Year 2025,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 9 - 17, 31.01.2025
Burcu Yılmaz
Ebru Gökmeşe
,
Faruk Gokmeşe
Project Number
FEF03.13.003.
References
- 1. Mohamed A, Sheikka MA. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. IL Farmaco, 59 (2004) 907. DOI: 10.1016/j. farmac.2004.07.008.
- 2. Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim AA. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. Journal of Pharmaceutical Biomedical Analysis 36 (2004) 149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012.
- 3. Güven FM, Birsöz S. Klozapin ve Şizofreni Sağaltımındaki Yeri. Klinik Psikiyatri 4 (2001) 124-128.
- 4. Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA, Pollack S, Borenstein M, Kane J. The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 158 (1991) 503. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.158.4.503.
- 5. Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Walsh JP, Culhane M.A., Goff DC. Risperidone augmentation for schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: A double-blind, placebo-contolled
trial. Schizophrenia Research 92 (2007) 90. DOI: 10.1016/j. schres.2006.12.030
- 6. Guitton C, Kinowski JM, Regis A., Bressolle F. Determination of clozapine and its major metabolites in human plasma and red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Journal of Chromatography B 690 (1997) 211-222. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00362-3.
- 7. Taha EA, Soliman SM, Abdellatef HE, Ayad MM. Colorimetric methods for the determination of some tricyclic antidepressant drugs in their pure and dosage forms, Mikrochimica Acta 140 (2002) 175-182. DOI:10.1007/s00604-002-0904.
- 8. Gosser Jr. DK, Cyclic Voltammetry: Simulation and analysis of reaction mechanisms, VCH Publishers, New York, 1983, ISBN: 978-1560810261.
- 9. Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochimica Acta 87 (2013) 816. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- 10. Weber JM, Volke J. 75 years in the polarography of pharmaceuticals and physiologically active
substances. Pharmazie 46 (1991) 853.
- 11. Edno L, Combourieu I, Cazenave M, Tignol J. Assay for quantitation of clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 16 (1997) 311. DOI:
10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00048-4.
- 12. Raggi MA, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Volterra V, Fanali S. Rapid capillary electrophoretic method for the determination of clozapine and desmethylclozapine in human plasma, Journal of Chromatography A 916 (2001) 289-296. DOI: 10.1016/S0021- 9673(01)00520-9.
- 13. Elqudaby HM, Mohamed GG, El-Din GMG. Electrochemical behaviour of trimebutine at activated glassy carbon electrode and its direct determination in ürine and pharmaceutics by square wave and differential pulse voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9 (2014) 856-869.
- 14. Demirbilek E, Saglıkoglu G, Yılmaz S. Electrochemical investigation of isoniazid on poly (p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film modified glassy carbon electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 10 (2015) 4428-4438.
- 15. Shahrokhian S, Kamalzadeh Z, Hamzehloei A. Electrochemical determination of clozapine on MWCNTs/New coccine doped PPY modified GCE: An experimental design approach, Bioelectrochemistry 90 (2013) 36. DOI: 10.1016/j. bioelechem.2012.10.002.
- 16. Tammari E, Neshadali A, Lotfi S, Veisi H. Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4/β-Alanine/Pd modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of the nanomolar level of clozapine in biological model and pharmaceutical samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemistry 241 (2017) 879. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.014.
- 17. Gökmeşe F, Gökmeşe E, Emire Z. A simple and rapid method for preparing carbon nanopore electrode ensemble coating a glassy carbon electrode with chromate. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 3 (2016) 1. DOI: 10.17350/HJSE19030000025.
- 18. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical Methods; Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2001, ISBN: 0-471-04372-9, page 833.
- 19. Shrivastava A., Gupta VB. Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Chronicles of Young Scientists 2 (2011) 21. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- 20. K. Farhadi, A. Karimpour, Electrochemical behavior and determination of clozapine on a glassy carbon electrode modified by electrochemical oxidation, Anal. Sci. 23, (2007) 479.
- 21. N.P. Shetti, D.S. Nayak, S.J. Malode, R.M. Kulkarni, An electrochemical sensor for clozapine at ruthenium doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified electrode, Sensors and Actuators B: Chem.
- 22. Yavaş, A., N., 2014. Karbon Pasta Elektrotların Bitki Dokuları ile Modifikasyonu ve Elektrokataliz Özelliklerin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Aydın. Y7 (2017) 858.
- 23. Hutton, E.A., Hocevar, S.B., Ogorevc, B., 2004. Ex Situ Preparation of Bismuth Film Microelectrode For Use In Electrochemical Stripping Microanalysis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 537, 285-292.
- 24. Economou, A., Fielden, P.R., 2005. Bismuth-film elecrodes:recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 4, 334-339.
- 25. Wang, J. 2000. Analytical Electrochemistry. 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.
