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Fabrication and Analysis Of 2D/3D Heterojunction Between Continuous Few-layer WS2 Film and Si (100)†

Year 2021, , 1 - 5, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000206

Abstract

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TDMCs) placed on a 3D semiconductor substrate haveleads to significant advances in the electronic industry with new opportunities based on 2D/3D heterojunction based diverse devices without any restrictions, such as lattice compatibility. In this study, magnetron sputtering technique was used to grow layered tungsten disulfide (WS2) thin films onto p-Si and thus WS2/p-Si heterojunctions were created. The structural and chemical parameters of this sputtered WS2 films were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrical characterization of WS2/p-Si heterojunction was also obtained to investigate Log (I)-V and linear I-V characteristics. A typical diode like I-V behavior was observed with a five-ordered rectifying ratio. It was observed that the heterojunction has a barrier height of 0.48 eV, the leakage current at -0.2 V is 2.25×10-6 A and the ideality factor is 5.7. This work show that single step magnetron sputtering WS2/p-Si heterojunction has great importance for heterojunction based future nanoelectronic devices.

References

  • Jariwala, D.; Marks, T. J.; Hersam, M. C., Mixed-dimensional vander Waals heterostructures. Nature materials 2017, 16 (2), 170-181. Liu, B. L.; Abbas, A.; Zhou, C. W., Two-Dimensional Semiconductors: From Materials Preparation to Electronic Applications. Adv Electron Mater 2017, 3 (7).
  • Shim, J.; Park, H. Y.; Kang, D. H.; Kim, J. O.; Jo, S. H.; Park, Y.; Park, J. H., Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices based on Two-Dimensional Materials: From Fabrication to Application. Adv Electron Mater 2017, 3 (4).
  • Choi, W.; Choudhary, N.; Han, G. H.; Park, J.; Akinwande, D.; Lee, Y. H., Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications. Mater Today 2017, 20 (3), 116-130.
  • Sumesh, C. K., Temperature dependant electronic charge transport characteristics at MX2 (M=Mo,W; X=S, Se)/Si heterojunction devices. J Mater Sci-Mater El 2019, 30 (4), 4117-4127.
  • Wang, Q. H.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kis, A.; Coleman, J. N.; Strano, M. S., Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature nanotechnology 2012, 7 (11), 699.
  • Ahmed, S.; Yi, J., Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their charge carrier mobilities in field-effect transistors. Nano-Micro Lett 2017, 9 (4), 50.
  • Ye, M.; Zhang, D.; Yap, Y. K., Recent advances in electronic and optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Electronics 2017, 6 (2), 43.
  • Dong, R.; Kuljanishvili, I., Progress in fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenides heterostructure systems. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 2017, 35 (3), 030803.
  • Gupta, P.; Rahman, A.; Subramanian, S.; Gupta, S.; Thamizhavel, A.; Orlova, T.; Rouvimov, S.; Vishwanath, S.; Protasenko, V.; Laskar, M. R., Layered transition metal dichalcogenides: promising near-lattice-matched substrates for GaN growth. Sci Rep-Uk 2016, 6, 23708.
  • Wang, J. W.; Li, Z. Q.; Chen, H. Y.; Deng, G. W.; Niu, X. B., Recent Advances in 2D Lateral Heterostructures. Nano-Micro Lett 2019, 11 (1).
