Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Evrim Teorisinin Panpsişist Bir Yorumu

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 633 - 655, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1521378

Abstract

Evrim teorisiyle ilgili şüphe uyandırıcı bir unsurdan söz edilecekse, muhtemelen bu, evrimin yakıtı olarak görülebilecek mutasyonların rastgeleliği olurdu. DNA dizilimlerindeki hataların tür değişiminin kaynağı olduğu fikri, birçok bilim insanı ve filozof için kabul edilebilir görünmüyor. Onlara göre, bazı mutasyonların amaçlı gerçekleştiğini bildiren adaptif evrim olanaklıdır. Her iki görüş de bilimsel olarak desteklenebilir görünmektedir. Ancak bilim, doğaüstü güçleri ima ettiğinden ötürü genellikle amaçları dışlar. Doğal olayları açıklayıcı bir kavram olarak teleoloji, bilimsel jargonda kendine yer bulamaz. Dolayısıyla, adaptif evrimin gerçek olduğunu varsaydığımızda, burada söz konusu olan felsefi problem, hangi metafiziksel çerçevenin amaçların yürürlükte olduğu bir doğal dünyayı daha iyi açıklayacağı hakkındadır. Zira adaptif evrim gerçekse, felsefi spekülasyona kapı aralanmış olacaktır.
Bu makalede, aday olarak panpsişizmi öneriyorum. Panpsişizm iyi bilinen bir metafizik görüş olsa da, evrimle nadiren ilişkilendirilmiştir. Panpsişizm, basitçe söylenecek olursa, tüm aktüel doğal varlıkların, maddeye içkin olan bir tür zihinselliğe sahip olduklarını ifade eder. Panpsişizme göre, zihinselliğin herhangi bir üst-düzey formda (hayvan veya insan zihni gibi) ortaya çıkması için, varlığın en temel düzeyinde dahi zihinsellik yer almalıdır. Panpsişizmin bu zihinselliğin kademeli olarak geliştiği fikri, türlerin yavaş ve küçük adımlarla değiştiği şeklindeki geleneksel evrim görüşü ile halihazırda uyumludur. Ancak adaptif evrim hipotezi daha fazlasını talep etmektedir. Organizmanın çevresel koşullara yanıt olarak kendi DNA’sını değiştirebileceği fikri, bu sürecin kontrol altında, isteğe bağlı olarak gerçekleştiğini ima etmektedir. Ancak adaptasyon her zaman isteğe bağlı olarak gerçekleşmediği gibi, böylesi bir anlayış, seçme, irade etme, karar verme gibi üst-düzey bilişsel işlevleri veya edimleri hücrelere ve moleküllere atfettiğinden kabul edilmesi güç bir hal almaktadır. Bu nedenle söz konusu güçlüğün aşılmasını gerektirmeyen daha natüralist bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç vardır.
Panpsişizm, düalist panpsişizm veya idealist panpsişizm gibi çeşitli biçimlerde olabilir. Bu çalışmada bu kavramın tamamen natüralist bir versiyonu olarak çift-yön panpsişizmi öneriyorum. Buna göre, zihinsellik ve fiziksellik aynı şeyin veya maddenin iki yönü veya veçhesidir. Bu görüşte, zihinselden fiziksele zihinsel nedensellik olmadığı gibi, fizikselden zihinsele fiziksel nedensellik de yoktur. Dışarıdan gözlemlendiğinde fiziksel, içeriden deneyimlendiğinde zihinsel olarak ortaya çıkan süreçler veya olaylar vardır. Fizikalizmle uyumlu çift-yön panpsişizmin bir yorumuyla birlikte, zihinselliğin tüm aktüel varlıklara genişletilmesinin en makul yolunun onu yönelimsellik olarak düşünmekten geçtiğini kabul ettiğimizde, adaptif evrimi natüralist bir çerçeveye yerleştirmek daha da kolay olabilir. Rastgele olmayan mutasyonlar, zihinsel birer edim olarak bir seçim şeklinde gerçekleşmemekte, organizmanın hayatta kalımını sağlamak adına davranışının seçici çevresel koşullar hakkında veya onlara yönelik olması sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Makale iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölüm, bazı mutasyonların rastgele olmayabileceği olasılığını bilimsel-felsefi bir temelde ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Mutasyonların rastgele olduğunu gösteren deneyler olduğu gibi aksi yönde bulgular da vardır. Felsefi açıdan bu bulguların illa doğada bir teleoloji olduğu şeklinde yorumlanmak zorunda olmadığını bildiren alternatif görüşlerin varlığı ileri sürülecektir. İkinci bölüm ise, mutasyonların rastgele olmayabileceği olasılığın çift-yön panpsişizm ile uyumluluğunu göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Çift-yön panpsişizm bir yandan doğaüstü kaynaklı her türlü amaç düşüncesini dışlarken öte yandan amaçlılığı maddeye etki edebilen bir zihinsel güce bağlayan felsefi teorilerden farklı bir çizgiye oturabilmekte, böylece fiziksel ve doğalcı bir anlayışla bağdaşabilmektedir. Sonuç itibarıyla, evrim teorisinin kabul edilebilir bir yorumuyla, panpsişizmin natüralist bir yorumunun, hücre ve organizmaların amaçlı görünen eylemlerini açıklayan verimli bir birliktelikle sonuçlanması umulmaktadır.

