Research Article

Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones

Volume: 12 Number: 1 April 30, 2025
TR EN

Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones

Abstract

Smartphones are equipped with embedded Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) chips that support multiple satellite systems, enhancing precision in positioning, navigation, and timing services. The introduction of GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) leverages these capabilities by analyzing multipath signals and reflections to estimate surface properties more accurately. Given their multi-GNSS and multi-frequency capabilities, along with lower cost and greater portability compared to traditional geodetic receivers, smartphones hold significant potential for application in GNSS-IR technologies. In this study, we conducted a three-day experimental evaluation, observing for six hours each day to assess the accuracy of reflector height and change estimations from multi-frequency multi-GNSS SNR data provided by geodetic receivers and smartphones. The setup included two CHC i90 Pro geodetic receivers and two Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra smartphones, positioned in both zenith-looking and nadir-looking orientations, facilitated by an experimental setup developed under TÜBİTAK project number 121Y348. Our analysis focused on the number of valid estimations, peak-to-background noise ratio (PBNR) values, and the accuracy of reflector height and height difference estimations with satellite-based and frequency-based assessments. According to the results, geodetic receivers consistently outperform smartphones in data collection stability for GNSS-IR applications. We also found that the platform orientation of smartphones (flat, inverted, or inclined) has a minimal impact on the accuracy of GNSS-IR estimations, and the most reliable smartphone data is obtained from GPS satellites. Furthermore, using signals with wavelengths shorter than 20 cm in smartphone-based GNSS-IR studies provides better results and offers a cost-effective method for long-term monitoring of climatological parameters such as snow depth, sea level, and vegetation height.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

121Y348

Ethical Statement

This study has been supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) within the scope of the Research Support Projects Directorate (ARDEB) under project number 121Y348.

Thanks

This study was conducted as part of the doctoral thesis being prepared by the first author at Yildiz Technical University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Geomatic Engineering, and has been supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) within the scope of the Research Support Projects Directorate (ARDEB) under project number 121Y348.

References

  1. Altuntas, C., & Tunalioglu, N. (2020). Estimation performance of soil moisture with GPS-IR method. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 38(4), 2217-2230.
  2. Altuntas, C., & Tunalioglu, N. (2021). Feasibility of retrieving effective reflector height using GNSS-IR from a single-frequency android smartphone SNR data. Digital Signal Processing, 112, 103011.
  3. Altuntas, C., Iban, M. C., Şentürk, E., Durdag, U. M., & Tunalioglu, N. (2022). Machine learning-based snow depth retrieval using GNSS signal-to-noise ratio data. GPS Solutions, 26(4), 117.
  4. Altuntas, C., & Tunalioglu, N. (2023). A systematic approach for identifying optimal azimuth and elevation angle masks in GNSS-IR: validation through a sea level experiment. GPS Solutions, 27(4), 198.
  5. Banville, S., & van Diggelen, F. (2016). Precise positioning using raw GPS measurements from Android smartphones, GPS World, 27(11), 43-48.
  6. Besel, C., & Kayikci, E. T. (2021). Investigation of sea level variations in Turkish coasts using GNSS reflectometry (in Turkish). Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation, 8(1), 1-17.
  7. Chen, L., Chai, H., Zheng, N., Wang, M., & Xiang, M. (2023). Feasibility and performance evaluation of low-cost GNSS devices for sea level measurement based on GNSS-IR. Advances in Space Research, 72(11), 4651-4662.
  8. Chew, C. C., Small, E. E., Larson, K. M., & Zavorotny, V. U. (2013). Effects of near-surface soil moisture on GPS SNR data: Development of a retrieval algorithm for soil moisture. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 52(1), 537-543.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Satellite-Based Positioning

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

September 27, 2024

Publication Date

April 30, 2025

Submission Date

May 11, 2024

Acceptance Date

July 16, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 12 Number: 1

APA
Altuntaş, C., & Tunalıoğlu, N. (2025). Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones. Jeodezi Ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi, 12(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E
AMA
1.Altuntaş C, Tunalıoğlu N. Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones. Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi. 2025;12(1):1-19. doi:10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E
Chicago
Altuntaş, Cemali, and Nursu Tunalıoğlu. 2025. “Assessment of GNSS-IR Performance Using Multi-GNSS and Multi-Frequency SNR Data from Smartphones”. Jeodezi Ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi 12 (1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E.
EndNote
Altuntaş C, Tunalıoğlu N (April 1, 2025) Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones. Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi 12 1 1–19.
IEEE
[1]C. Altuntaş and N. Tunalıoğlu, “Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones”, Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E.
ISNAD
Altuntaş, Cemali - Tunalıoğlu, Nursu. “Assessment of GNSS-IR Performance Using Multi-GNSS and Multi-Frequency SNR Data from Smartphones”. Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi 12/1 (April 1, 2025): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E.
JAMA
1.Altuntaş C, Tunalıoğlu N. Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones. Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi. 2025;12:1–19.
MLA
Altuntaş, Cemali, and Nursu Tunalıoğlu. “Assessment of GNSS-IR Performance Using Multi-GNSS and Multi-Frequency SNR Data from Smartphones”. Jeodezi Ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, Apr. 2025, pp. 1-19, doi:10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E.
Vancouver
1.Cemali Altuntaş, Nursu Tunalıoğlu. Assessment of GNSS-IR performance using multi-GNSS and multi-frequency SNR data from smartphones. Jeodezi ve Jeoinformasyon Dergisi. 2025 Apr. 1;12(1):1-19. doi:10.9733/JGG.2025R0001.E