- 26. Kristie, C.A., Tatum, C.E., Dansby-Sparks, R.N., Chambers, J.Q., Xue, Z., 2010. Individual and Simultaneous Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Bismuth Bulk Electrode. Talanta, 82, 675-680.
- 27. Burç, M., Duran, S.T., Güngör, Ö., Karagözler, A.E.,2024. Determination of gentamicin by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry with poly (β-cyclodextrin-p-toluene sulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode. Polymer Bulletin, 81, 6381–6403.
- 28. Dahaghin, Z., Kilmartin, P.A., Mousavi, H.Z., 2020. Novel ion imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of lead(II). Food Chemistry, 303, 125374.
- 29. Tesfaye E, Chandravanshi BS, Negash N, Tessema M., 2022. A new modified carbon paste electrode using N1-hydroxy-N1,N2- diphenylbenzamidine for the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) in environmental samples. Sens Bio-Sensing Res. 100520.
- 30. Yadav R, Berlina AN, Zherdev A V., Gaur MS, Dzantiev BB., 2020. Rapid and selective electrochemical detection of Pb2+ ions using aptamer-conjugated alloy nanoparticles. SN Appl Sci vol. 2:2077.
- 31. Zhang Y, Li C, Su Y, Mu W, Han X., 2020. Simultaneous detection of trace Cd(II) and Pb(II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth oxycarbide/nafion electrode. Inorg Chem Commun. 111:107672.
- 32. Phal S, Nguyễn H, Berisha A, Tesfalidet S., 2020. In situ Bi/ carboxyphenyl-modified glassy carbon electrode as a sensor platform for detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Sens Bio-Sensing Res.;34:100455.
- 33. Pizarro J, Segura R, Tapia D, Navarro F, Fuenzalida F, Jesús Aguirre M., 2020. Inexpensive and green electrochemical sensor for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry in bivalve mollusks. Food Chem. 321:126682.34
- 34. Tüzün E., 2023. Voltammetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead with Novel Graphite/Bleaching Earth Modified Electrode. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Chemistry, 10(3) 659-670.
VOLTAMMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD ON THE BISMUTH ELECTRODE SURFACE IN SUGAR BEET WASHING WATER
Year 2025,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 9 - 17, 31.01.2025
Burcu Yılmaz
Ebru Gökmeşe
,
Faruk Gokmeşe
Abstract
In this project, a new voltammetric method for the lead (Pb) heavy metal in the washing water obtained from the sugar beet washing step that is one of the stages of the process using in sugar plants have been developed. The working electrode was produced by coating a commercial glassy carbon electrode with bismuth. A new analytical method has been enhanced for quantitative analysis of lead in 0.1 M KNO3 in acetate buffer by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (ASWSV). It was found that the new bizmuth electrode could work with 0.01 M as the limit of quantitation and in 0.1 M – 1 M concentration range as linear working range.
Supporting Institution
Hitit Üniversitesi
Project Number
FEF03.13.003.
References
- 1. Mohamed A, Sheikka MA. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. IL Farmaco, 59 (2004) 907. DOI: 10.1016/j. farmac.2004.07.008.
- 2. Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim AA. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. Journal of Pharmaceutical Biomedical Analysis 36 (2004) 149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012.
- 3. Güven FM, Birsöz S. Klozapin ve Şizofreni Sağaltımındaki Yeri. Klinik Psikiyatri 4 (2001) 124-128.
- 4. Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA, Pollack S, Borenstein M, Kane J. The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 158 (1991) 503. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.158.4.503.
- 5. Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Walsh JP, Culhane M.A., Goff DC. Risperidone augmentation for schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: A double-blind, placebo-contolled
trial. Schizophrenia Research 92 (2007) 90. DOI: 10.1016/j. schres.2006.12.030
- 6. Guitton C, Kinowski JM, Regis A., Bressolle F. Determination of clozapine and its major metabolites in human plasma and red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Journal of Chromatography B 690 (1997) 211-222. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00362-3.
- 7. Taha EA, Soliman SM, Abdellatef HE, Ayad MM. Colorimetric methods for the determination of some tricyclic antidepressant drugs in their pure and dosage forms, Mikrochimica Acta 140 (2002) 175-182. DOI:10.1007/s00604-002-0904.
- 8. Gosser Jr. DK, Cyclic Voltammetry: Simulation and analysis of reaction mechanisms, VCH Publishers, New York, 1983, ISBN: 978-1560810261.
- 9. Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochimica Acta 87 (2013) 816. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- 10. Weber JM, Volke J. 75 years in the polarography of pharmaceuticals and physiologically active
substances. Pharmazie 46 (1991) 853.
- 11. Edno L, Combourieu I, Cazenave M, Tignol J. Assay for quantitation of clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 16 (1997) 311. DOI:
10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00048-4.