References

  • Axe, Douglas. Undeniable: How Biology Confirms Our Intuition That Life Is Designed. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2016.
  • Ayala, Francisco J. Darwin’s Gift to Science and Religion. Washington: Joseph Henry Press, 2007.
  • Baluška, František vd. “Cellular Basis of Cognition and Evolution: From Protists and Fungi Up to Animals, Plants, and Root-­ Fungal Networks”. Evolution “On Purpose”: Teleonomy in Living Systems. 33-58. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023.
  • Behe, Michael J. The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism. New York: Free Press, 2007.
  • Berkeley, George. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1878.
  • Bokulich, Alisa-Bokulich, Peter (ed.). Scientific Structuralism. New York: Springer, 2011.
  • Brentano, Franz. Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Cairns, John vd. “The Origin of Mutants”. Nature 335 (1988), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.1038/335142a0
  • Carey, Nessa. The Epigenetics Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
  • Clarke, D. S. Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
  • Corning, Peter A. vd. “Introduction”. Evolution “On Purpose”: Teleonomy in Living Systems. 1-10. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023.
  • Coyne, Jerry A. Why Evolution Is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Crane, Tim. “Brentano’s Concept of Intentional Inexistence”. The Austrian Contribution to Analytic Philosophy. ed. Mark Textor. 20-35. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Darwin, Charles R. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray, 5. Basım, 1869.
  • Davies, Paul. The Demon in the Machine. London: Allen Lane, 2019.
  • Davies, Paul. The Origin of Life. London: Penguin Books, 2003.
  • Dawkins, Richard. Climbing Mount Improbable. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996.
  • Dembski, William A. No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
  • Dennett, Daniel C. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
  • Dobzhansky, Theodosius. “The Genetic Basis of Evolution”. Scientific American 182 (1950), 32-41. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0150-32
  • Foster, Patricia L. “Adaptive Mutation: Has the Unicorn Landed?” Genetics 148 (1998), 1453-1459. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1453
  • Futuyma, Douglas J.-Kirkpatrick, Mark. Evolution (Fourth Edition). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2017.
  • Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. New York: Bantam Books, 1988.
  • Haynes, John D. “Decoding and Predicting Intentions”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1224 (2011), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05994.x
  • Heidelberger, Michael. Nature from Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and His Psychopyhsical Worldview. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.
  • James, William. A Pluralistic Universe. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1920.
  • James, William. Essays in Radical Empiricism. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1922.
  • James, William. The Principles of Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1977.
  • Kauffman, Stuart A. Investigations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Ladyman, James. “What is Structural Realism?” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 29/3 (1998), 409-424. doi: 10.1016/s0039-3681(98)80129-5
  • Lamberth, David C. “Interpreting the Universe After a Social Analogy: Intimacy, Panpsychism, and a Finite God in a Pluralistic Universe”. The Cambridge Companion to William James. 237-259. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Libet, Benjamin. “Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action”. Neurophysiology of Consciousness: Selected Papers and New Essays. ed. Benjamin Libet. 269-279. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1993.
  • Luria, Salvador E.-Delbrück, Max. “Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance” Genetics 28 (1943), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/28.6.491
  • Mandik, Pete. Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind. London: Continuum, 2010.
  • Margulis, Lynn. Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
  • Mayr, Ernst. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.
  • Mayr, Ernst. What Evolution Is. London: Phoenix, 2001.
  • Meyer, Stephen C. Darwin’s Doubt. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2013.
  • Mindell, David P. The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
