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Exploring the Interplay between Religion, Health, and Subjective Well-Being in Turkey

Year 2023, , 982 - 997, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1343902

Abstract

Religion, a primary part of human life, has long been granted as an influential drive shaping individuals' beliefs, values, and behaviors. It permeates numerous aspects of life, granting support, guidance, and a sense of purpose to billions of adherents around the world. This paper investigates the intricate link between subjective well-being and religion by focusing on the influence of religious beliefs and practices on happiness, life satisfaction, and subjective health outcomes. While previous findings have provided inconsistent evidence about this relationship, most of it has been conducted in Western and Judeo-Christian contexts. Even though there are few studies addressing religion and subjective well-being in Turkey this study presents a different perspective by surveying national-level data from Turkey. Existing literature on religion and subjective well-being presents a divided narrative; while some studies suggest that religion positively affects well-being, others claim that it has negative or neutral effects. However, this paper enhances the existing literature by exploring these relationships within the framework of Islamic beliefs and practices examining how religious beliefs and practices influence subjective well-being outcomes in the Muslim framework. The study analyzes subjective well-being, including happiness and life satisfaction, in both cognitive and emotional dimensions. It also explores the connections between religion and subjective mental and physical health investigating the possible moderating effect of religion on Subjective wellbeing and health outcomes. First, it explores the moderating role of religion in the association of subjective well-being and subjective health. In addition, from an Islamic viewpoint, this study focuses on the multiple dimensions of religiosity in a Muslim-populated nation where religious membership and participation concepts vary from Western Christian societies. Islamic beliefs emphasize the importance of living a disciplined and devoted life by focusing on inner virtues and moral behavior. Islam advances a perception of happiness that transcends hedonism and highlights eudaimonic well-being by prioritizing the hereafter over worldly pleasures. The impact of religion on the well-being of Turkey, which has a unique cultural and political structure, is complex. This dichotomy of being secular and religious at the same time allows for significant religious differences, making Turkey an interesting subject of study. The research uses a series of hypotheses exploring the links between religion, happiness, life satisfaction, and health. Its aim is to reveal the relationships between these variables and to determine how religiosity directs these relationships. In addition, the research also investigates how subjective well-being results differ depending on the level of religiosity in Turkey. The data of this study are based on the well-known World Values Survey (WVS) 2012. Three dependent variables were used in the study: happiness, life satisfaction, and subjective health. Three religious determinants measure religious beliefs and practices, and a set of control variables accounts for sociodemographic factors. The findings of this study will contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the complex interaction between religion and health and well-being in different cultural and religious settings. The results present a series of multinomial logistic regression models designed to explore the relationships between independent variables and dependent outcomes. These models discover complex patterns in the data and offer insights into direct and indirect effects, as well as the moderating role of religion in mental health outcomes.

