Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Modernizme Karşı Neo-Kalvinist Dünya Görüşü İnşası, Abraham Kuyper’in Alan Egemenliği Modeli

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 1067 - 1094, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1144137

Abstract

Hıristiyan Batı toplumlarının bugün çoğunda inancın toplumsal alandaki yeriyle ilgili tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Reform hareketleri sonrasında ortaya çıkan Modernizm ilkeleri, dinin kamusal alandan bireysel alana kaymasına neden olmuştur. Bu duruma karşı 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Avrupa’da dinin kamusal ve bireysel alan arasındaki ayrımına meydan okuyan dinî hareketler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu hareketlerin önde gelenlerinden biri de Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920) tarafından şekillendirilen Protestan Hıristiyan Neo-Kalvinist dünya görüşüdür. Bu çalışma Kuyper'in, “dünya görüşü” bağlamında Kalvinizm'i yeniden yorumlayarak geliştirdiği Neo-Kalvinist geleneğin temel düşünsel kaynaklarını ve Batı toplumları üzerindeki etkilerini ele almaktadır.
Kuyper, modern seküler kültüre meydan okuyarak dinî çoğulcu bir toplumsal yapı tasarlamıştır. Gerçekliğin bütününe teolojik bir zemin hazırlayan Kuyper'e göre; modern seküler kültürün egemen ilkelerine karşı Kalvinizm topluma bir bütün olarak nüfuz edebilecek niteliklere sahiptir. Ona göre; Avrupa’da özgürlük için halkın inancının feda edilmesi gerektiği anlayışı hâkimken, Amerika'da bu durumun aksine özgürlüklerin devamı için en etkili güvencenin Kalvinizm olduğu şeklinde genel bir kanaat bulunmaktadır.
Modernizmin temel ilkelerini eleştirel yaklaşımla yeniden ele alan Kuyper, antitezler üzerinden Hıristiyan inanç ilkelerine dayandırılan ve Kalvinizm temelinden hareket eden bir dünya görüşü ortaya koymuştur. Kendi dönemini kriz çağı olarak nitelendirmiş ve Hıristiyanlığın geldiği sıkıntılı noktayı açıkça ifade etmekten çekinmemiştir. Ona göre kilise, modern kültürün gerçekleriyle yüzleşip, yaşadığı dünyaya hitap eden bir teolojiye sahip olmalı ve kayıtsız kaldığı kültürel tutsaklığının farkına varmalıdır. Kuyper'in çalışmalarında kiliseden bahsederken kiliseyi orduyla benzeştirmesi ve kilisenin işlevini tanımlarken askeri imgelere yönelik tercihlerde bulunması, onun kutsal ile seküler mücadelesini kendi zihninde iyi ile kötü arasında yaşanan bir savaş olarak görmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır.
Hıristiyanlık anlayışının da temelini oluşturan kültürel çeşitlilik ve çoğulculuk anlayışını savunan Kuyper’in “alan egemenliği” modeli aynı zamanda çok sayıda dünya görüşünü ifade etmektedir. Kuyper, herkesin yaşamını şekillendiren bir dünya görüşüne sahip olduğunu ve bireylerin dünya görüşlerinin kurumsal ifadelerinin - İslami okullar, Yahudi kasaplar (Koşer kasaplar) gibi – kamusal alanda olması gerektiğini belirtmektedir.
Kuyper, uzun yıllar parlamento üyeliği sonrasında, 1901-1905 arası Hollanda Başbakan’ı olarak görev yapmıştır. Din ile Siyaset arasındaki ilişkiyi, dinin toplumsal yaşamdaki misyonunu “alan egemenliği” modeli üzerinden şekillendirmeye çalışmıştır. Dinî değerleri reddeden Modernizmin ilkelerinin egemen olduğu bir kültürde dinî yaşam için mücadele etmiş ve Modernizmin ürettiği “tarafsız dünya görüşü” ilkelerini reddetmiştir. Yaptığı çalışmalar ve takip ettiği uygulamalarla Batı toplumlarında yaşanan bugünkü kültürel çatışmaların ve tartışmaların fitilini ateşlediğini ifade etmek mümkündür.
Dinler Tarihi’nin betimleyici metoduyla ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklar üzerinden literatür taraması yapılarak üretilen bu çalışmanın amacı, Abraham Kuyper tarafından “dünya görüşü” bağlamında kapsamlı bir inanç sistemi olarak ortaya konulan Neo-Kalvinizm’in nasıl ortaya çıktığına ve şekillendirildiğine, Neo-Kalvinist tezlere ve toplumsal yaşamdaki uygulamalarına odaklanmaktır. Kuyper'in, modernizme karşı verdiği mücadelede ortaya koyduğu antitezler üzerinden şekillendirdiği “alan egemenliği” modelindeki; devlet yönetimi, bilim, felsefe, eğitim, teoloji, siyaset ve toplum hayatı hakkındaki düşünce ve uygulamalarını anlatmaktır. Neo-Kalvinist dünya görüşünün gelecek vizyonu ile ilgili değerlendirmeler sunmaktır. Modernizm ve Hıristiyan dünya görüşleri arasında uzun yıllardır süregelen mücadelenin teolojik temellerini anlatmak, bu sayede ABD eksenli şekillenen yenidünya düzeninde Protestan Neo-Kalvinist dünya görüşünün uluslararası politikalardaki rolü ve önemi hakkındaki bilinç düzeyini ve farkındalığı arttırmaktır. Neo-Kalvinist dünya görüşü ekseninde seküler, modern ve pozitivist yaşama karşı verilen mücadelede elde edilen kazanımların bugün Batı toplumunda ne denli önemli bir noktaya geldiğini ortaya koymaktır.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK (Bu araştırma, 2219/2 Yurtdışı Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Burs Programı kapsamında TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenmiştir.)