  • Monroe, J. Grey vd. “Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana”. Nature 602 (2022), 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6
  • Moreland, J. P. vd. (ed.). Theistic Evolution: A Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Critique. Wheaton: Crossway, 2017.
  • Nagel, Thomas. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” The Philosophical Review 83/4 (1974), 435-450. doi: 10.2307/2183914
  • Noble, Denis. “Evolution beyond neo-Darwinism: a new conceptual framework”. The Journal of Experimental Biology 218 (2015), 7-13. doi: 10.1242/jeb.106310
  • Noble, Denis-Noble, Raymond. Understanding Living Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
  • Noble, Denis-Noble, Raymond. “Was the Watchmaker Blind? Or Was She One-Eyed?” Biology (Basel) 6/4 (2017), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiology6040047
  • Okasha, Samir. “Goal Attributions in Biology: Objective Fact, Anthropomorphic Bias, or Valuable Heuristic?” Evolution “On Purpose”: Teleonomy in Living Systems. 237-256. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023.
  • Pigliucci, Massimo-Müller, Gerd B. “Elements of an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis”. Evolution—The Extended Synthesis. 3-17. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2010.
  • Poiani, Aldo (ed.). Pragmatic Evolution: Applications of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Pross, Addy. What Is Life? How Chemistry Becomes Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Rosenberg, Susan M. vd. “Stress-induced mutation via DNA breaks in Escherichia coli: A molecular mechanism with implications for evolution and medicine”. Bioessays 34 (2012), 885-892. doi: 10.1002/bies.201200050
  • Roth, John R. vd. “Origin of Mutations Under Selection: The Adaptive Mutation Controversy”. The Annual Review of Microbiology 60 (2006), 477-501. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142045
  • Russell, Bertrand. The Analysis of Matter. New York: Routledge, 2023.
  • Savic, Dragutin J. “Adaptive Mutations: A Challenge to Neo-Darwinism”. Science Progress 92 (2009), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.3184%2F003685009X12547510332277
  • Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation Volume 1. çev. E. F. J. Payne. New York: Dover Publications, 1969.
  • Schopenhauer, Arthur. Two Essays by Schopenhauer. London: George Bell and Sons, 1889.
  • Seager, William (ed.). “The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism”. The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Shapiro, James A. Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press Science, 2011.
  • Shapiro, James A.-Noble, Denis. “What prevents mainstream evolutionists teaching the whole truth about how genomes evolve?” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 165 (2021), 140-152. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.04.004
  • Skrbina, David. Mind That Abides: Panpsychism in the New Millennium. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009.
  • Spinoza, Baruch. Spinoza: Complete Works. ed. Michael L. Morgan. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2002.
  • Strawson, Galen. Real Materialism and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Strawson, Galen. “What Does ‘Physical’ Mean? A Prolegomenon to Physicalist Panpsychism”. The Routledge Handbook of Panpscyhism. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Svensson, Erik I. “The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: Beyond Neo-Darwinism, Neo Lamarckism and Biased Historical Narratives About the Modern Synthesis”. Evolutionary Biology: Contemporary and Historical Reflections Upon Core Theory. 173-217. London: Springer, 2023.
  • Taslaman, Caner. Evrim Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı. İstanbul: İstanbul Yayınevi, 2007.
  • The Third Way of Evolution. "Home". Retrieved November, 16 2023. https://www.thethirdwayofevolution.com
  • Wagner, Andreas. Arrival of the Fittest: Solving Evolution’s Greatest Puzzle. New York: Current, 2014.
  • Walsh, Dominic M. Organisms, Agency, and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Ward, Peter. Lamarck’s Revenge. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008.
  • Whitlock, Michael J. “Evolutionary Processes”. The Princeton Guide to Evolution. 305-320. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Wright, Barbara E. “A Biochemical Mechanism for Nonrandom Mutations and Evolution”. Journal of Bacteriology 182/11 (2000), 2993-3001. https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.182.11.2993-3001.2000
  • Zimmer, Carl-Emlen, Douglas J. Evolution: Making Sense of Life (2nd Edition). New York: W.H. Freeman, 2016.