  • O'Regan, T. P.; Ruzmetov, D.; Neupane, M. R.; Burke, R. A.; Herzing, A. A.; Zhang, K.; Birdwell, A. G.; Taylor, D. E.; Byrd, E. F.; Walck, S. D., Structural and electrical analysis of epitaxial 2D/3D vertical heterojunctions of monolayer MoS2 on GaN. Appl Phys Lett 2017, 111 (5), 051602.
  • Li, B.; Shi, G.; Lei, S.; He, Y.; Gao, W.; Gong, Y.; Ye, G.; Zhou, W.; Keyshar, K.; Hao, J., 3D band diagram and photoexcitation of 2D–3D semiconductor heterojunctions. Nano Lett 2015, 15 (9), 5919-5925.
  • Krishnamoorthy, S.; Lee, E. W.; Lee, C. H.; Zhang, Y.; McCulloch, W. D.; Johnson, J. M.; Hwang, J.; Wu, Y.; Rajan, S., High current density 2D/3D MoS2/GaN Esaki tunnel diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2016, 109 (18), 183505.
  • Esmaeili-Rad, M. R.; Salahuddin, S., High performance molybdenum disulfide amorphous silicon heterojunction photodetector. Sci Rep-Uk 2013, 3 (1), 1-6.
  • Hao, L.; Liu, Y.; Gao, W.; Han, Z.; Xue, Q.; Zeng, H.; Wu, Z.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, W., Electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of MoS2/Si pn junctions. J Appl Phys 2015, 117 (11), 114502.
  • Hao, L.; Liu, Y.; Han, Z.; Xu, Z.; Zhu, J., Large lateral photovoltaic effect in MoS 2/GaAs heterojunction. Nanoscale research letters 2017, 12 (1), 562.
  • Lin, S.; Wang, P.; Li, X.; Wu, Z.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Xu, W., Gate tunable monolayer MoS2/InP heterostructure solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 2015, 107 (15), 153904.
  • Lee, E. W.; Ma, L.; Nath, D. N.; Lee, C. H.; Arehart, A.; Wu, Y.; Rajan, S., Growth and electrical characterization of two-dimensional layered MoS2/SiC heterojunctions. Appl Phys Lett 2014, 105 (20), 203504.
  • Din, H.; Idrees, M.; Rehman, G.; Nguyen, C. V.; Gan, L.-Y.; Ahmad, I.; Maqbool, M.; Amin, B., Electronic structure, optical and photocatalytic performance of SiC–MX 2 (M= Mo, W and X= S, Se) van der Waals heterostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018, 20 (37), 24168-24175.
  • Zhang, K.; Jariwala, B.; Li, J.; Briggs, N. C.; Wang, B.; Ruzmetov, D.; Burke, R. A.; Lerach, J. O.; Ivanov, T. G.; Haque, M., Large scale 2D/3D hybrids based on gallium nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides. Nanoscale 2018, 10 (1), 336-341.
  • Ruzmetov, D.; Zhang, K.; Stan, G.; Kalanyan, B.; Bhimanapati, G. R.; Eichfeld, S. M.; Burke, R. A.; Shah, P. B.; O’Regan, T. P.; Crowne, F. J., Vertical 2D/3D semiconductor heterostructures based on epitaxial molybdenum disulfide and gallium nitride. Acs Nano 2016, 10 (3), 3580-3588.
  • Liao, J.; Sa, B.; Zhou, J.; Ahuja, R.; Sun, Z., Design of high-efficiency visible-light photocatalysts for water splitting: MoS2/AlN (GaN) heterostructures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2014, 118 (31), 17594-17599.
  • Jeong, H.; Bang, S.; Oh, H. M.; Jeong, H. J.; An, S.-J.; Han, G. H.; Kim, H.; Kim, K. K.; Park, J. C.; Lee, Y. H., Semiconductor–insulator–semiconductor diode consisting of monolayer MoS2, h-BN, and GaN heterostructure. Acs Nano 2015, 9 (10), 10032-10038.
  • Lee, E. W.; Lee, C. H.; Paul, P. K.; Ma, L.; McCulloch, W. D.; Krishnamoorthy, S.; Wu, Y.; Arehart, A. R.; Rajan, S., Layer-transferred MoS2/GaN PN diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2015, 107 (10), 103505.