References

  • Ahmad, Masood et al. “A Critical Review of Islamic Teachings on Mental Health Policies and Practices for School Children”. The Scholar Islamic Academic Research Journal 7/1 (2021), 1–12.
  • Antonovsky, Aaron. Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass, 1987.
  • Ayten, Ali. “Din ve Sağlık: Bireysel Dindarlık, Sağlık Davranışları ve Hayat Memnuniyeti İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 13/3 (2013), 7–31.
  • Bhat, Ali Muhammad. “Human Psychology (Fitrah) from Islamic Perspective”. International Journal of Nusantara Islam 4/2 (2016), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v4i2.1187
  • Brailovskaia, Julia et al. “The Relationship among Psychological Distress, Well-Being and Excessive Social Media Use during the Outbreak of Covid-19: A Longitudinal Investigation.” Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 30/5 (2023), 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2853
  • Chida, Yoichi et al. “Religiosity/Spirituality and Mortality: A Systematic Quantitative Review”. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 78/2 (2009), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000190791
  • Ellis, Albert. The Case against Religiosity. New York: Institute for Rational Emotive Therapy, 1983
  • Ellison, Christopher G. - Levin, J. S. “The Religion-Health Connection: Evidence, Theory, and Future Directions”. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education 25/6 (1998), 700–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819802500603
  • Ellison, Christopher G. et al. “Religious Involvement, Stress, and Mental Health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study”. Social Forces 80/1 (2001), 215–249. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0063
  • Ellison, Christopher G. - Henderson, Andrea K. “Religion And Mental Health: Through The Lens Of The Stress Process.” In Toward a Sociological Theory of Religion and Health. 11–44. Brill, 2011. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004210844/Bej.9789004205970.i-277_003.xml
  • Ellison, Christopher G. - Lee, Jinwoo. “Spiritual Struggles and Psychological Distress: Is There a Dark Side of Religion?”. Social Indicators Research 98/3 (2010), 501–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9553-3
  • Exline, Julie Juola et al. “Guilt, Discord, and Alienation: The Role of Religious Strain in Depression and Suicidality”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/12 (2000), 1481–1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1481::AID-1>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Exline, Julie Juola. “Stumbling Blocks on the Religious Road: Fractured Relationships, Nagging Vices, and the Inner Struggle to Believe”. Psychological Inquiry 13/3 (2002), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_03
  • Golo, Ben-Willie Kwaku - Novieto, Ernestina E. “Religion and Subjective Well-Being: Perspectives of Early Career Professionals in Ghana’s Public Universities”. Journal of Religion in Africa 52/3–4 (September 7, 2022), 317–347. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340233
  • Green, Morgan - Elliott, Marta. “Religion, Health, and Psychological Well-Being”. Journal of Religion and Health 49/2 (2010), 149–163.
  • Idler, Ellen L. et al. “Measuring Multiple Dimensions of Religion and Spirituality for Health Research Conceptual Background and Findings from the 1998 General Social Survey”. Research on Aging 25/4 (2003), 327–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503025004001
  • Koenig, Harold G. et al. “Religion and Psychiatry: Recent Developments in Research”. BJPsych Advances 26/5 (2020), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.81
  • Koenig, Harold George et al. Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.
  • Kornienko, Dmitriy S. - Rudnova, Natalya A. “Exploring the Associations between Happiness, Life-Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation among Adults during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia.” Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 16/1 (2023), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2023.0106
  • Krause, Neal et al. “Church-Based Emotional Support, Negative Interaction, and Psychological Well-Being: Findings from a National Sample of Presbyterians”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37/4 (1998), 725–741. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388153
  • Krause, Neal. “Gratitude Toward God, Stress, and Health in Late Life”. Research on Aging 28/2 (2006), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027505284048
  • Li, Kai et al. “The Effects of Subjective Social Class on Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health: A Moderated Mediation Model”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20/5 (2023), 4200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054200
  • Li, Liman Man Wai et al. “Societal Emphasis on Religious Faith as a Cultural Context for Shaping the Social-Psychological Relationships between Personal Religiosity and Well-Being”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 53/3–4 (2022), 306–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221079875
  • Lucchetti, Giancarlo et al. “Impact of Spirituality/Religiosity on Mortality: Comparison with Other Health Interventions”. Explore 7/4 (2011), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.04.005
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. “The Bitter and the Sweet: An Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Religiousness”. Psychological Inquiry 13/3 (2002), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_02
  • Park, Crystal L. “Religion as a Meaning-Making Framework in Coping with Life Stress”. Journal of Social Issues 61/4 (2005), 707–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x
  • Powell, Lynda H. et al. “Religion and Spirituality: Linkages to Physical Health”. American Psychologist 58/1 (2003), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.36
  • Seeman, Teresa E. et al. “Religiosity/Spirituality and Health. A Critical Review of the Evidence for Biological Pathways”. The American Psychologist 58/1 (2003), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.53
  • Shoda, Haruka et al. “Effects of Choir Singing on Physiological Stress in Japanese Older Adults: Its Relationship with Cognitive Functioning and Subjective Well-Being”. Arts & Health 0/0 (2023), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2023.2258934
  • Smith, Christian. “Theorizing Religious Effects Among American Adolescents”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42/1 (2003), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00158
  • Yeşiltepe, Akgün et al. “Investigation of the Effect of the Life Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being of Nursing Students on Their Happiness Levels”. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 58/2 (2022), 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.13012

Türkiye'de Din, Sağlık ve Öznel İyi Olma Hali Arasındaki Etkileşimin Araştırması

Year 2023, , 982 - 997, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1343902

