Ticari Havayolu Pilotlarının Psikososyal Risk Faktörleri: İş Tatminini Etkileyen Mekanizmaların Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Hava ulaşımının yolcular için daha erişilebilir hale getirmek için havayolları uçuş frekanslarını ve ağlarını çoğaltmışlardır. Bu koşullar, ticari havayolu pilotlarının karmaşık ve zorlu uçuş görevlerini yönetirken, yoğun ve değişken uçuş programlarına ayak uydurmalarını gerektirmektedir. Ticari havayolu pilotlarının, havacılık endüstrisinin doğasından kaynaklanan yorgunluk, bozulmuş sirkadiyen ritim, artan stres gibi biyolojik ve psikososyal riskleri, uçuş emniyeti ile doğrudan ilişkisi nedeniyle dikkat çekmektedir. Ancak ticari havayolu pilotlarının psikososyal risk faktörlerinin Endüstriyel/Örgüt Psikolojisi kapsamında araştırılması halen oldukça yeni bir yaklaşımdır. Mevcut çalışma, ticari havayolu pilotlarının iş tatmininin altında yatan mekanizmaları değerlendirerek ve ticari havayolu pilotluğu mesleğinde psikososyal risk faktörleri etrafındaki modelleri bağlamsallaştırarak gelişen alana katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için psikolojik sermaye, bilinçli farkındalık, iş-yaşam dengesi ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişki test edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye merkezli ticari havayollarında çalışan pilotların iş tatmini mekanizmalarının altını çizmek için keşfedici bir araştırma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Veriler 94 ticari havayolu pilotunun katılımı ile elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, psikolojik sermaye, bilinçli farkındalık, iş yaşam dengesi ve iş tatmini arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca bulgular, iş-yaşam dengesinin hem bilinçli farkındalık-iş tatmini hem de psikolojik sermaye-iş tatmini ilişkilerine aracılık ettiğini göstermiştir. Araştırma bulguları bilinçli farkındalık, psikolojik sermaye ve iş-yaşam dengesinin iş tatmini üzerindeki doğrudan ve dolaylı etkilerini; artan iş-yaşam dengesi ve güçlü kişisel kaynakların, ticari havayolu pilotlarının psikososyal risk faktörü olarak değerlendirilen iş tatminini olumlu yönde etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Bilinçli farkındalık
• Psikolojik sermaye
• İş-yaşam dengesi
• İş tatmini
• Psikososyal riskler

Commercial Airline Pilots’ Psychosocial Risk Factors: Evaluating the Mechanisms Influencing Job Satisfaction

Abstract

Airlines have expanded their flight schedules and networks, making air travel more accessible but requiring pilots to navigate dense, fluctuating schedules and complex duties. The biological and psychosocial risks facing pilots, including fatigue, disrupted circadian rhythms, and stress, directly impact flight safety and have gained attention. Yet, exploring these psychosocial risks from an Industrial/Organizational Psychology perspective remains a relatively new approach. The current study seeks to advance the field by examining the mechanisms underpinning job satisfaction among commercial airline pilots, specifically focusing on the impact of psychosocial risk factors inherent in their profession. To achieve this goal, the study tested the relationship between psychological capital, mindfulness, work-life balance, and job satisfaction. This exploratory research aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of job satisfaction among pilots employed by commercial airlines in Turkey, with data collected from 94 commercial airline pilots. Results revealed a positive relationship between psychological capital, mindfulness, work-life balance, and job satisfaction. Additionally, the findings indicated that work-life balance mediates both mindfulness-job satisfaction and psychological capital-job satisfaction relationships. According to the study findings, work-life balance has a significant role in mediating the personal strengths and pilots’ satisfaction level with their jobs. The direct and indirect impacts of mindfulness, psychological capital, and work-life balance on job satisfaction suggest that enhanced work-life balance and strengthened personal resources positively influence job satisfaction, within the context of psychosocial risk factors faced by commercial airline pilots.

