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Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 55 - 61, 01.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1310353

Abstract

Antalya province is the main center of vegetable production in Türkiye. Tomato comes first in terms of crops cultivated under greenhouse. Phytophthora species causing root and crown rot are among the factors negatively affecting tomato yield and quality. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of root and crown rot of tomatoes grown in Antalya province and to identify Phytophthora species causing disease. During surveys performed in 170 tomato greenhouses, plant and soil samples were taken from the areas where root and crown rot, stem blight, and drying symptoms were observed. Disease prevalence and incidence in the investigated greenhouses were 25.88% and 4.87%, respectively. Phytophthora symptoms were not observed in the greenhouses in Demre and Kepez districts, while the highest disease prevalence was found in Elmalı district with 75%. Eighty of 84 Phytophthora isolates were identified as P. nicotianae and four as P. capsici, according to their cultural, morphological and molecular characterisation. Virulence of 18 selected isolates were determined by using stem inoculation technique and all isolates caused lesions with different lengths on tomato stems. The reactions of 22 tomato genotypes in the gene pool of BATEM against P. nicotianae were also investigated and the genotype DT-15 was found as the most susceptible genotype with the largest lesions, while A-286 was the most resistant genotype. This study formed the basis for further studies on tomato breeding and integrated disease management.

References

  • Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant Pathology. 5th Edition, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam. p.948.
  • Altın, N., Kurbetli, İ., & Göre, M.E. (2018). In vitro and in vivo efficacy of some fungicides against Phytophthora nicotianae. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 20(9):2069-2073.
  • Alvarez, L.A., Gramaje, D., Abad-Campus, P., & García- Jiménez, J. (2009). Seasonal susceptibility of citrus scions to Phytophthora citrophthora and P. nicotianae and the influence of environmental and host-linked factors on infection development. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 124:621-635.
  • Blancard, D. (2012). Diagnosis of parasitic and nonparasitic diseases. Tomato Diseases, 35-411.
  • Bolkan, H.A. (1985). A Technigue to evaluate tomatoes for resistance to phytophthora root rot in the greenhouse. Plant Disease. 69:708-709.
  • Bora, T., & Karaca, İ. (1970). Kültür Bitkilerinde Hastalık ve Zararın Ölçülmesi. E.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, No: 167, 143 p. İzmir (in Turkish).
  • Brasier, C., Scanu, B., Cooke, D., & Jung, T. (2022). Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation. IMA Fungus, 13(12):1-25.
  • Cacciola, S.O., & Gullino, M.L. (2019). Emerging and re-emerging fungus and oomycete soilborne plant diseases in Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 58(3):451-472.
  • Cline, E.T., Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. (2008). A synopsis of Phytophthora with accurate scientific names, host range, and geographic distribution. Plant Health Progress, doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-0318-01-RS.
  • Colla P., Gilardi, G., & Gullino M. L. (2012). A review and critical analysis of the European situation of soilborne disease management in the vegetable sector. Phytoparasitica, 40:515-523.
  • Ebrahimzadeh, R. & Dolar, F.S. (2019). Diseases of apples caused by Phytophthora spp. symptoms and descriptions. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 2(2):109-118.
  • Erwin, D.C. & Riberio, O.K. (2005). Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. 2nd Edition, St. Paul, MN, USA, APS Press. p. 562.
  • Gallegly, M.E., & Hong, C. (2008). Phytophthora, Identifying Species by Morphology and DNA Fingerprints. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA. p. 158.
  • Garibaldi, A., Baudino, M., Minuto, A., & Gullino, M.L. (2008). Effectiveness of fumigants and grafting against tomato brown root rot caused by Colletotrichum coccodes. Phytoparasitica, 36(5):483-488.
  • Garibaldi, A., & Gullino, M. L. (2010). Emerging soilborne diseases of horticultural crops and new trends in their management. Acta Horticulturae, 883:37-48.
  • Giachero, M.L, Declerck, S., & Marquez, N. (2022). Phytophthora root rot: Importance of the disease, current and novel methods of control. Agronomy, 12(3):610.
  • Gilardi, G., Gullino, M. L., & Garibaldi, A. (2011). Reaction of tomato rootstocks to selected soil-borne pathogens under artificial inoculation conditions. Acta Horticulturae, 914:345-348.
  • Gilardi, G., Gullino, M.,L & Garibaldi, A. (2013). Critical aspects of grafting as a possible strategy to manage soil-borne pathogens. Scientia Horticulturae, 149:19-21.
  • Gilardi, G., Demarchi, S., Gullino, M.L., & Garibaldi, A. (2014). Control of Phytophthora nicotianae of tomato by using non-conventional strategies. Acta Horticulturae, 8:325–330.
  • Göçmen, M. (2006). Biberlerde Phytophthora capsici’ye karşı dayanıklılıkta genotip × izolat interaksiyonu ve farklı dayanıklılık kaynaklarının karakterizasyonu. (PhD Thesis, Çukurova University), p. 160 (in Turkish).
  • Gupta, S.K., Sharma, M., & Mukherjee, S. (2022). Buckeye rot of tomato in ındia: present status, challenges, and future research perspectives. Plant Disease, 106:1085-1095.
  • Heritage, A.D., & Harrigan, E.K.S. (1984). Environmental factors influencing safflower screening for resistance to P. cryptogeae. Plant Disease, 68:767-769.
  • Hyder, S, Inam-ul-Haq, M., Fatima, N., Hannan, A., Alam, M.M., & Iqbal, M. (2019). First report of root rot of tomato caused by Phytophthora syringae in Pakistan. Plant Disease, 103(3):590.