Project Number

2219/2

References

  • Akalın, Kürşat Haldun. “Avrupa İktisat Düşüncesi Tarihinde Kalvinizmin Önemi.” Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 4/8 (2014), 1–30.
  • Anderson, Owen. Reason and Worldviews: Warfield, Kuyper, Van Til, and Plantinga on the Clarity of General Revelation and Function of Apologetics. United Kingdom: University Press of America, 2008.
  • Aras, Ahmet. Kalvinizm. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2003.
  • Bacote, Vincent E. The Spirit in Public Theology: Appropriating the Legacy of Abraham Kuyper. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, 2005.
  • Bartholomew, Craig G. Contours of the Kuyperian Tradition. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
  • Brasich, Adam S. “Parallel Lines Never Intersect”: The Influence of Dutch Reformed Presupposititionalism in American Christian Fundamentalism. Tallahassee: Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Bratt, James D. Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat. Michigan, Grand Rapids - Cambridge: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2013.
  • Bratt, James D. Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture. Michigan, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1984.
  • Bruijne, Ad de. “Colony of Heaven: Abraham Kuyper’s Ecclesiology in the Twenty-First Century.” Journal of Markets & Morality 17/2 (2014), 445–490.
  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill. çev. Ford Lewis Battles. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1960.
  • Dooyeweerd, Herman. A New Critique of Theoretical Thought: The Necessary Presuppositions of Philosophy, çev. William S. Young - David H. Freeman. USA: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1969.
  • Ferreira, I.W. (Naas). “Life in Transit: From Exile to Pigrims - A Missiological Perspective on Humanity’s Global Movement.” Life in Transit: Theological and Ethical Contributions on Migration, ed. Manitza Kotzé - Riaan Rheeder. Cape Town: AOSIS Publishing, 2nd Ed., 2020.
  • Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm - Voigt, Friedemann. Religion (En) Deuten: Transformationen Der Religionsforschung. Germany: Walter De Gruyter GmbH & Co., 2010.
  • Harinck, George. “Abraham Kuyper’s Vision of a Plural Society as a Christian Answer to Secularization and Intolerance.” Secularization, Desecularization, and Toleration, ed. Vyacheslav Karpov - Manfred Svensson. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
  • Harinck, George. “We Must No Longer Restrict Our Horizon To One Country: Neo-Calvinism And Internationalism in the Interbellum Era.” European Encounters: Intellectual Exchange and the Rethinking of Europe 1914-1945, ed. Carlos Reijnen - Marleen Rensen. Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, 2014.
  • Jung, Wonho. Redemption That Liberates: Political Theologies of Richard Mouw and Nam-Dong Suh. Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications, 2018.
  • Kant, Immanuel. The Crituque of Judgement, çev. J. Creed Meredith. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Keene, Timothy. “Kuyper and Dooyeweerd: Sphere Sovereignty and Modal Aspects.” Transformation 33/1 (2016), 65–79.
  • Kennedy, Simon P. “Abraham Kuyper: Calvinist Anti Revolutionary Politician and Political Thinker.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 61/2 (2015), 169–183.
  • Kidner, Frank L. vd. Making Europe: The Story of the West, 2e Since 1300. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2014.
  • Klapwijk, Jacob. “Antithesis and Common Grace.” In Bringing into Captivity Every Thought, ed. S. Griffioen - G. Groenewoud. Lanham: University Press of America, 1991.
  • Kooi, Cornelis van der. “The Concept of Culture in Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, and Karl Barth.” Crossroad Discourses between Christianity and Culture, ed. Jerald D. Gort vd. Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, 2010.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Calvinism: Six Lectures Delivered in the Theological Seminary at Princeton. New York, Chicago, Toronto: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1898.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Common Grace: God’s Gifts for a Fallen Word. The Historical Section Volume. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Encyclopedia of Sacred Theology: Its Principles. çev. J. H. de Vries. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. On Business & Economics. ed. Peter S. Heslam. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2021.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. On The Church. ed. John Halsey Wood Jr. - Andrew M. McGinnis. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Our Program: A Christian Political Manifesto. çev. Harry Van Dyke. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015.
  • McGraw, Bryan T. Faith in Politics: Religion and Liberal Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Min, Jeong Kii. Sin and Politics: Issues in Reformed Theology. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2009.
  • Mouw, Richard J. Abraham Kuyper: A Short and Personal Introduction. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2011.
  • Naugle, David K. Worldview: The History of a Concept. Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan - Cambridge: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2002.
  • Olgun, Hakan. “Kalvinizm’den Teonomi’ye Hıristiyan Şerriatı Arayışı.” Eskiyeni 24 (2012), 57–66.
  • Paul, Herman - Niet, Johan de. “Issus De Calvin: Collective Memories of John Calvin in Dutch Neo-Calvinism.” Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800–2000. ed. Johan de Niet vd. Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • Sire, James W. Naming the Elephant: Worldview as a Concept. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
  • Skillen, James W. “From Covenant of Grace to Tolerant Public Pluralism.” The Covenant Connection: From Federal Theology to Modern Federalism. ed. Daniel Judah Elazar - ‎John Kincaid. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Lexington Books, 2000.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet. “Kalvinizm’de Kader Anlayışı.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/2 (2010), 93–119.
  • Toptaş, Mahmut. Kalvinizmin Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Yayılmasının Teolojik Sebepleri: Macaristan Örneği. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2021.
  • Tuininga, Matthew J. Calvin’s Political Theology and the Public Engagement of the Church. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Uygur, Nermi. Dünya Görüşü. İstanbul: Elif Yayınları, 1963.
  • Weinberger, Lael Daniel. “The Relationship Between Sphere Sovereignty and Subsidiarity.” Global Perspectives on Subsidiarity, ed. Michelle Evans - Augusto Zimmermann. New York - London: Springer, 2014.
  • Wielenga, Friso. A History of the Netherlands: From the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day. London & New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.
  • Witte, John. The Reformation of Rights: Law, Religion, and Human Rights in Early Modern Calvinism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Wolters, Albert M. “Dutch Neo-Calvinism: Worldview, Philosophy and Rationality.” Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition. ed. H Hart, J van Der Hoeven - Nicholas Wolterstorff. 113–131. Toronto: UPA, 1983.

Building of the Neo-Calvinist Worldview Against Modernism, Abraham Kuyper's Modal of Sphere Sovereignty

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 1067 - 1094, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1144137