Keywords

• Mindfulness
• Psychological capital
• Work-life balance
• Job satisfaction
• Psychosocial risks

References

1. ApaYdın, Ç. (2011). Öğretim üYeLerinin işe bağımLıLık düzeYi iLe iş-Yaşam dengesi ve iş-aiLe Yaşam dengesi arasındaki iLişki [DoctoraL dissertation, Ankara Üniversitesi]. google scholar
2. AveY, J. B., AvoLio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). ExperimentaLLY anaLYzing the impact of Leader positivitY on foLLower positivitY and perfor-mance. The Leadershlp Quarterly, 22(2), 282-294. google scholar
3. Azeem, S. M., & Akhtar, N. (2014). The influence of work Life baLance and job satisfaction on organizationaL commitment of heaLthcare empLoYees. Internatlonal Journal of Human Resource Studles, 4(2), 18. google scholar
4. Badham, R., & King, E. (2019). MindfuLness at work: A criticaL re-view. Organlzatlon, 28(4), 531-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1350508419888897 google scholar
5. BEA - Bureau d’Enquetes et d’AnalYses. (2016). Accldent to the Alrbus A320-211, regı’stered D-AIPX and operated by German-wlngs, fllght GWI18G, on 03/24/15 at Prads-Haute-Bleone - BEA - Bureau d'Enguetes et d'Analyses pour la securlte de l’avla-tlon clvlle. https://www.bea.aero/en/investigation-reports/notified-events/detaiL/accident-to-theairbus-a320-211-registered-d-aipx-and-operated-bY-germanwings-flight-gwi18g-on-03-24-15-at-prads-haute-bLeone google scholar
6. Bergheim, K., NieLsen, M. B., Mearns, K., & Eid, J. (2015). The reLationship between psYchoLogicaL capitaL, job satisfaction, and safetY perceptions in the maritime industrY. Safety Sclence, 74, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSCI.2014.11.024 google scholar
7. Brown, K. W., RYan, R. M., & CresweLL, J. D. (2007). MindfuLness: TheoreticaL foundations and evidence for its saLutarY effects. Psycholog-lcal Ingulry, 18(4), 211-237. google scholar
8. Burhanuddin, N. A. N., Ahmad, N. A., Said, R. R., & Asimiran, S. (2019). A sYstematic review of the psYchoLogicaL capitaL (PsYCap) research deveLopment: ImpLementation and gaps. Internatlonal Journal of Academlc Research ln Progresslve Educatlon and Development, 8(3), 133-150. google scholar

