Year 2021,
, 71 - 77, 31.03.2021
Ebru Gökmeşe
Özlem Kurtoğlu
Faruk Gokmeşe
References
- Mohamed A, Sheikka MA. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. IL Farmaco, 59 (2004) 907. DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.07.008.
- Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim AA. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. Journal of Pharmaceutical Biomedical Analysis 36 (2004) 149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012.
- Güven FM, Birsöz S. Klozapin ve Şizofreni Sağaltımındaki Yeri. Klinik Psikiyatri 4 (2001) 124-128.
- Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA, Pollack S, Borenstein M, Kane J. The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 158 (1991) 503. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.158.4.503.
- Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Walsh JP, Culhane M.A., Goff DC. Risperidone augmentation for schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: A double-blind, placebo-contolled trial. Schizophrenia Research 92 (2007) 90. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.030
- Guitton C, Kinowski JM, Regis A., Bressolle F. Determination of clozapine and its major metabolites in human plasma and red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Journal of Chromatography B 690 (1997) 211-222. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00362-3.
- Taha EA, Soliman SM, Abdellatef HE, Ayad MM. Colorimetric methods for the determination of some tricyclic antidepressant drugs in their pure and dosage forms, Mikrochimica Acta 140 (2002) 175-182. DOI:10.1007/s00604-002-0904.
- Gosser Jr. DK, Cyclic Voltammetry: Simulation and analysis of reaction mechanisms, VCH Publishers, New York, 1983, ISBN: 978-1560810261.
- Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochimica Acta 87 (2013) 816. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- Weber JM, Volke J. 75 years in the polarography of pharmaceuticals and physiologically active substances. Pharmazie 46 (1991) 853.
- Edno L, Combourieu I, Cazenave M, Tignol J. Assay for quantitation of clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 16 (1997) 311. DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00048-4.
- Raggi MA, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Volterra V, Fanali S. Rapid capillary electrophoretic method for the determination of clozapine and desmethylclozapine in human plasma, Journal of Chromatography A 916 (2001) 289-296. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00520-9.
- Elqudaby HM, Mohamed GG, El-Din GMG. Electrochemical behaviour of trimebutine at activated glassy carbon electrode and its direct determination in ürine and pharmaceutics by square wave and differential pulse voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9 (2014) 856-869.
- Demirbilek E, Saglıkoglu G, Yılmaz S. Electrochemical investigation of isoniazid on poly (p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film modified glassy carbon electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 10 (2015) 4428-4438.
- Shahrokhian S, Kamalzadeh Z, Hamzehloei A. Electrochemical determination of clozapine on MWCNTs/New coccine doped PPY modified GCE: An experimental design approach, Bioelectrochemistry 90 (2013) 36. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.10.002.
- Tammari E, Neshadali A, Lotfi S, Veisi H. Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4/β-Alanine/Pd modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of the nanomolar level of clozapine in biological model and pharmaceutical samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemistry 241 (2017) 879. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.014.
- Gökmeşe F, Gökmeşe E, Emire Z. A simple and rapid method for preparing carbon nanopore electrode ensemble coating a glassy carbon electrode with chromate. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 3 (2016) 1. DOI: 10.17350/HJSE19030000025.
- Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical Methods; Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2001, ISBN: 0-471-04372-9, page 833.
- Shrivastava A., Gupta VB. Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Chronicles of Young Scientists 2 (2011) 21. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- K. Farhadi, A. Karimpour, Electrochemical behavior and determination of clozapine on a glassy carbon electrode modified by electrochemical oxidation, Anal. Sci. 23, (2007) 479.
- N.P. Shetti, D.S. Nayak, S.J. Malode, R.M. Kulkarni, An electrochemical sensor for clozapine at ruthenium doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified electrode, Sensors and Actuators B: Chem., 247 (2017) 858.
Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Drug Dosage Forms at Bismuth Film Electrode
Year 2021,
, 71 - 77, 31.03.2021
Ebru Gökmeşe
Özlem Kurtoğlu
Faruk Gokmeşe
Abstract
A new differential pulse voltammetric method for the determination of clozapine in drug dosage forms has been described. In this study, the amount of clozapine in commercial forms has been determined at bismuth modified glassy carbon electrode by taking advantage of the electrochemical oxidation of it. The glassy carbon electrode was modified with BiCl3 to prepare the bismuth film electrode. The acetate buffer solution at pH = 5.00 was selected as the supporting electrolyte in where the maximum current was observed for clozapine at the bismuth film electrode. The effect of pH on peak current and peak potential of clozapine was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and the effect of scan rate on the peak current was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). With this developed voltammetric method, the detection limit for clozapine in the working range of 1×10-6 M and 10×10-6 M was found to be 6.112×10-9. The amount of clozapine in the drug tablets was stated after the determination of analytical parameters. The recovery study was executed to check the accuracy and precision of the applied method.