Abstract

The role of religion in societies is an ongoing debate even for most of the Western countries, which have advanced in terms of modernity. Particularly, the studies show that the impact of Christianity moved from the public sphere to the private domain due to the Modernist worldview that evolved in the context of Reformation and French Revolution. At the end of the 19th century, religious groups have arised out of questioning the division between the individual and public spheres of religion in Europe. One of the foremost of these movements is the Neo-Calvinist tradition shaped by Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920). This study is to deal with the main intellectual resources of the Neo-Calvinist tradition, which Kuyper developed by reinterpreting Calvinism in the context of "worldview" and to explain its effects on Western societies.
By opposing modern secular society, Kuyper tried to develop a social system that is pluralistic in religion. Calvinism, in contrast to the guiding principles of contemporary secular culture, has the qualities to permeate society as a whole, according to Kuyper, who builds a theological foundation for the entire truth. Kuyper developed a worldview based on the Christian belief systems through antitheses after critically reconsidering the underlying principles of modernity. In contrast, he asserts, there is a widespread perception in America that Calvinism is the most effective safeguard against the loss of liberties, but the idea that people's beliefs must be abandoned for freedom predominates in Europe.
Kuyper developed a worldview based on Christian belief principles through antitheses by critically revising the fundamental ideas of modernism. He described the period he lived in as a crisis period and did not hold back while expressing the problematic aspects of Christianity. He contended that the church must acknowledge the reality of contemporary culture, have a theology that is relevant to the society in which it lives, and acknowledge its own cultural captivity, which it ignores. Kuyper viewed the conflict between the sacred and the secular as a war between good and evil in his mind, which is why he prefers military imagery when explaining the role of the church and compares the church to the army when discussing it in his works.
According to Kuyper, who supports the understanding of cultural diversity and pluralism, the paradigm of "Sphere Sovereignty" also displays a variety of worldviews. Everyone has a worldview that affects how they live, and he claims that institutional manifestations of people's worldviews, such as Islamic schools and Jewish butchers, should exist in the open.
After many years as a member of parliament, served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1901 to 1905. Through his "Sphere Sovereignty" model, he attempted to reshape the relationship between religion and politics as well as the role of religion in society. In a society where Modernism, which rejects religious values, is dominant, he battled for religious life and opposed the "neutral worldview" principles that Modernism developed. It is possible to say that with his studies and the practices he followed, he ignited the fuse of today's cultural conflicts and debates in Western societies.
The purpose of this research is to examine how Neo-Calvinism came to be a comprehensive belief system within the framework of Abraham Kuyper's reinterpretation, and to clarify the core principles of the Neo-Calvinist worldview for social and religious life.
It is also to explain the theological foundations of the long-standing struggle between modernism and Christian worldviews, and thus to increase the level of consciousness and awareness about the role of the Protestant Neo-Calvinist worldview in international politics in the new world order shaped by the USA. Therefore, we searched the literature on national and international sources using the descriptive method of the History of Religions. By doing so, the article will provide the theoretical framework of Neo-Calvinism, which shaped the state, religion, science, philosophy, education, politics, and social life. It also will demonstrate how significant the achievements in the struggle against secular, modern, and positivist living based on the Neo-Calvinist worldview have become in current Western society.

