Research Article
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Preliminary Results on Deformations of the Central North Anatolian Fault Zone

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 115 - 122, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000338

Abstract

The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the north of Türkiye is considered one of the most active faults on earth and have caused many major earthquakes in the last century. Surface ruptures by those earthquakes indicate that this tectonic feature consists of many segments, which reveal different characteristics in terms of geometry and mechanism. NAFZ lies along between Bingöl in the eastern Turkey and Saros Gulf in the west. This study focuses on the central part of the NAFZ between Niksar and Ilgaz provinces. In addition to the main branch, the central section of the NAFZ also contains two sub-branches extending southward: Merzifon-Esençay and Sungurlu Faults. In the literature, there are several studies for the region, however a comprehensive study mainly focusing on the main branch of the NAFZ and its sub-branches along the central NAFZ has not been conducted yet, which would fully reveal the fault mechanism and seismic potential in the region. The aim of this study is to derive an up-to-date high-spa-tial-resolution Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) velocity field for the central NAFZ and to correlate with the strain accumulations along the faults. Based on this, a high-spatial-resolution GNSS network consisting of 60 sites was established enclosing the central NAFZ. The previously archived GNSS data for the same observation sites were collected from the different studies in the region and a new GNSS campaign measurement was conducted between October 2023 and February 2024. All GNSS data were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software, and the results indicate the GNSS velocities ranging from 3-30 mm/year and their associated uncertainties of maximum ± 1.5 mm/year with respect to the Eurasian tectonic plate.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK ve Hitit Üniversitesi BAP Birimi

Project Number

TÜBİTAK Proje No: 123Y293 ve Hitit Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Proje No: ODMYO19001.23.001

Thanks

Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü (TKGM) ve Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (HGM)

References

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  • 2. Aktuğ B, Doğru A, Özener H, Peyret M. Slip rates and locking depth variation along central and easternmost segments of North Anatolian Fault. Geophys J Int. 2015; 202(3), 2133-2149.
  • 3. Akyar BE. Deprem tekrarlama periyotlarının jeodezik verilerle belirlenmesi: Banaz ve Elvanpaşa segmenti, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar, 86; 2020.
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  • 9. Bohnhoff M, Martínez-Garzón P, Bulut F, Stierle E, Ben-Zion Y. Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone. Tectonophysics. 2016; 674, 147–165.
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  • 11. Emre Ö, Elmacı H, Özalp S. Correction to: Merzifon–Esençay splay fault within the North Anatolian Fault system: segmentation and timing of the last two surface faulting events on Esençay segment. Med. Geosc. Rev. 2020; 2, 383.
  • 12. Emre Ö, Kondo H, Özalp S, Elmacı H. “Fault geometry, segmentation and slip distribution associated with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake rupture along the North Anatolian fault, Turkey”, Characterization of Modern and Historical Seismic–Tsunamic Events, and Their Global–Societal Impacts, Y. Dilek, Y. Ogawa, Y. Okubo, 2021.
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  • 27. KOERI, 06 Şubat 2023 Gaziantep-Kahramanmaraş ve 20 Şubat 2023 Hatay Depremleri Ön Değerlendirme Raporu, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, İstanbul, 2023
  • 28. Kozacı O, Dolan JF, Finkel R, Hartleb R. Late Holocene slip rate for the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey, from cosmogenic 36Cl geochronology: Implications for the constancy of fault loading and strain release rates. Geology. 2007; 35, 867– 870.
  • 29. Köksal E. Yüzey Deformasyonlarının Diferansiyel Insar Tekniği İle Belirlenmesi: İsmetpaşa Örneği. Doktora Tezi, ZKÜ, Fen Bilimleri Ens. Zonguldak; 2011.
  • 30. Kurt A, Özbakır A, Cingöz A, Ergintav S, Dogan U, Özarpacı S. Contemporary velocity field for Turkey inferred from combination of a dense network of long term GNSS observations. Turkish Journal Of Earth Sciences. 2022; 31. 10.55730/yer-2203-13.
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  • 32. Massonnet D, Feigl KL. Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth’s surface, Rev. Geophys., 36(4), 441–500, 1998
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  • 35. Michetti AM, Audemard FA, Marco S. (2005). Future trends in paleoseismology: integrated study of the seismic landscape as a vital tool in seismic hazard analyses. Tectonophysics, 408, 3-21.
  • 36. Okay AI, Demirbağ E, Kurt H, Okay N, Kuşçu I. An active, deep marine strikeslip basin along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. Tectonics. 1999: 18, 129-148.
  • 37. Özalaybey S, Zor E, Ergintav S, Tapırdamaz MC. Investigation of 3- D basin structures in the Izmit Bay area (Turkey) by single-station microtremor and gravimetric methods. Geophysical Journal International, 2011, 186(2): 883-894
  • 38. Özkan A. Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz Bölgesindeki Diri Fayların Kinematiğinin GPS Gözlemleri ve Elastik Yarı Uzaysal Yer Değiştirme Modeli ile Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2021.
  • 39. Özkan A, Yavaşoğlu HH, Masson F. Present-day strain accumulations and fault kinematics at the Hatay Triple Junction using new geodetic constraints. Tectonophysics, 2023, 854, 229819.
  • 40. Poyraz F, Hastaoglu KO, Kocbulut F, Tiryakioglu I, Tatar O, Demirel M, Duman H, Aydın C, Ciger AF, Gürsoy Ö, Türk T, Sıgırcı R. Determination of the block movements in the eastern section of the Gediz Graben (Turkey) from GNSS measurements. Journal of Geodynamics, Special issue: Tethyan Evolution, Anatolia. 2018; 123(2), 117-135.
  • 41. Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrance S, Ergintav S, Cakmak R, Ozener H, Kadirov F, Guliev I, Stepanyan R, Nadariya M, Hahubia G, Mahmoud S, Sakr K, ArRajehi A, Par adissis D, AlAydrus A, Prilepin M, Guseva T, Evr en E, Dmitrotsa A, Filikov S, V, Gomez F, AlGhazzi R, Karam G. GPS Constraints on Continental Deformation in the Africa Arabia Eurasia Continental Collision Zone and Implications for the Dynamics of Plate Interactions. J Geophys. Res. 2006; 111, B05411
  • 42. Schowengerdt RA., Remote Sensing: Models and Methods for Image Processing. Academic Press. 2007.
  • 43. Solak Hİ. İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zonu ve Çevresindeki Güncel Deformasyonların GNSS Yöntemi ile İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar; 2020.
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Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 115 - 122, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000338