9. CahiLL, J., CuLLen, P., Anwer, S., GaYnor, K., & WiLson, S. (2020). The requirements for new tooLs for use bY piLots and the aviation indus-trY to manage risks pertaining to workreLated stress (WRS) and weLLbeing, and the ensuing impact on performance and safetY. Technologles (8)40. https://doi.org/10.3390/technoLogies8030040 google scholar
10. Catak, P. D. (2012). The Turkish version of the cognitive and affective mindfuLness scaLerevised. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i4.436 google scholar
11. Çetin, F. (2011). The effects of the organizational psychological capital on the attitudes of commitment and satisfaction: A public sample in TurkeY. European Journal of Social Sciences, 21, 373-380. https://doi.Org/l0.4026/l303-2860.2011.0184.x google scholar
12. ChristY, F., David, A., ChoudharY, N., KaLgi, N., Vibha.V, & Mainthan, M. (2021). Impact of psYchoLogicaL capacities on the work-Life baLance of entrepreneurs. Psychology (Savannah, Ga.), 58, 3869-3875. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i3.4594 google scholar
13. CLark, S. C. (2000). Work/famiLY border theorY: A new theorY of work/famiLY baLance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0018726700536001 google scholar
14. Commission ReguLation (EU) 2018/1042. (2018). Official Journal of the European Union. Retreived from: https://eur-Lex.europa.eu/LegaL-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A32018R1042&from=EN google scholar
15. Cooper, C. L., & SLoan, S. (1985). OccupationaL and psYchosociaL stress among commerciaL aviation piLots. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 27(8), 570-576. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-198508000-00014 google scholar
16. Da, S., He, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020). Effectiveness of psYchoLogicaL capitaL intervention and its influence on work-reLated attitudes: DaiLY onLine seLf-Learning method and randomized controLLed triaL design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8754. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238754 google scholar
17. European Comission. (2015). European aviation: Commission releases task force’s report on Germanwings incident. https://ec.europa. eu/commission/presscorner/detaiL/en/IP_15_5392 google scholar
18. Faragher, E. B., Cass, M., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). The reLationship between job satisfaction and heaLth: A meta-anaLYsis. From Stress to Wellbeing, 1, 254-271. google scholar
19. FeLdman, G., HaYes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007). MindfuLness and emotion reguLation: The deveLopment and initiaL vaLidation of the cognitive and affective mindfuLness scaLe-revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8 google scholar
20. FideLL, L. S., & Tabachnick, B. G. (2003). PreparatorY data anaLYsis. In Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology, 2, 115141. google scholar
21. FortneY, L., Luchterhand, C., ZakLetskaia, L., Zgierska, A., & RakeL, D. (2013). Abbreviated mindfuLness intervention for job satisfaction, quaLitY of Life, and compassion in primarY care cLinicians: A piLot studY. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5), 412. https://doi.org/ 10.1370/afm.1511 google scholar
22. Fu, X., Norback, D., Lindgren, T., Janson, C., Hu, Q., & Runeson-Broberg, R. (2020). SeLfrated health (SRH), recoverY from work, fatigue, and insomnia among commerciaL piLots in reLation to occupationaL and non-occupationaL factors. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3. rs-74099/v1 google scholar
23. GLomb, T. M., DuffY, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2011). MindfuLness at work. In Research in personneL and human resources management. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. google scholar
24. Greenhaus, J. H., CoLLins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The reLation between work-famiLY baLance and quaLitY of Life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8 google scholar
25. HaYes, A. F. (2013). ModeL tempLates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS. http://www.afhaYes.com/. google scholar
26. HüLsheger, U., ALberts, H., FeinhoLdt, A., & Lang, J. (2012). Benefits of mindfuLness at work: The roLe of mindfuLness in emotion reguLation, emotionaL exhaustion, and job satisfaction. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 98. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031313 google scholar
27. Keser, A., & BiLir, K. B. Ö. (2019). İş tatmini öLçeğinin Türkçe güvenirLik ve geçerLiLik çaLışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 229-239. google scholar
28. Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Cheng, L., & Wong, D. F. K. (2015). FamiLY emotionaL support, positive psYchoLogicaL capitaL and job satisfaction among Chinese white-coLLar workers. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(3), 561-582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9522-7 google scholar
29. Larson, M., & Luthans, F. (2006). PotentiaL added vaLue of psYchoLogicaL capitaL in predicting work attitudes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(2), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130020601 google scholar
30. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizationaL behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165 google scholar