Project Number

2219/2

References

  • Akalın, Kürşat Haldun. “Avrupa İktisat Düşüncesi Tarihinde Kalvinizmin Önemi.” Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 4/8 (2014), 1–30.
  • Anderson, Owen. Reason and Worldviews: Warfield, Kuyper, Van Til, and Plantinga on the Clarity of General Revelation and Function of Apologetics. United Kingdom: University Press of America, 2008.
  • Aras, Ahmet. Kalvinizm. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2003.
  • Bacote, Vincent E. The Spirit in Public Theology: Appropriating the Legacy of Abraham Kuyper. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, 2005.
  • Bartholomew, Craig G. Contours of the Kuyperian Tradition. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
  • Brasich, Adam S. “Parallel Lines Never Intersect”: The Influence of Dutch Reformed Presupposititionalism in American Christian Fundamentalism. Tallahassee: Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Bratt, James D. Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat. Michigan, Grand Rapids - Cambridge: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2013.
  • Bratt, James D. Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture. Michigan, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1984.
  • Bruijne, Ad de. “Colony of Heaven: Abraham Kuyper’s Ecclesiology in the Twenty-First Century.” Journal of Markets & Morality 17/2 (2014), 445–490.
  • Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill. çev. Ford Lewis Battles. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1960.
  • Dooyeweerd, Herman. A New Critique of Theoretical Thought: The Necessary Presuppositions of Philosophy, çev. William S. Young - David H. Freeman. USA: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1969.
  • Ferreira, I.W. (Naas). “Life in Transit: From Exile to Pigrims - A Missiological Perspective on Humanity’s Global Movement.” Life in Transit: Theological and Ethical Contributions on Migration, ed. Manitza Kotzé - Riaan Rheeder. Cape Town: AOSIS Publishing, 2nd Ed., 2020.
  • Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm - Voigt, Friedemann. Religion (En) Deuten: Transformationen Der Religionsforschung. Germany: Walter De Gruyter GmbH & Co., 2010.
  • Harinck, George. “Abraham Kuyper’s Vision of a Plural Society as a Christian Answer to Secularization and Intolerance.” Secularization, Desecularization, and Toleration, ed. Vyacheslav Karpov - Manfred Svensson. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
  • Harinck, George. “We Must No Longer Restrict Our Horizon To One Country: Neo-Calvinism And Internationalism in the Interbellum Era.” European Encounters: Intellectual Exchange and the Rethinking of Europe 1914-1945, ed. Carlos Reijnen - Marleen Rensen. Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, 2014.
  • Jung, Wonho. Redemption That Liberates: Political Theologies of Richard Mouw and Nam-Dong Suh. Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications, 2018.
  • Kant, Immanuel. The Crituque of Judgement, çev. J. Creed Meredith. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Keene, Timothy. “Kuyper and Dooyeweerd: Sphere Sovereignty and Modal Aspects.” Transformation 33/1 (2016), 65–79.
  • Kennedy, Simon P. “Abraham Kuyper: Calvinist Anti Revolutionary Politician and Political Thinker.” Australian Journal of Politics and History 61/2 (2015), 169–183.
  • Kidner, Frank L. vd. Making Europe: The Story of the West, 2e Since 1300. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2014.
  • Klapwijk, Jacob. “Antithesis and Common Grace.” In Bringing into Captivity Every Thought, ed. S. Griffioen - G. Groenewoud. Lanham: University Press of America, 1991.