A Panpsychist Interpretation of Evolutionary Theory

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 633 - 655, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1521378

Abstract

If there is a questionable element in the theory of evolution, it is likely the randomness of mutations, which is seen as the primary source of evolutionary change. The idea that errors in DNA sequences are the source of species change does not seem acceptable to many scientists and philosophers. According to them, adaptive evolution, which suggests that some mutations occur purposefully, is possible. Both views seem scientifically supportable. However, science typically excludes purposes, especially due to their implications of the supernatural. So, the philosophical problem here concerns which metaphysical framework would better explain a natural world in which purposes are at work, assuming that adaptive evolution is real.
In this article, I propose panpsychism as a candidate for such an explanation. Although panpsychism is a well-known metaphysical view, it has rarely been associated with evolution. Panpsychism simply states that all actual natural entities possess some form of mentality that is intrinsic to matter. Mentality must be present at the most fundamental level of existence to manifest in any higher-level form. This idea of panpsychism that mentality develops gradually is already compatible with the traditional view of evolution that species change slowly and incrementally by small steps. Nevertheless the adaptive evolution hypothesis demands more. The idea that organisms can alter their own DNA in response to environmental conditions implies that this process occurs voluntarily in a controlled manner. However, adaptation does not always occur voluntarily, and such an understanding becomes difficult to accept as it attributes higher-level cognitive functions, such as choosing, will, and decision-making, to cells and molecules. Thus, a more naturalistic approach is needed.
Panpsychism can take many forms such as dualistic panpsychism or idealistic panpsychism. I suggest dual-aspect panpsychism as a wholly naturalistic version of this concept. Accordingly, mentality and physicality are two aspects of the same thing or stuff. Just as there is no mental causation from the mental to the physical, there is no physical causation from the physical to the mental. There are processes or events that manifest as physical happenings when observed from the outside and as mental happenings when experienced from the inside. Along with an interpretation of dual-aspect panpsychism that is compatible with physicalism, when we accept that the most plausible way to extend mentality to all actual entities is to think of it as intentionality, it may become even more easier to situate adaptive evolution within a naturalistic framework. Non-random mutations do not occur as mental acts of choice but arise from the organism’s behavior being about or directed towards selective environmental conditions for the purpose of ensuring survival.
The article consists of two main parts. The first part seeks to establish the possibility that some mutations may not be random on a scientific-philosophical basis. The second part aims to show the compatibility of this possibility with dual-aspect panpsychism. As a result, it is hoped that an acceptable interpretation of evolutionary theory, combined with a naturalistic interpretation of panpsychism, will result in a fruitful synthesis that explains the seemingly purposeful actions of cells and organisms.