Abstract

Din, insanlık tarihi boyunca, bireylerin inanç sistemlerini, değer yargılarını ve davranış biçimlerini şekillendiren güçlü bir etken olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Milyarlarca insan için bir amaç, rehberlik ve anlam içeren din, hayatın çeşitli alanlarına derinlemesine nüfuz etmektedir. Mutlu olma, hayattan memnun olma, ve sağlıklı bır hayata sahıp olma isteği insanlığın en temel amaçlarını teşkil etmektedir. Bu makale, dini inançlar ve pratiklerin insanların mutluluk, yaşam doyumu ve genel sağlık durumları üzerindeki etkisini incelemekte ve bu konudaki karmaşık ilişkiyi aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu ilişkinin tespiti üzerine yapılan daha önceki çalışmalar, çeşitli sonuçlar ortaya koymuş olsa da, bu çalışmaların büyük bir kısmı Batı dünyası ve Yahudi-Hristiyan kültürleri üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her ne kadar bu konuda bazı çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da, Türkiye gibi Batılı olmayan ve çoğunlukla Müslüman nüfusa sahip fakat seküler ve demokratik bir yönetime sahip bir ülkeden elde edilen verileri ulusal düzeyde analiz ederek, konuya dair yeni ve farklı bir perspektif sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca dinin mutluluk ve yaşam doyumu gibi insanların “iyi olma hali” ile öznel sağlık algıları arasındaki ilişkiye doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak nasıl bir etkide bulunduğunu da araştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan ulusal ölçekteki veri seti, 2012 yılında gerçekleştirilen Dünya Değerler Araştırması'ndan alınmıştır. Din, oznel iyi olma hali ve bedensel sağlık üzerine mevcut literatür incelendiğinde, araştırmacılar arasında bir görüş birliği olmadığı açıkça görülmektedir. Bazı araştırmalar, dini inançların bireylerin iyi olma halini yönde etkileyebileceğini savunurken, diğer bazı çalışmalar ise bu etkinin olumsuz veya nötr olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Bu makale, Müslüman bir ülkede dini inanç ve pratiklerin öznel iyi olma ve beden sağlığı üzerindeki etkisini inceleyerek, bu konudaki mevcut bilgi birikimine katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmamız, öznel iyi olma halini hem bilişsel hem de duygusal boyutlarıyla ele alarak, mutluluk ve yaşam memnuniyeti gibi konuları incelemektedir. Ayrıca, dinin bireylerin fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlıkları üzerindeki etkilerini de araştırmaktadır. Dinin, iyi olma hali ve sağlık arasındaki ilişki de düzenleyici bir rol oynayıp oynamadığını incelemekte, bu bağlamda Türkiye özelinde dindarlık kavramının çeşitli boyutlarına odaklanmaktadır. İslam, bireyleri içsel erdemlere ve ahlaki davranışlara yönlendiren, disiplinli ve fedakar bir yaşam tarzını teşvik eden bir dindir. Bu inanç sistemi, dünyevi zevklerin ötesine geçen ve ahireti merkeze alan bir mutluluk anlayışını benimsemektedir. Türkiye'nin kendine has kültürel ve siyasi yapısı, dinin toplum üzerindeki etkilerini karmaşık bir hale getirmekte, laik ve dindar unsurlar arasındaki dengeyi sürdürmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu ikilem, Türkiye'yi dini inanç ve pratiklerin iyi olma hali üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için oldukça ilginç bir vaka haline getirmektedir. Bu araştırma, dinin mutluluk, yaşam doyumu ve sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak amacıyla bir dizi hipotez kullanmaktadır. Bu çalışma nicel veri seti olarak, 2012 Dünya Değerler Araştırması'ndan elde edilen veriler kullanılmaktadır. Araştırmada, mutluluk, yaşam memnuniyeti ve öznel sağlık olmak üzere üç bağımlı değişken; dini inanç ve uygulamaları ölçen üç dini belirleyici ve sosyodemografik faktörleri açıklayan bir dizi kontrol değişkeni kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, dini inanç ve pratiklerin öznel iyi olma hali üzerindeki etkilerini Türkiye özelinde inceleyerek, literatürdeki mevcut boşluğu doldurmakta ve Batılı olmayan, Hıristiyan olmayan bir toplumda dinin refah üzerindeki etkilerine dair kapsamlı bir anlayış sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, farklı kültürel ve dini bağlamlarda din ile öznel iyi olma hali arasındaki ilişkinin daha derinlemesine anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunacaktır. Sonuçlara bakıldığında, bağımsız ve bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri araştırmak için tasarlanmış bir dizi çok terimli lojistik regresyon modeli sunmaktadır. Bu modeller verilerdeki karmaşık kalıpları keşfetmekte ve doğrudan ve dolaylı etkilerin yanı sıra dinin iyi olma hali sonuçlarındaki düzenleyici rolüne dair içgörüler sunmaktadır.

