Abstract
The subject of this research is "Gravestones in Ottoman Tombs at Konya". Monumental tomb architectures and gravestones in various forms have always been given importance by researchers in Turkish art. Karakhanids, Ghaznavids, and Great Seljuks built many monumental tombs in Turkish-Islamic art. This tradition was continued by the Turks after the Turks came to Anatolia. In Konya, the construction of kumbets and Tombs was given importance during the Seljuks, Feudals, and Ottomans periods. In this context, within the scope of our research, 8 Tombs with gravestones in various forms were found in Konya and dated to the Ottoman period. Six of these Tombs exist today, and two of them have not survived. Four of the existing tombs are Hürrem Pasha Tomb, Mehmet Bey Tomb, Sinan Pasha Tomb, and Fatma Hatun Tomb, which are in the garden of the Mevlana Museum. Sheikh Muhammed Bahaeddin Nakşibendi Tomb is in Hacı Fettah Cemetery and Söylemez Tomb is in the fish market near Emigrant Bazaar. Hatice Hatun Tomb, which has not survived to the present day, was in the Şems-i Tebrizi Cemetery and was removed together with the cemetery in 1944. Iynel Dede and Mahmut Dede Tombs have disappeared over time in Akçeşme district. A total of 13 gravestones in different forms were found in these 8 Tombs. The identification of these Tombs and the gravestones in them was made through field research and resources. The works that have survived to the present day have been photographed, and the sources have been used for the works that have not reached the present day. During the study, official permissions were obtained from the necessary institutions. Our most important aim in choosing this subject is to analyze and record the periodical features of the monumental tombs and gravestones built in the Ottoman Period in the central districts of Konya. In our research, 13 gravestones in the Ottoman period were evaluated and analyzed in terms of material, technique, form, burial types, ornamentation, and writing, and their values were tried to be determined at the Konya scale in the history of art. With this study, it is aimed to contribute to the literature in terms of determining the variety of forms and ornaments of the gravestones in the tombs. According to the findings, it was seen that all of the gravestones were made of marble and that the ground carving, scraping, and painting techniques were frequently used in all of the gravestones. The gravestones examined within the scope of our subject were categorized stylistically as a symbolic coffin, sarcophagus, framed gravestone, headstone, headstone with a symbolic coffin. When the samples in our research are evaluated in terms of their periods, they have elegant appearances in terms of aesthetics. The tops of the headstones have different crests such as pointed tangential arches and triangular pediments. Four gravestones as three male and one female were found. The gravestones mentioned are generally in basic form. However, some of them have geometric-shaped borders and inserts. Some of the gravestones have herbal and object compositions. In one of these works, the flowers in the vase, which are processed with fine craftsmanship, stand out. No information has yet been found regarding the gravestones examined in this study and their craftsmen. There is no construction date on the five gravestones. In addition to these determinations, it was investigated whether some of the tombs and gravestones mentioned in the study are contemporary has been tried to be answered, and it has been concluded that the tombstones and tombstones in them may have been made in the same years. The dating of the works is based on the construction date of the Tomb, the date on the gravestone, and the decoration compositions. According to this dating, eight of the gravestones examined can be dated to the 16th century, one to the 18th century, and three to the 20th century. Since one of the gravestones has not survived, there is no information about its construction date.