References

  • Axe, Douglas. Undeniable: How Biology Confirms Our Intuition That Life Is Designed. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2016.
  • Ayala, Francisco J. Darwin’s Gift to Science and Religion. Washington: Joseph Henry Press, 2007.
  • Baluška, František vd. “Cellular Basis of Cognition and Evolution: From Protists and Fungi Up to Animals, Plants, and Root-­ Fungal Networks”. Evolution “On Purpose”: Teleonomy in Living Systems. 33-58. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023.
  • Behe, Michael J. The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism. New York: Free Press, 2007.
  • Berkeley, George. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1878.
  • Bokulich, Alisa-Bokulich, Peter (ed.). Scientific Structuralism. New York: Springer, 2011.
  • Brentano, Franz. Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Cairns, John vd. “The Origin of Mutants”. Nature 335 (1988), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.1038/335142a0
  • Carey, Nessa. The Epigenetics Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
  • Clarke, D. S. Panpsychism: Past and Recent Selected Readings. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
  • Corning, Peter A. vd. “Introduction”. Evolution “On Purpose”: Teleonomy in Living Systems. 1-10. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023.
  • Coyne, Jerry A. Why Evolution Is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Crane, Tim. “Brentano’s Concept of Intentional Inexistence”. The Austrian Contribution to Analytic Philosophy. ed. Mark Textor. 20-35. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Darwin, Charles R. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray, 5. Basım, 1869.
  • Davies, Paul. The Demon in the Machine. London: Allen Lane, 2019.
  • Davies, Paul. The Origin of Life. London: Penguin Books, 2003.
  • Dawkins, Richard. Climbing Mount Improbable. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996.
  • Dembski, William A. No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
  • Dennett, Daniel C. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
  • Dobzhansky, Theodosius. “The Genetic Basis of Evolution”. Scientific American 182 (1950), 32-41. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0150-32
  • Foster, Patricia L. “Adaptive Mutation: Has the Unicorn Landed?” Genetics 148 (1998), 1453-1459. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1453
  • Futuyma, Douglas J.-Kirkpatrick, Mark. Evolution (Fourth Edition). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2017.
  • Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. New York: Bantam Books, 1988.
  • Haynes, John D. “Decoding and Predicting Intentions”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1224 (2011), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05994.x
  • Heidelberger, Michael. Nature from Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and His Psychopyhsical Worldview. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.
  • James, William. A Pluralistic Universe. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1920.
  • James, William. Essays in Radical Empiricism. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1922.
  • James, William. The Principles of Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1977.
  • Kauffman, Stuart A. Investigations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • Ladyman, James. “What is Structural Realism?” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 29/3 (1998), 409-424. doi: 10.1016/s0039-3681(98)80129-5
  • Lamberth, David C. “Interpreting the Universe After a Social Analogy: Intimacy, Panpsychism, and a Finite God in a Pluralistic Universe”. The Cambridge Companion to William James. 237-259. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Libet, Benjamin. “Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action”. Neurophysiology of Consciousness: Selected Papers and New Essays. ed. Benjamin Libet. 269-279. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1993.
  • Luria, Salvador E.-Delbrück, Max. “Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance” Genetics 28 (1943), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/28.6.491
  • Mandik, Pete. Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind. London: Continuum, 2010.
  • Margulis, Lynn. Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
  • Mayr, Ernst. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988.
  • Mayr, Ernst. What Evolution Is. London: Phoenix, 2001.
  • Meyer, Stephen C. Darwin’s Doubt. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2013.
  • Mindell, David P. The Evolving World: Evolution in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
  • Monroe, J. Grey vd. “Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana”. Nature 602 (2022), 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6
  • Moreland, J. P. vd. (ed.). Theistic Evolution: A Scientific, Philosophical, and Theological Critique. Wheaton: Crossway, 2017.