  • Kooi, Cornelis van der. “The Concept of Culture in Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, and Karl Barth.” Crossroad Discourses between Christianity and Culture, ed. Jerald D. Gort vd. Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, 2010.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Calvinism: Six Lectures Delivered in the Theological Seminary at Princeton. New York, Chicago, Toronto: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1898.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Common Grace: God’s Gifts for a Fallen Word. The Historical Section Volume. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Encyclopedia of Sacred Theology: Its Principles. çev. J. H. de Vries. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. On Business & Economics. ed. Peter S. Heslam. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2021.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. On The Church. ed. John Halsey Wood Jr. - Andrew M. McGinnis. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.
  • Kuyper, Abraham. Our Program: A Christian Political Manifesto. çev. Harry Van Dyke. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015.
  • McGraw, Bryan T. Faith in Politics: Religion and Liberal Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Min, Jeong Kii. Sin and Politics: Issues in Reformed Theology. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2009.
  • Mouw, Richard J. Abraham Kuyper: A Short and Personal Introduction. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2011.
  • Naugle, David K. Worldview: The History of a Concept. Michigan, Grand Rapids, Michigan - Cambridge: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2002.
  • Olgun, Hakan. “Kalvinizm’den Teonomi’ye Hıristiyan Şerriatı Arayışı.” Eskiyeni 24 (2012), 57–66.
  • Paul, Herman - Niet, Johan de. “Issus De Calvin: Collective Memories of John Calvin in Dutch Neo-Calvinism.” Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800–2000. ed. Johan de Niet vd. Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2009.
  • Sire, James W. Naming the Elephant: Worldview as a Concept. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
  • Skillen, James W. “From Covenant of Grace to Tolerant Public Pluralism.” The Covenant Connection: From Federal Theology to Modern Federalism. ed. Daniel Judah Elazar - ‎John Kincaid. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Lexington Books, 2000.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet. “Kalvinizm’de Kader Anlayışı.” Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/2 (2010), 93–119.
  • Toptaş, Mahmut. Kalvinizmin Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Yayılmasının Teolojik Sebepleri: Macaristan Örneği. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2021.
  • Tuininga, Matthew J. Calvin’s Political Theology and the Public Engagement of the Church. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Uygur, Nermi. Dünya Görüşü. İstanbul: Elif Yayınları, 1963.
  • Weinberger, Lael Daniel. “The Relationship Between Sphere Sovereignty and Subsidiarity.” Global Perspectives on Subsidiarity, ed. Michelle Evans - Augusto Zimmermann. New York - London: Springer, 2014.
  • Wielenga, Friso. A History of the Netherlands: From the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day. London & New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.
  • Witte, John. The Reformation of Rights: Law, Religion, and Human Rights in Early Modern Calvinism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Wolters, Albert M. “Dutch Neo-Calvinism: Worldview, Philosophy and Rationality.” Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition. ed. H Hart, J van Der Hoeven - Nicholas Wolterstorff. 113–131. Toronto: UPA, 1983.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religion, Society and Culture Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özlem Topcan 0000-0001-6575-4864

Project Number 2219/2
Early Pub Date December 29, 2022
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date July 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Topcan, Özlem. “Modernizme Karşı Neo-Kalvinist Dünya Görüşü İnşası, Abraham Kuyper’in Alan Egemenliği Modeli”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 21/2 (December 2022), 1067-1094. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1144137.

Hitit Theology Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).