Abstract

Project Number

TÜBİTAK Proje No: 123Y293 ve Hitit Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Proje No: ODMYO19001.23.001

References

  • 1. AFAD, 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) Mw 7.7 ve Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw 7.6 Depremlerine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu. The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, March, Istanbul. 2023
  • 2. Aktuğ B, Doğru A, Özener H, Peyret M. Slip rates and locking depth variation along central and easternmost segments of North Anatolian Fault. Geophys J Int. 2015; 202(3), 2133-2149.
  • 3. Akyar BE. Deprem tekrarlama periyotlarının jeodezik verilerle belirlenmesi: Banaz ve Elvanpaşa segmenti, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar, 86; 2020.
  • 4. Aladoğan K, Tiryakioğlu İ, Yavaşoğlu H, Alkan RM. Kuzey Anadolu Fayı Bolu-Çorum Segmenti Boyunca Yer Kabuğu Hareketlerinin GNSS Yöntemiyle İzlenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017; 17(3), 998-1003.
  • 5. Ambraseys, NN and Finkel, CF. The Seismicity of Turkey and Adjacent Areas-a Historical Review, 1500-1800. Eren, İstanbul, 240; 1995.
  • 6. Barka AA, Kadinsky CK. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. 1988; Tectonics, 7: 663-684.
  • 7. Barka AA. Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with large earthquakes of period 1939 to 1967. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1996; 86, 5, 1238-1254
  • 8. Barka AA. The north anatolian fault zone. Annales Tectonicae. 1992; 164-195.
  • 9. Bohnhoff M, Martínez-Garzón P, Bulut F, Stierle E, Ben-Zion Y. Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone. Tectonophysics. 2016; 674, 147–165.
  • 10. Emre Ö, Duman TY, Özalp S, Şaroğlu F, Olgun Ş, Elmacı H, Çan T. Active fault database of Turkey. Bull Earthquake Eng. 2018; 16, 3229–3275.
  • 11. Emre Ö, Elmacı H, Özalp S. Correction to: Merzifon–Esençay splay fault within the North Anatolian Fault system: segmentation and timing of the last two surface faulting events on Esençay segment. Med. Geosc. Rev. 2020; 2, 383.
  • 12. Emre Ö, Kondo H, Özalp S, Elmacı H. “Fault geometry, segmentation and slip distribution associated with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake rupture along the North Anatolian fault, Turkey”, Characterization of Modern and Historical Seismic–Tsunamic Events, and Their Global–Societal Impacts, Y. Dilek, Y. Ogawa, Y. Okubo, 2021.
  • 13. Erturac MK, Tuysuz O. Amasya ve çevresinin depremselliği ve deterministik deprem tehlike analizi. itüdergisi/d mühendislik. 2010; 9. 121-132.
  • 14. Erturac MK, Tüysüz O. Kinematics and basin formation along the Ezinepazar-Sungurlu fault zone, NE Anatolia, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2012; 497 - 520.
  • 15. Eyübagil EE, Solak Hİ, Kavak US, Tiryakioğlu İ, Sözbilir H, Aktuğ B, Özkaymak Ç. PresentDay Strike-Slip Deformation Within The Southern Part Of İzmir Balıkesir Transfer Zone Based On GNSS Data And Implications For Seismic Hazard Assessment, Western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2021; 30, 143-160.
  • 16. Gezgin C, Ekercin S, Tiryakioğlu I, Aktug B, Erdoğan H, Gürbüz E, Osman O, Bilgilioglu SS, Torun AT, Gündüz Hİ. Oktar O, Türkmen C, Kaya E. Determination of recent tectonic deformations along the Tuz Gölü Fault Zone in Central Anatolia (Turkey) with GNSS observations. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2022; 31(1), 20-33.