  • Tangi, M.; Mishra, P.; Ng, T. K.; Hedhili, M. N.; Janjua, B.; Alias, M. S.; Anjum, D. H.; Tseng, C.-C.; Shi, Y.; Joyce, H. J., Determination of band offsets at GaN/single-layer MoS2 heterojunction. Appl Phys Lett 2016, 109 (3), 032104.
  • Nourbakhsh, A.; Zubair, A.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Palacios, T. s., Transport properties of a MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction transistor and its potential for application. Nano Lett 2016, 16 (2), 1359-1366.
  • Roy, T.; Tosun, M.; Cao, X.; Fang, H.; Lien, D.-H.; Zhao, P.; Chen, Y.-Z.; Chueh, Y.-L.; Guo, J.; Javey, A., Dual-gated MoS2/WSe2 van der Waals tunnel diodes and transistors. Acs Nano 2015, 9 (2), 2071-2079.
  • Lee, C.-H.; Lee, G.-H.; Van Der Zande, A. M.; Chen, W.; Li, Y.; Han, M.; Cui, X.; Arefe, G.; Nuckolls, C.; Heinz, T. F., Atomically thin p–n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces. Nature nanotechnology 2014, 9 (9), 676.
  • Aftab, S.; Khan, M. F.; Min, K.-A.; Nazir, G.; Afzal, A. M.; Dastgeer, G.; Akhtar, I.; Seo, Y.; Hong, S.; Eom, J., Van der Waals heterojunction diode composed of WS2 flake placed on p-type Si substrate. Nanotechnology 2017, 29 (4), 045201.
  • Yu, Y.; Fong, P. W.; Wang, S.; Surya, C., Fabrication of WS 2/GaN pn Junction by Wafer-Scale WS 2 Thin Film Transfer. Sci Rep-Uk 2016, 6, 37833.
  • Zhao, Z. H.; Wu, D.; Guo, J. W.; Wu, E. P.; Jia, C.; Shi, Z. F.; Tian, Y. T.; Li, X. J.; Tian, Y. Z., Synthesis of large-area 2D WS2 films and fabrication of a heterostructure for self-powered ultraviolet photodetection and imaging applications. J Mater Chem C 2019, 7 (39), 12121-12126.
  • Tang, H.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Cai, P.; Bao, W., Recent progress in devices and circuits based on wafer-scale transition metal dichalcogenides. Science China Information Sciences 2019, 62 (12), 220401.
  • Zavabeti, A.; Jannat, A.; Zhong, L.; Haidry, A. A.; Yao, Z.; Ou, J. Z., Two-Dimensional Materials in Large-Areas: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Nano-Micro Lett 2020, 12 (1), 1-34.
  • Brent, J. R.; Savjani, N.; O'Brien, P., Synthetic approaches to two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Prog Mater Sci 2017, 89, 411-478.
  • Cai, Z.; Liu, B.; Zou, X.; Cheng, H.-M., Chemical vapor deposition growth and applications of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Chemical reviews 2018, 118 (13), 6091-6133.
  • Berkdemir, A.; Gutiérrez, H. R.; Botello-Méndez, A. R.; Perea-López, N.; Elías, A. L.; Chia, C.-I.; Wang, B.; Crespi, V. H.; López-Urías, F.; Charlier, J.-C., Identification of individual and few layers of WS 2 using Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep-Uk 2013, 3 (1), 1-8.
  • Gora, V.; Chawanda, A.; Nyamhere, C.; Auret, F. D.; Mazunga, F.; Jaure, T.; Chibaya, B.; Omotoso, E.; Danga, H. T.; Tunhuma, S. M., Comparison of nickel, cobalt, palladium, and tungsten Schottky contacts on n-4H-silicon carbide. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2018, 535, 333-337.
  • Wong, S. L.; Liu, H.; Chi, D., Recent progress in chemical vapor deposition growth of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 2016, 62 (3), 9-28.
  • Koçak, Y.; Gür, E., Growth control of WS2; from 2D layer by layer to 3D vertical standing Nano-Walls. Acs Appl Mater Inter 2020.
Year 2021, , 1 - 5, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000206