References

  • Ahmad, Masood et al. “A Critical Review of Islamic Teachings on Mental Health Policies and Practices for School Children”. The Scholar Islamic Academic Research Journal 7/1 (2021), 1–12.
  • Antonovsky, Aaron. Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass, 1987.
  • Ayten, Ali. “Din ve Sağlık: Bireysel Dindarlık, Sağlık Davranışları ve Hayat Memnuniyeti İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 13/3 (2013), 7–31.
  • Bhat, Ali Muhammad. “Human Psychology (Fitrah) from Islamic Perspective”. International Journal of Nusantara Islam 4/2 (2016), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v4i2.1187
  • Brailovskaia, Julia et al. “The Relationship among Psychological Distress, Well-Being and Excessive Social Media Use during the Outbreak of Covid-19: A Longitudinal Investigation.” Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 30/5 (2023), 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2853
  • Chida, Yoichi et al. “Religiosity/Spirituality and Mortality: A Systematic Quantitative Review”. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 78/2 (2009), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000190791
  • Ellis, Albert. The Case against Religiosity. New York: Institute for Rational Emotive Therapy, 1983
  • Ellison, Christopher G. - Levin, J. S. “The Religion-Health Connection: Evidence, Theory, and Future Directions”. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education 25/6 (1998), 700–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819802500603
  • Ellison, Christopher G. et al. “Religious Involvement, Stress, and Mental Health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study”. Social Forces 80/1 (2001), 215–249. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0063
  • Ellison, Christopher G. - Henderson, Andrea K. “Religion And Mental Health: Through The Lens Of The Stress Process.” In Toward a Sociological Theory of Religion and Health. 11–44. Brill, 2011. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004210844/Bej.9789004205970.i-277_003.xml
  • Ellison, Christopher G. - Lee, Jinwoo. “Spiritual Struggles and Psychological Distress: Is There a Dark Side of Religion?”. Social Indicators Research 98/3 (2010), 501–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9553-3
  • Exline, Julie Juola et al. “Guilt, Discord, and Alienation: The Role of Religious Strain in Depression and Suicidality”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/12 (2000), 1481–1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1481::AID-1>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Exline, Julie Juola. “Stumbling Blocks on the Religious Road: Fractured Relationships, Nagging Vices, and the Inner Struggle to Believe”. Psychological Inquiry 13/3 (2002), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_03
  • Golo, Ben-Willie Kwaku - Novieto, Ernestina E. “Religion and Subjective Well-Being: Perspectives of Early Career Professionals in Ghana’s Public Universities”. Journal of Religion in Africa 52/3–4 (September 7, 2022), 317–347. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340233
  • Green, Morgan - Elliott, Marta. “Religion, Health, and Psychological Well-Being”. Journal of Religion and Health 49/2 (2010), 149–163.
  • Idler, Ellen L. et al. “Measuring Multiple Dimensions of Religion and Spirituality for Health Research Conceptual Background and Findings from the 1998 General Social Survey”. Research on Aging 25/4 (2003), 327–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503025004001
  • Koenig, Harold G. et al. “Religion and Psychiatry: Recent Developments in Research”. BJPsych Advances 26/5 (2020), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.81
  • Koenig, Harold George et al. Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.
  • Kornienko, Dmitriy S. - Rudnova, Natalya A. “Exploring the Associations between Happiness, Life-Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation among Adults during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia.” Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 16/1 (2023), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2023.0106
  • Krause, Neal et al. “Church-Based Emotional Support, Negative Interaction, and Psychological Well-Being: Findings from a National Sample of Presbyterians”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37/4 (1998), 725–741. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388153
  • Krause, Neal. “Gratitude Toward God, Stress, and Health in Late Life”. Research on Aging 28/2 (2006), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027505284048
  • Li, Kai et al. “The Effects of Subjective Social Class on Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health: A Moderated Mediation Model”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20/5 (2023), 4200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054200
  • Li, Liman Man Wai et al. “Societal Emphasis on Religious Faith as a Cultural Context for Shaping the Social-Psychological Relationships between Personal Religiosity and Well-Being”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 53/3–4 (2022), 306–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221221079875
  • Lucchetti, Giancarlo et al. “Impact of Spirituality/Religiosity on Mortality: Comparison with Other Health Interventions”. Explore 7/4 (2011), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.04.005
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. “The Bitter and the Sweet: An Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Religiousness”. Psychological Inquiry 13/3 (2002), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_02
  • Park, Crystal L. “Religion as a Meaning-Making Framework in Coping with Life Stress”. Journal of Social Issues 61/4 (2005), 707–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x
  • Powell, Lynda H. et al. “Religion and Spirituality: Linkages to Physical Health”. American Psychologist 58/1 (2003), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.36
  • Seeman, Teresa E. et al. “Religiosity/Spirituality and Health. A Critical Review of the Evidence for Biological Pathways”. The American Psychologist 58/1 (2003), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.53
  • Shoda, Haruka et al. “Effects of Choir Singing on Physiological Stress in Japanese Older Adults: Its Relationship with Cognitive Functioning and Subjective Well-Being”. Arts & Health 0/0 (2023), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2023.2258934
  • Smith, Christian. “Theorizing Religious Effects Among American Adolescents”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42/1 (2003), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00158
  • Yeşiltepe, Akgün et al. “Investigation of the Effect of the Life Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being of Nursing Students on Their Happiness Levels”. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 58/2 (2022), 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.13012
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Religion, Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Yılmaz 0000-0001-7083-4981

Publication Date December 30, 2023
Submission Date August 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

ISNAD Yılmaz, Murat. “Exploring the Interplay Between Religion, Health, and Subjective Well-Being in Turkey”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi. December 2023. 982-997. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1343902.

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.