  • 17. Ghilani, CD., and Wolf, PR., Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics. Pearson, 2012.
  • 18. Hartleb RD, Dolan JF, Akyüz HS, Yerli B. A 2000 year-long paleoseismologic record of earthquakes along the central North Anatolian Fault, from trenches at Alayurt, Turkey. Seismological Society of America Bulletin. 2003; 93, 1935–1954.
  • 19. Herring TA. Geodetic Applications of GPS, Proceedings of the IEEE, 87, 1, 92–110, 1999.
  • 20. Herring TA, King RW, Floyd MA, McClusky SC. Introduction to GAMIT/GLOBK, Release 10,7, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Mass. Inst. of Technol; 2018.
  • 21. Hubert-Ferrari A. Armijo R, King G, Meyer B, Barka AA. Morphology, displacement, and slip rates along the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2002; 107 (B10), 9/1–9/33.
  • 22. İRAP İl Afet Risk Azaltma Planı, Amasya Valiliği İl Afet ve Acil Durum Müdürlüğü; (2021). https://amasya.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/amasya.afad/planlar /AMASYAIRAP.pdf
  • 23. İRAP İl Afet Risk Azaltma Planı, Çorum Valiliği İl Afet ve Acil Durum Müdürlüğü, (2021). https://corum.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/corum.afad/Haberler/ 2022/nisan/Corum_I%CC%87RAP_SON. pdf
  • 24. Jackson J. and McKenzie D., Active tectonics of the Alpine—Himalayan Belt between western Turkey and Pakistan, Geophysical Journal International, Volume 77, Issue 1, April 1984, Pages 185–264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984. tb01931.x
  • 25. Kaiser AE, Green AG, Campbell FM, Horstmeyer H, Manukyan E, Langridge RM, McClymont AF, Mancktelow N, Finnemore M, Nobes DC. Ultrahigh-resolution seismic reflection imaging of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009.
  • 26. Ketin İ. Kuzey anadolu fayı Hakkında. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi. 1969; 72, 1-27.
  • 27. KOERI, 06 Şubat 2023 Gaziantep-Kahramanmaraş ve 20 Şubat 2023 Hatay Depremleri Ön Değerlendirme Raporu, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, İstanbul, 2023
  • 28. Kozacı O, Dolan JF, Finkel R, Hartleb R. Late Holocene slip rate for the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey, from cosmogenic 36Cl geochronology: Implications for the constancy of fault loading and strain release rates. Geology. 2007; 35, 867– 870.
  • 29. Köksal E. Yüzey Deformasyonlarının Diferansiyel Insar Tekniği İle Belirlenmesi: İsmetpaşa Örneği. Doktora Tezi, ZKÜ, Fen Bilimleri Ens. Zonguldak; 2011.
  • 30. Kurt A, Özbakır A, Cingöz A, Ergintav S, Dogan U, Özarpacı S. Contemporary velocity field for Turkey inferred from combination of a dense network of long term GNSS observations. Turkish Journal Of Earth Sciences. 2022; 31. 10.55730/yer-2203-13.
  • 31. Lay T, Wallace LM. Modern global seismology. Elsevier. 1995
  • 32. Massonnet D, Feigl KL. Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth’s surface, Rev. Geophys., 36(4), 441–500, 1998
  • 33. McCalpin JP, Nelson AR. Introduction to Paleoseismology. In: McCalpin, J.P. (Ed.), Paleoseismology. Academic Press, London, 1996, pp. 1–32.