Abstract

References

  • Jariwala, D.; Marks, T. J.; Hersam, M. C., Mixed-dimensional vander Waals heterostructures. Nature materials 2017, 16 (2), 170-181. Liu, B. L.; Abbas, A.; Zhou, C. W., Two-Dimensional Semiconductors: From Materials Preparation to Electronic Applications. Adv Electron Mater 2017, 3 (7).
  • Shim, J.; Park, H. Y.; Kang, D. H.; Kim, J. O.; Jo, S. H.; Park, Y.; Park, J. H., Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices based on Two-Dimensional Materials: From Fabrication to Application. Adv Electron Mater 2017, 3 (4).
  • Choi, W.; Choudhary, N.; Han, G. H.; Park, J.; Akinwande, D.; Lee, Y. H., Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications. Mater Today 2017, 20 (3), 116-130.
  • Sumesh, C. K., Temperature dependant electronic charge transport characteristics at MX2 (M=Mo,W; X=S, Se)/Si heterojunction devices. J Mater Sci-Mater El 2019, 30 (4), 4117-4127.
  • Wang, Q. H.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kis, A.; Coleman, J. N.; Strano, M. S., Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature nanotechnology 2012, 7 (11), 699.
  • Ahmed, S.; Yi, J., Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their charge carrier mobilities in field-effect transistors. Nano-Micro Lett 2017, 9 (4), 50.
  • Ye, M.; Zhang, D.; Yap, Y. K., Recent advances in electronic and optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Electronics 2017, 6 (2), 43.
  • Dong, R.; Kuljanishvili, I., Progress in fabrication of transition metal dichalcogenides heterostructure systems. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 2017, 35 (3), 030803.
  • Gupta, P.; Rahman, A.; Subramanian, S.; Gupta, S.; Thamizhavel, A.; Orlova, T.; Rouvimov, S.; Vishwanath, S.; Protasenko, V.; Laskar, M. R., Layered transition metal dichalcogenides: promising near-lattice-matched substrates for GaN growth. Sci Rep-Uk 2016, 6, 23708.
  • Wang, J. W.; Li, Z. Q.; Chen, H. Y.; Deng, G. W.; Niu, X. B., Recent Advances in 2D Lateral Heterostructures. Nano-Micro Lett 2019, 11 (1).
  • O'Regan, T. P.; Ruzmetov, D.; Neupane, M. R.; Burke, R. A.; Herzing, A. A.; Zhang, K.; Birdwell, A. G.; Taylor, D. E.; Byrd, E. F.; Walck, S. D., Structural and electrical analysis of epitaxial 2D/3D vertical heterojunctions of monolayer MoS2 on GaN. Appl Phys Lett 2017, 111 (5), 051602.
  • Li, B.; Shi, G.; Lei, S.; He, Y.; Gao, W.; Gong, Y.; Ye, G.; Zhou, W.; Keyshar, K.; Hao, J., 3D band diagram and photoexcitation of 2D–3D semiconductor heterojunctions. Nano Lett 2015, 15 (9), 5919-5925.
  • Krishnamoorthy, S.; Lee, E. W.; Lee, C. H.; Zhang, Y.; McCulloch, W. D.; Johnson, J. M.; Hwang, J.; Wu, Y.; Rajan, S., High current density 2D/3D MoS2/GaN Esaki tunnel diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2016, 109 (18), 183505.
  • Esmaeili-Rad, M. R.; Salahuddin, S., High performance molybdenum disulfide amorphous silicon heterojunction photodetector. Sci Rep-Uk 2013, 3 (1), 1-6.
  • Hao, L.; Liu, Y.; Gao, W.; Han, Z.; Xue, Q.; Zeng, H.; Wu, Z.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, W., Electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of MoS2/Si pn junctions. J Appl Phys 2015, 117 (11), 114502.
  • Hao, L.; Liu, Y.; Han, Z.; Xu, Z.; Zhu, J., Large lateral photovoltaic effect in MoS 2/GaAs heterojunction. Nanoscale research letters 2017, 12 (1), 562.
  • Lin, S.; Wang, P.; Li, X.; Wu, Z.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Xu, W., Gate tunable monolayer MoS2/InP heterostructure solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 2015, 107 (15), 153904.
  • Lee, E. W.; Ma, L.; Nath, D. N.; Lee, C. H.; Arehart, A.; Wu, Y.; Rajan, S., Growth and electrical characterization of two-dimensional layered MoS2/SiC heterojunctions. Appl Phys Lett 2014, 105 (20), 203504.
  • Din, H.; Idrees, M.; Rehman, G.; Nguyen, C. V.; Gan, L.-Y.; Ahmad, I.; Maqbool, M.; Amin, B., Electronic structure, optical and photocatalytic performance of SiC–MX 2 (M= Mo, W and X= S, Se) van der Waals heterostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018, 20 (37), 24168-24175.
  • Zhang, K.; Jariwala, B.; Li, J.; Briggs, N. C.; Wang, B.; Ruzmetov, D.; Burke, R. A.; Lerach, J. O.; Ivanov, T. G.; Haque, M., Large scale 2D/3D hybrids based on gallium nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides. Nanoscale 2018, 10 (1), 336-341.
  • Ruzmetov, D.; Zhang, K.; Stan, G.; Kalanyan, B.; Bhimanapati, G. R.; Eichfeld, S. M.; Burke, R. A.; Shah, P. B.; O’Regan, T. P.; Crowne, F. J., Vertical 2D/3D semiconductor heterostructures based on epitaxial molybdenum disulfide and gallium nitride. Acs Nano 2016, 10 (3), 3580-3588.