  • Nagel, Thomas. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” The Philosophical Review 83/4 (1974), 435-450. doi: 10.2307/2183914
  • Noble, Denis. “Evolution beyond neo-Darwinism: a new conceptual framework”. The Journal of Experimental Biology 218 (2015), 7-13. doi: 10.1242/jeb.106310
  • Noble, Denis-Noble, Raymond. Understanding Living Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
  • Noble, Denis-Noble, Raymond. “Was the Watchmaker Blind? Or Was She One-Eyed?” Biology (Basel) 6/4 (2017), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiology6040047
  • Okasha, Samir. “Goal Attributions in Biology: Objective Fact, Anthropomorphic Bias, or Valuable Heuristic?” Evolution “On Purpose”: Teleonomy in Living Systems. 237-256. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2023.
  • Pigliucci, Massimo-Müller, Gerd B. “Elements of an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis”. Evolution—The Extended Synthesis. 3-17. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2010.
  • Poiani, Aldo (ed.). Pragmatic Evolution: Applications of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Pross, Addy. What Is Life? How Chemistry Becomes Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Rosenberg, Susan M. vd. “Stress-induced mutation via DNA breaks in Escherichia coli: A molecular mechanism with implications for evolution and medicine”. Bioessays 34 (2012), 885-892. doi: 10.1002/bies.201200050
  • Roth, John R. vd. “Origin of Mutations Under Selection: The Adaptive Mutation Controversy”. The Annual Review of Microbiology 60 (2006), 477-501. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142045
  • Russell, Bertrand. The Analysis of Matter. New York: Routledge, 2023.
  • Savic, Dragutin J. “Adaptive Mutations: A Challenge to Neo-Darwinism”. Science Progress 92 (2009), 447-468. https://doi.org/10.3184%2F003685009X12547510332277
  • Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation Volume 1. çev. E. F. J. Payne. New York: Dover Publications, 1969.
  • Schopenhauer, Arthur. Two Essays by Schopenhauer. London: George Bell and Sons, 1889.
  • Seager, William (ed.). “The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism”. The Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Shapiro, James A. Evolution: A View from the 21st Century. New Jersey: FT Press Science, 2011.
  • Shapiro, James A.-Noble, Denis. “What prevents mainstream evolutionists teaching the whole truth about how genomes evolve?” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 165 (2021), 140-152. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.04.004
  • Skrbina, David. Mind That Abides: Panpsychism in the New Millennium. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009.
  • Spinoza, Baruch. Spinoza: Complete Works. ed. Michael L. Morgan. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2002.
  • Strawson, Galen. Real Materialism and Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Strawson, Galen. “What Does ‘Physical’ Mean? A Prolegomenon to Physicalist Panpsychism”. The Routledge Handbook of Panpscyhism. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Svensson, Erik I. “The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: Beyond Neo-Darwinism, Neo Lamarckism and Biased Historical Narratives About the Modern Synthesis”. Evolutionary Biology: Contemporary and Historical Reflections Upon Core Theory. 173-217. London: Springer, 2023.
  • Taslaman, Caner. Evrim Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı. İstanbul: İstanbul Yayınevi, 2007.
  • The Third Way of Evolution. "Home". Retrieved November, 16 2023. https://www.thethirdwayofevolution.com
  • Wagner, Andreas. Arrival of the Fittest: Solving Evolution’s Greatest Puzzle. New York: Current, 2014.
  • Walsh, Dominic M. Organisms, Agency, and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Ward, Peter. Lamarck’s Revenge. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008.
  • Whitlock, Michael J. “Evolutionary Processes”. The Princeton Guide to Evolution. 305-320. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Wright, Barbara E. “A Biochemical Mechanism for Nonrandom Mutations and Evolution”. Journal of Bacteriology 182/11 (2000), 2993-3001. https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.182.11.2993-3001.2000
  • Zimmer, Carl-Emlen, Douglas J. Evolution: Making Sense of Life (2nd Edition). New York: W.H. Freeman, 2016.
There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ferhat Onur 0000-0001-7052-2881

Early Pub Date December 28, 2024
Publication Date December 30, 2024
Submission Date July 24, 2024
Acceptance Date November 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 23 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Onur, Ferhat. “A Panpsychist Interpretation of Evolutionary Theory”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 23/2 (December 2024), 633-655. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1521378.

Hitit Theology Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).