  • 34. McClusky S, Balassanian S, Barka A, Demir C, Georgiev I, Hamburger M, Hurst K, Kahle H, Kastens K, Kekelidze G, King R, Kotzev V, Lenk O, Mahmoud S, Mishin A, Nadariya M, Ouzounis A, Paradisis D, Peter Y, Prilepi M, Reilinger R, Sanli I, Seeger H, Tealeb A, Toksoz M N, Veis G. GPS Constraints on Crustal Movements and Deformations in the Eastern Mediterranen (1988-1997): Implications for Plate Dynamics. JGR. 2000; 105(B3), 5695-5719
  • 35. Michetti AM, Audemard FA, Marco S. (2005). Future trends in paleoseismology: integrated study of the seismic landscape as a vital tool in seismic hazard analyses. Tectonophysics, 408, 3-21.
  • 36. Okay AI, Demirbağ E, Kurt H, Okay N, Kuşçu I. An active, deep marine strikeslip basin along the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. Tectonics. 1999: 18, 129-148.
  • 37. Özalaybey S, Zor E, Ergintav S, Tapırdamaz MC. Investigation of 3- D basin structures in the Izmit Bay area (Turkey) by single-station microtremor and gravimetric methods. Geophysical Journal International, 2011, 186(2): 883-894
  • 38. Özkan A. Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz Bölgesindeki Diri Fayların Kinematiğinin GPS Gözlemleri ve Elastik Yarı Uzaysal Yer Değiştirme Modeli ile Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2021.
  • 39. Özkan A, Yavaşoğlu HH, Masson F. Present-day strain accumulations and fault kinematics at the Hatay Triple Junction using new geodetic constraints. Tectonophysics, 2023, 854, 229819.
  • 40. Poyraz F, Hastaoglu KO, Kocbulut F, Tiryakioglu I, Tatar O, Demirel M, Duman H, Aydın C, Ciger AF, Gürsoy Ö, Türk T, Sıgırcı R. Determination of the block movements in the eastern section of the Gediz Graben (Turkey) from GNSS measurements. Journal of Geodynamics, Special issue: Tethyan Evolution, Anatolia. 2018; 123(2), 117-135.
  • 41. Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrance S, Ergintav S, Cakmak R, Ozener H, Kadirov F, Guliev I, Stepanyan R, Nadariya M, Hahubia G, Mahmoud S, Sakr K, ArRajehi A, Par adissis D, AlAydrus A, Prilepin M, Guseva T, Evr en E, Dmitrotsa A, Filikov S, V, Gomez F, AlGhazzi R, Karam G. GPS Constraints on Continental Deformation in the Africa Arabia Eurasia Continental Collision Zone and Implications for the Dynamics of Plate Interactions. J Geophys. Res. 2006; 111, B05411
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Satellite-Based Positioning, Surveying (Incl. Hydrographic Surveying)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kayhan Aladoğan 0000-0002-7759-1772

Mehmet Nurullah Alkan 0000-0001-8570-5066

İbrahim Tiryakioğlu 0000-0002-4954-7109

Hasan Hakan Yavaşoğlu 0000-0002-3139-4327

Halil İbrahim Solak 0000-0001-5286-0369

Cemil Gezgin 0000-0002-5951-0107

Ali Özkan 0000-0001-6315-7011

Eda Esma Eyübagil 0000-0003-4790-0543

Furkan Şahiner 0000-0002-1679-2204

Ece Bengünaz Çakanşimşek 0000-0001-9926-0264

Zafer Köse 0000-0001-6006-8347

Project Number TÜBİTAK Proje No: 123Y293 ve Hitit Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Proje No: ODMYO19001.23.001
Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date April 1, 2024
Acceptance Date July 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Aladoğan K, Alkan MN, Tiryakioğlu İ, Yavaşoğlu HH, Solak Hİ, Gezgin C, Özkan A, Eyübagil EE, Şahiner F, Çakanşimşek EB, Köse Z. Preliminary Results on Deformations of the Central North Anatolian Fault Zone. Hittite J Sci Eng. 2024;11(3):115-22.

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