  • Liao, J.; Sa, B.; Zhou, J.; Ahuja, R.; Sun, Z., Design of high-efficiency visible-light photocatalysts for water splitting: MoS2/AlN (GaN) heterostructures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2014, 118 (31), 17594-17599.
  • Jeong, H.; Bang, S.; Oh, H. M.; Jeong, H. J.; An, S.-J.; Han, G. H.; Kim, H.; Kim, K. K.; Park, J. C.; Lee, Y. H., Semiconductor–insulator–semiconductor diode consisting of monolayer MoS2, h-BN, and GaN heterostructure. Acs Nano 2015, 9 (10), 10032-10038.
  • Lee, E. W.; Lee, C. H.; Paul, P. K.; Ma, L.; McCulloch, W. D.; Krishnamoorthy, S.; Wu, Y.; Arehart, A. R.; Rajan, S., Layer-transferred MoS2/GaN PN diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2015, 107 (10), 103505.
  • Tangi, M.; Mishra, P.; Ng, T. K.; Hedhili, M. N.; Janjua, B.; Alias, M. S.; Anjum, D. H.; Tseng, C.-C.; Shi, Y.; Joyce, H. J., Determination of band offsets at GaN/single-layer MoS2 heterojunction. Appl Phys Lett 2016, 109 (3), 032104.
  • Nourbakhsh, A.; Zubair, A.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Palacios, T. s., Transport properties of a MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction transistor and its potential for application. Nano Lett 2016, 16 (2), 1359-1366.
  • Roy, T.; Tosun, M.; Cao, X.; Fang, H.; Lien, D.-H.; Zhao, P.; Chen, Y.-Z.; Chueh, Y.-L.; Guo, J.; Javey, A., Dual-gated MoS2/WSe2 van der Waals tunnel diodes and transistors. Acs Nano 2015, 9 (2), 2071-2079.
  • Lee, C.-H.; Lee, G.-H.; Van Der Zande, A. M.; Chen, W.; Li, Y.; Han, M.; Cui, X.; Arefe, G.; Nuckolls, C.; Heinz, T. F., Atomically thin p–n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces. Nature nanotechnology 2014, 9 (9), 676.
  • Aftab, S.; Khan, M. F.; Min, K.-A.; Nazir, G.; Afzal, A. M.; Dastgeer, G.; Akhtar, I.; Seo, Y.; Hong, S.; Eom, J., Van der Waals heterojunction diode composed of WS2 flake placed on p-type Si substrate. Nanotechnology 2017, 29 (4), 045201.
  • Yu, Y.; Fong, P. W.; Wang, S.; Surya, C., Fabrication of WS 2/GaN pn Junction by Wafer-Scale WS 2 Thin Film Transfer. Sci Rep-Uk 2016, 6, 37833.
  • Zhao, Z. H.; Wu, D.; Guo, J. W.; Wu, E. P.; Jia, C.; Shi, Z. F.; Tian, Y. T.; Li, X. J.; Tian, Y. Z., Synthesis of large-area 2D WS2 films and fabrication of a heterostructure for self-powered ultraviolet photodetection and imaging applications. J Mater Chem C 2019, 7 (39), 12121-12126.
  • Tang, H.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Cai, P.; Bao, W., Recent progress in devices and circuits based on wafer-scale transition metal dichalcogenides. Science China Information Sciences 2019, 62 (12), 220401.
  • Zavabeti, A.; Jannat, A.; Zhong, L.; Haidry, A. A.; Yao, Z.; Ou, J. Z., Two-Dimensional Materials in Large-Areas: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Nano-Micro Lett 2020, 12 (1), 1-34.
  • Brent, J. R.; Savjani, N.; O'Brien, P., Synthetic approaches to two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Prog Mater Sci 2017, 89, 411-478.
  • Cai, Z.; Liu, B.; Zou, X.; Cheng, H.-M., Chemical vapor deposition growth and applications of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Chemical reviews 2018, 118 (13), 6091-6133.
  • Berkdemir, A.; Gutiérrez, H. R.; Botello-Méndez, A. R.; Perea-López, N.; Elías, A. L.; Chia, C.-I.; Wang, B.; Crespi, V. H.; López-Urías, F.; Charlier, J.-C., Identification of individual and few layers of WS 2 using Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep-Uk 2013, 3 (1), 1-8.
  • Gora, V.; Chawanda, A.; Nyamhere, C.; Auret, F. D.; Mazunga, F.; Jaure, T.; Chibaya, B.; Omotoso, E.; Danga, H. T.; Tunhuma, S. M., Comparison of nickel, cobalt, palladium, and tungsten Schottky contacts on n-4H-silicon carbide. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2018, 535, 333-337.
  • Wong, S. L.; Liu, H.; Chi, D., Recent progress in chemical vapor deposition growth of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 2016, 62 (3), 9-28.
  • Koçak, Y.; Gür, E., Growth control of WS2; from 2D layer by layer to 3D vertical standing Nano-Walls. Acs Appl Mater Inter 2020.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Merve Acar This is me 0000-0001-7290-9983

Soheil Mobtakeri This is me 0000-0003-3089-6162

Mehmet Ertuğrul This is me 0000-0003-1921-7704

Emre Gür This is me 0000-0002-3606-2751

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Submission Date May 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

Vancouver Acar M, Mobtakeri S, Ertuğrul M, Gür E. Fabrication and Analysis Of 2D/3D Heterojunction Between Continuous Few-layer WS2 Film and Si (100)†. Hittite J Sci Eng. 2021;8(1):1-5.

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