References
- Mohamed A, Sheikka MA. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. IL Farmaco, 59 (2004) 907. DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.07.008.
- Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim AA. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. Journal of Pharmaceutical Biomedical Analysis 36 (2004) 149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012.
- Güven FM, Birsöz S. Klozapin ve Şizofreni Sağaltımındaki Yeri. Klinik Psikiyatri 4 (2001) 124-128.
- Lieberman JA, Saltz BL, Johns CA, Pollack S, Borenstein M, Kane J. The effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 158 (1991) 503. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.158.4.503.
- Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Walsh JP, Culhane M.A., Goff DC. Risperidone augmentation for schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine: A double-blind, placebo-contolled trial. Schizophrenia Research 92 (2007) 90. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.030
- Guitton C, Kinowski JM, Regis A., Bressolle F. Determination of clozapine and its major metabolites in human plasma and red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Journal of Chromatography B 690 (1997) 211-222. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4347(96)00362-3.
- Taha EA, Soliman SM, Abdellatef HE, Ayad MM. Colorimetric methods for the determination of some tricyclic antidepressant drugs in their pure and dosage forms, Mikrochimica Acta 140 (2002) 175-182. DOI:10.1007/s00604-002-0904.
- Gosser Jr. DK, Cyclic Voltammetry: Simulation and analysis of reaction mechanisms, VCH Publishers, New York, 1983, ISBN: 978-1560810261.
- Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochimica Acta 87 (2013) 816. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- Weber JM, Volke J. 75 years in the polarography of pharmaceuticals and physiologically active substances. Pharmazie 46 (1991) 853.
- Edno L, Combourieu I, Cazenave M, Tignol J. Assay for quantitation of clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 16 (1997) 311. DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00048-4.
- Raggi MA, Bugamelli F, Mandrioli R, Sabbioni C, Volterra V, Fanali S. Rapid capillary electrophoretic method for the determination of clozapine and desmethylclozapine in human plasma, Journal of Chromatography A 916 (2001) 289-296. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00520-9.
- Elqudaby HM, Mohamed GG, El-Din GMG. Electrochemical behaviour of trimebutine at activated glassy carbon electrode and its direct determination in ürine and pharmaceutics by square wave and differential pulse voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9 (2014) 856-869.
- Demirbilek E, Saglıkoglu G, Yılmaz S. Electrochemical investigation of isoniazid on poly (p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film modified glassy carbon electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 10 (2015) 4428-4438.
- Shahrokhian S, Kamalzadeh Z, Hamzehloei A. Electrochemical determination of clozapine on MWCNTs/New coccine doped PPY modified GCE: An experimental design approach, Bioelectrochemistry 90 (2013) 36. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.10.002.
- Tammari E, Neshadali A, Lotfi S, Veisi H. Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on magnetic nanocomposite Fe3O4/β-Alanine/Pd modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of the nanomolar level of clozapine in biological model and pharmaceutical samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemistry 241 (2017) 879. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.014.
- Gökmeşe F, Gökmeşe E, Emire Z. A simple and rapid method for preparing carbon nanopore electrode ensemble coating a glassy carbon electrode with chromate. Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering 3 (2016) 1. DOI: 10.17350/HJSE19030000025.
- Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical Methods; Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2001, ISBN: 0-471-04372-9, page 833.
- Shrivastava A., Gupta VB. Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Chronicles of Young Scientists 2 (2011) 21. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5186.79345.
- K. Farhadi, A. Karimpour, Electrochemical behavior and determination of clozapine on a glassy carbon electrode modified by electrochemical oxidation, Anal. Sci. 23, (2007) 479.
- N.P. Shetti, D.S. Nayak, S.J. Malode, R.M. Kulkarni, An electrochemical sensor for clozapine at ruthenium doped TiO2 nanoparticles modified electrode, Sensors and Actuators B: Chem., 247 (2017) 858.