31. Luthans, F., & Broad, J. D. (2020). Positive psYchoLogicaL capitaL to heLp combat the mentaL heaLth faLLout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organizational Dynamics, 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdYn.2020.100817 google scholar
32. Luthans, F., AvoLio, B. J., AveY, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psYchoLogicaL capitaL: measurement and reLationship positive psY-choLogicaL capitaL: Measurement and reLationship with performance and satisfaction. google scholar
33. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & AvoLio, B. J. (2015). PsYchoLogicaL capitaL and beYond. Oxford UniversitY Press, USA. google scholar
34. McNaLL, L. A., Tombari, J. M., & Brown, M. M. (2021). ExpLoring how mindfuLness Links to work outcomes: Positive affectivitY and work-Life enrichment. Applied Research in_Quality of Life, 16(1), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09762-9 google scholar
35. Morganson, V. J., Rotch, M. A., & Christie, A. R. (2015). Being mindfuL of work-famiLY issues: Intervention to a modern stressor. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(4), 682-689. https://doi.org/10.1017/IOP.2015.100 google scholar
36. Nafei, W. (2015). The effects of psychological capital on employee attitudes and employee performance: A study on teaching hospitals in EgYpt. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(3), 249-270. google scholar
37. of work-famiLY baLance and moderating roLe of work-famiLY conflict. Cogent Business & Management, 10, 1542943. https://doi.org/10. 1080/23311975.2018.1542943 google scholar
38. Orkibi, H., & Brandt, Y. I. (2015). How PositivitY Links with Job Satisfaction: PreLiminarY Findings on the Mediating RoLe of Work-Life BaLance. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i3.869 google scholar
39. Oruç, E. (2018). PsikoLojik sermaYe öLçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uYarLaması: GeçerLik ve güvenirLik çaLışması. Journal of Turkish Studies, 13(14), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.13618 google scholar
40. Pasha, T., & Stokes, P. R. A. (2018). Reflecting on the Germanwings disaster: A sYstematic review of depression and suicide in commerciaL airLine piLots. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(86). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsYt.2018.00086 google scholar
41. Raza, B., ALi, M., Naseem, K., Moeed, A., Ahmed, J., Hamid, M., & Aparicio, S. (2017). Impact of trait mindfuLness on job satisfaction and turnover intentions: Mediating roLe google scholar
42. Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. (2014). The roLe of mindfuLness and psYchoLogicaL capitaL on the weLL-being of Leaders. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(4), 476-489. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037183 google scholar
43. Roeser, R. W., Schonert-ReichL, K. A., Jha, A., CuLLen, M., WaLLace, L., WiLenskY, R., OberLe, E., Thomson, K., TaYLor, C., & Harrison, J. (2013). MindfuLness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: ResuLts from two randomized, waitList-controL fieLd triaLs. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 787-804. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0032093 google scholar
44. Runeson-Broberg, R., Lindgren, T., & Norback, D. (2014). MuscuLoskeLetaL sYmptoms and psYchosocial work environment, among Swedish commerciaL piLots. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 87(7), 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 00420-013-0911-8 google scholar
45. SaLam, M. A. (2017). Effects of psYchoLogicaL capitaL on job satisfaction and turnover intention: Thai higher education perspective. Jour-nal of Asia Pacific Studies, 4(3). google scholar
46. Satuf, C., Monteiro, S., Pereira, H., EsgaLhado, G., Marina Afonso, R., & Loureiro, M. (2018). The protective effect of job satisfaction in heaLth, happiness, weLL-being and seLf-esteem. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 24(2), 181-189. https://doi. org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1216365 google scholar
47. SeLigman, M. E., & CsikszentmihaLYi, M. (2000). Positive psYchoLogY. An introduction. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi. org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5 google scholar
48. Sen, C., & Hooja, H. R. (2015). PsYchoLogicaL capitaL and work-Life baLance: A studY on poLice officers. ExpLore InternationaL Research JournaL Consortium, 4(7). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2946662 google scholar
49. SHT-PSP. (2021). Directorate GeneraL of CiviL Aviation. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/siviLhavaciLik/fiLes/mevzuat/sektoreL/ taLimatLar/2021/SHT-PSP.PDF google scholar
50. SirgY, M. J., & Lee, D.-J. (2018). Work-Life baLance: An integrative review. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(1), 229-254. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11482-017-9509-8 google scholar
51. Siu, O. L. (2013). PsYchoLogicaL capitaL, work weLL-being, and work-Life baLance among Chinese empLoYees. Journal of Personnel Psychol-ogy, 12(4), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000092 google scholar
52. Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived controL bY empLoYees: A meta-anaLYsis of studies concerning autonomY and participation at work. Human Relations, 39(11), 1005-1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603901104 google scholar