Abstract
Calcium propionate is an essential preservative in food and feed applications, yet the sustainability of its production methods remains underexplored. This study provides a structured comparative evaluation of six production pathways: chemical synthesis, direct neutralization, biotechnological fermentation, electrochemical synthesis, waste valorization, and enzymatic conversion. The assessment was conducted through a literature-based framework, integrating data from more than 80 peer-reviewed studies, patents, and industrial reports published between 2000 and 2025. Five key criteria were applied—scalability, cost-efficiency, environmental impact, process complexity, and product purity—each scored on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 5 (excellent). Chemical synthesis and direct neutralization achieved the highest scalability and cost-efficiency scores (4–5/5), confirming their industrial maturity, though both exhibit environmental drawbacks. Biotechnological fermentation and waste valorization demonstrated superior environmental performance (5/5) and alignment with circular economy principles but were constrained by high downstream costs and limited scalability. Electrochemical and enzymatic methods showed promise in purity (4–5/5) and environmental compatibility, though their technical immaturity and elevated investment costs currently hinder large-scale adoption. This study highlights that no single method excels across all criteria, revealing trade-offs between scalability and sustainability. The novelty of this work lies in consolidating fragmented literature into a structured decision-support framework, visualized through a scoring matrix and radar chart. Hybrid approaches and integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) tools are recommended to guide the development of more sustainable production strategies.
Keywords
Calcium propionate Sustainability Comparative assessment Food preservation Green chemistry approaches
Ethical Statement
This study does not involve human participants, animals, or any data requiring ethical approval.
Supporting Institution
No specific institution provided direct support for this work.
Thanks
The authors declare that there is no financial or technical assistance to acknowledge for this study
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Bioprocessing, Bioproduction and Bioproducts |
| Journal Section | Review Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | September 10, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | October 13, 2025 |
| Publication Date | January 31, 2026 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 |
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Dursun Ali KÖSE was born in Samsun Terme. He completed his undergraduate and graduate studies at Kars Kafkas University, Department of Chemistry, with his thesis titled "Synthesis of Nicotinamide and Diethylnicotinamide Complexes of Acetylsalicylates and Investigation of their Structures". Doctor title: Prof. Dr. He received his thesis title "Preparation and Structure Investigation of Biopotent Boron Compounds with Hydroxy-Functionalized Organic Molecules" at Hacettepe University, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, under the supervision of Birgül KARAN in 2008. Between 2009 and 2010, he worked as Research Assistant at Kafkas University, Department of Chemistry. See Dr. After working as an assistant at Çorum Hitit University, Department of Chemistry. Assoc. Dr. was appointed as. In 2010, for postdoctoral studies, Prof. Dr. It was found in Mike Becket's laboratories at the Bangor/Wales School of Chemistry. He received the title of Associate Professor at Hitit University in 2013 and the title of Professor at the same University in 2018.
Köse has around 140 scientific articles scanned by international indexes, around 90 papers presented at international conferences, and his studies on metal complexes and boron esters of biologically active ligands continue. He also has studies in the fields of Environment and Waste Management and Occupational Health and Safety.
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Güner SAKA was born in Tokat. He completed his undergraduate and graduate studies at Anadolu University, Department of Chemistry, with his thesis titled "Biotechnological removal of phenolics". Doctor title: Dr. He received his thesis title "Synthesis of RGD based polymers and cell interaction studies " at Eskişehir Technical University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, under the supervision of Arzu ERSÖZ in 2022. Between 2005 and 2010, he worked as Part time student at Anadolu University, Medicinal Plants, Drugs and Scientific Research Centre. See Dr. After working as an specialist at Çorum Hitit University, Department of Chemistry.
Associate Editors
Güner SAKA was born in Tokat. He completed his undergraduate and graduate studies at Anadolu University, Department of Chemistry, with his thesis titled "Biotechnological removal of phenolics". Doctor title: Dr. He received his thesis title "Synthesis of RGD based polymers and cell interaction studies " at Eskişehir Technical University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, under the supervision of Arzu ERSÖZ in 2022. Between 2005 and 2010, he worked as Part time student at Anadolu University, Medicinal Plants, Drugs and Scientific Research Centre. See Dr. After working as an specialist at Çorum Hitit University, Department of Chemistry.