- 12. Raggi MA, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Volterra V, Fanali S. Rapid capillary electrophoretic method for the determination of clozapine and desmethylclozapine in human plasma, Journal of Chromatography A 916 (2001) 289-296. DOI: 10.1016/S0021- 9673(01)00520-9.
- 13. Elqudaby HM, Mohamed GG, El-Din GMG. Electrochemical behaviour of trimebutine at activated glassy carbon electrode and its direct determination in ürine and pharmaceutics by square wave and differential pulse voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9 (2014) 856-869.
- 14. Demirbilek E, Saglıkoglu G, Yılmaz S. Electrochemical investigation of isoniazid on poly (p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film modified glassy carbon electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 10 (2015) 4428-4438.
- 15. Shahrokhian S, Kamalzadeh Z, Hamzehloei A. Electrochemical determination of clozapine on MWCNTs/New coccine doped PPY modified GCE: An experimental design approach, Bioelectrochemistry 90 (2013) 36. DOI: 10.1016/j. bioelechem.2012.10.002.
- 16. Tammari E, Neshadali A, Lotfi S, Veisi H. Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4/β-Alanine/Pd modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of the nanomolar level of clozapine in biological model and pharmaceutical samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemistry 241 (2017) 879. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.014.
- 17. Gökmeşe F, Gökmeşe E, Emire Z. A simple and rapid method for preparing carbon nanopore electrode ensemble coating a glassy carbon electrode with chromate. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 3 (2016) 1. DOI: 10.17350/HJSE19030000025.
- 18. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical Methods; Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2001, ISBN: 0-471-04372-9, page 833.
- 19. Shrivastava A., Gupta VB. Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Chronicles of Young Scientists 2 (2011) 21. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- 20. K. Farhadi, A. Karimpour, Electrochemical behavior and determination of clozapine on a glassy carbon electrode modified by electrochemical oxidation, Anal. Sci. 23, (2007) 479.
- 21. N.P. Shetti, D.S. Nayak, S.J. Malode, R.M. Kulkarni, An electrochemical sensor for clozapine at ruthenium doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified electrode, Sensors and Actuators B: Chem.
- 22. Yavaş, A., N., 2014. Karbon Pasta Elektrotların Bitki Dokuları ile Modifikasyonu ve Elektrokataliz Özelliklerin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Ensitüsü, Aydın. Y7 (2017) 858.
- 23. Hutton, E.A., Hocevar, S.B., Ogorevc, B., 2004. Ex Situ Preparation of Bismuth Film Microelectrode For Use In Electrochemical Stripping Microanalysis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 537, 285-292.
- 24. Economou, A., Fielden, P.R., 2005. Bismuth-film elecrodes:recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 4, 334-339.
- 25. Wang, J. 2000. Analytical Electrochemistry. 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.
- 26. Kristie, C.A., Tatum, C.E., Dansby-Sparks, R.N., Chambers, J.Q., Xue, Z., 2010. Individual and Simultaneous Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at a Bismuth Bulk Electrode. Talanta, 82, 675-680.
- 27. Burç, M., Duran, S.T., Güngör, Ö., Karagözler, A.E.,2024. Determination of gentamicin by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry with poly (β-cyclodextrin-p-toluene sulfonic acid) modified glassy carbon electrode. Polymer Bulletin, 81, 6381–6403.
- 28. Dahaghin, Z., Kilmartin, P.A., Mousavi, H.Z., 2020. Novel ion imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of lead(II). Food Chemistry, 303, 125374.
- 29. Tesfaye E, Chandravanshi BS, Negash N, Tessema M., 2022. A new modified carbon paste electrode using N1-hydroxy-N1,N2- diphenylbenzamidine for the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) in environmental samples. Sens Bio-Sensing Res. 100520.
- 30. Yadav R, Berlina AN, Zherdev A V., Gaur MS, Dzantiev BB., 2020. Rapid and selective electrochemical detection of Pb2+ ions using aptamer-conjugated alloy nanoparticles. SN Appl Sci vol. 2:2077.
- 31. Zhang Y, Li C, Su Y, Mu W, Han X., 2020. Simultaneous detection of trace Cd(II) and Pb(II) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth oxycarbide/nafion electrode. Inorg Chem Commun. 111:107672.
- 32. Phal S, Nguyễn H, Berisha A, Tesfalidet S., 2020. In situ Bi/ carboxyphenyl-modified glassy carbon electrode as a sensor platform for detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Sens Bio-Sensing Res.;34:100455.
- 33. Pizarro J, Segura R, Tapia D, Navarro F, Fuenzalida F, Jesús Aguirre M., 2020. Inexpensive and green electrochemical sensor for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry in bivalve mollusks. Food Chem. 321:126682.34
- 34. Tüzün E., 2023. Voltammetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead with Novel Graphite/Bleaching Earth Modified Electrode. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Chemistry, 10(3) 659-670.