  • Jeffers, S.N., & Martin, S.B. (1986). Comparison of two media selective for Phytophthora and Pythium species. Plant Disease, 70:1038-1043.
  • Jeffers, S.N. (2006). Identifying species of Phytophthora. http://www.fhm.fs.fed.us/sp/sod/misc/culturing_species_phytophthora.pdf. Data accessed: May 31, 2022.
  • Karaköse, A., Taşcı, M.F., & Dal, N.E. (2022). Antalya ili kumluca ilçesindeki örtü altı domates üreticilerinin pazarlama sorunları. Ejser 10th International Symposium on Social Sciences, 19-21 November, 2022, Antalya/Turkey (in Turkish).
  • Kırbağ, S., & Turan, N. (2006). Malatya’da yetiştirilen bazı sebzelerde kök ve kökboğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan fungal etmenler. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2):159-164 (in Turkish).
  • Kozik, E., Foolad, M.R., & Jones, R.A. (1991). Genetic analysis of resistance to phytophthora root rot in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Plant Breeding, 106:27-32.
  • Kroon, L.P.N.M., Bakker, F.T., van den Bosch, G.B.M., Bonants, P.J.M., & Flier, W.G. (2004). Phylogenetic analyses of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 41:766-782.
  • Kroon, L.P.N.M. (2010). The genus Phytophthora; phylogeny, speciation and host specificity. PhD. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, p.184.
  • Kurbetli, İ., Karaca, G., Aydoğdu, M. & Sülü, G. (2020). Phytophthora species causing root and collar rot of pomegranate in Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology,157:485-496.
  • Latorre, B.A., Rioja, M.E., & Wilcox, W.F. (2001). Phytophthora species associated with crown and root rot of apple in Chile. Plant Disease, 85(6):603-606.
  • Lukyanenko, A.N. (1991). Disease resistance in tomato. In: Kalloo, G. (eds) Genetic Improvement of Tomato. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 14:99-119.
  • Ma, M., Taylor, P.W.J., Chen, D., Vaghefi, N., & He, J.Z. 2023. Major soilborne pathogens of field processing tomatoes and management strategies. Microorganisms, 11(2):263.
  • McIntyre, J.L., & Taylor, G.S. (1978). Race 3 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Phytopathology, 68:35-38.
  • Messaouda, B., Abdelhadi, G., & Samia, M.A. (2015). Susceptibility of Algerian pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L) to Phytophthora capsici strains from different geographic areas. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14 (44):3011-3018.
  • Minuto, A., Gilardi, G., Garibaldi, A., & Gullino, M.L. (2008). Increasing severity of attacks of Colletotrichum coccodes on grafted tomatoes. Acta Horticulturae, 789:101-106.
  • Naegele, R.P. (2013). Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Host Resistance to Phytophthora Fruit Rot in the Solanaceae. PhD Thesis, Michigan State University, USA.
  • Panabières, F., Ali, G.S., Allagui, M.B., Dalio, R.J.D., Gudmestad, N.C., Kuhn, M.L., Guha Roy, S., Schena L., & Zampounis, A. (2016). Phytophthora nicotianae diseases worldwide: New knowledge of a long-recognised pathogen. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 55(1):20-40.
  • Perez, R., Hernandez, A.D.S., & Gallo, L.L. (2004). Eradication of Phytophthora nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani by double layer solarization in tomato seedbeds. Acta Horticulturae, 698.206-212.
  • Pochard, E., Clerjeu, M., & Pitrat, M. (1976). La resistance du piment Capsicum annuum L. a Phytophthora capsici Leon. Annual Amelioration des Plantes, 26(1):35-50.
  • Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Vargas, A.M., Naegele, R.P., Francis, D.M., & Hausbeck, M.K. (2016). Resistance to crown and root rot caused by Phytophthora capsici in a tomato advanced backcross of Solanum habrochaites and Solanum lycopersicum. Plant Disease, 100:829-835.
  • Sağır, A. (1984). Bazı Phytophthora türlerinin konukçu dizilerinin ve çeşit reaksiyonlarının saptanması üzerinde araştırmalar. PhD Thesis, Dicle Üniversitesi, Türkiye (in Turkish).
  • Sağır, A., & Yıldız, M. (1988). Bazı Phytophthora spp. izolatlarına karşı önemli sebze çeşitlerinin reaksiyonları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 27(3-4):179-200 (in Turkish).
  • Waterhouse, D.M., Newhook, F.J., & Stamps, D.J. (1983). Present criteria for classification of Phytophthora. Phytophthora Its Biology, Taxonomy, Ecology and Pathology, pp139-147. Erwin D C, Bartnicki-Garcia S,Tsao P H (Eds). APS Press, Minnesota.
  • White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S.B., & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. and White, T.J., Eds., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, New York, 315-322.
Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 55 - 61, 01.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1310353

Abstract

References

  • Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant Pathology. 5th Edition, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam. p.948.
  • Altın, N., Kurbetli, İ., & Göre, M.E. (2018). In vitro and in vivo efficacy of some fungicides against Phytophthora nicotianae. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 20(9):2069-2073.
  • Alvarez, L.A., Gramaje, D., Abad-Campus, P., & García- Jiménez, J. (2009). Seasonal susceptibility of citrus scions to Phytophthora citrophthora and P. nicotianae and the influence of environmental and host-linked factors on infection development. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 124:621-635.
  • Blancard, D. (2012). Diagnosis of parasitic and nonparasitic diseases. Tomato Diseases, 35-411.
  • Bolkan, H.A. (1985). A Technigue to evaluate tomatoes for resistance to phytophthora root rot in the greenhouse. Plant Disease. 69:708-709.
  • Bora, T., & Karaca, İ. (1970). Kültür Bitkilerinde Hastalık ve Zararın Ölçülmesi. E.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, No: 167, 143 p. İzmir (in Turkish).
  • Brasier, C., