and potentials of new breeding techniques in Cannabis sativa. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1154332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1154332
  • Kamle, M., Mahato, D. K., Sharma, B., Gupta, A., Shah, A. K., Mahmud, M. C., Agrawal, S., Singh, J., Rasane, P., Shakula, A. C., Kumar, P. (2024). Nutraceutical potential, phytochemistry of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and its application in food and feed: A review. Food Chemistry Advances, 4, 100671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100671.
  • Krishna, T. P. A., Veeramuthu, D., Maharajan, T., Soosaimanickam, M. (2023). The era of plant breeding: Conventional breeding to genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Current Genomics, 24(1), 24-35.doi: 10.2174/1389202924666230517115912.
  • Laverty, K. U., Stout, J. M., Sullivan, M. J., Shah, H., Gill, N., Holbrook, L., Deikus, G., Sebra, R., Hughes, T. R., Page, J. E., van Bakel, H. (2019). A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies extensive rearrangements at the THC/CBD acid synthase loci. Genome Research, 29(1), 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.242594.118
  • Moliterni, V. M. C., Cattivelli, L., Ranalli, P., Mandolino, G. (2004). The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: a morphological and molecular study. Euphytica 140, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4758-7
  • Taşkesen, O. H.,Tüfekci, H. (2025). Possibilities of Using Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and its By-Products in Sheep Nutrition–A Review. Annals of Animal Science, 25(1), 159-173. DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2024-0065
  • Toth, J. A., Stack, G. M., Cala, A. R., Carlson, C. H., Wilk, R. L., Crawford, J. L., Viands, D. R., Philippe, G., Smart, C. D., Rose, J. K. C., Smart, L. B. (2020). Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L. GCB Bioenergy, 12(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12667
  • Trancoso, I., de Souza, G. A. R., dos Santos, P. R., dos Santos, K. D., de Miranda, R. M. d. S. N., da Silva, A. L. P. M., Santos, D. Z., García-Tejero, I. F., Campostrini, E. (2022). Cannabis sativa L.: Crop management and abiotic factors that affect phytocannabinoid production. Agronomy, 12(7), 1492. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071492
  • Visković, J., Zheljazkov, V. D., Sikora, V., Noller, J., Latković, D., Ocamb, C. M., Koren, A. (2023). Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) agronomy and utilization: A review. Agronomy, 13(3), 931. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030931
  • Weiblen, G. D., Wenger, J. P., Craft, K. J., ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Treiber, E. L., & Marks, M. D. (2015). Gene duplication and divergence affecting drug content in Cannabis sativa. New Phytologist, 208(4), 1241–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13562
  • Yazici, L., Yılmaz, G., Koçer, T., Şakar, H. (2019). Investigation of some Yield Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Tokat Ecology. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 15(2), 104-108.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Biotechnology Diagnostics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmad Alsaleh 0000-0001-7078-3221

Güngör Yılmaz

Levent Yazici 0000-0002-6839-5366

Project Number -
Publication Date April 25, 2025
Submission Date February 18, 2025
Acceptance Date March 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alsaleh, A., Yılmaz, G., & Yazici, L. (2025). Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs. Kenevir Ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 5-11.
AMA Alsaleh A, Yılmaz G, Yazici L. Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs. Kenevir ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. April 2025;1(1):5-11.
Chicago Alsaleh, Ahmad, Güngör Yılmaz, and Levent Yazici. “Using Molecular Markers As a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs”. Kenevir Ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, no. 1 (April 2025): 5-11.
EndNote Alsaleh A, Yılmaz G, Yazici L (April 1, 2025) Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs. Kenevir ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 1 5–11.
IEEE A. Alsaleh, G. Yılmaz, and L. Yazici, “Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs”, Kenevir ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–11, 2025.
ISNAD Alsaleh, Ahmad et al. “Using Molecular Markers As a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs”. Kenevir ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 1/1 (April2025), 5-11.
JAMA Alsaleh A, Yılmaz G, Yazici L. Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs. Kenevir ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2025;1:5–11.
MLA Alsaleh, Ahmad et al. “Using Molecular Markers As a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs”. Kenevir Ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, 2025, pp. 5-11.
Vancouver Alsaleh A, Yılmaz G, Yazici L. Using Molecular Markers as a Powerful Tool for Accelerating Hemp Breeding Programs. Kenevir ve Biyoteknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2025;1(1):5-11.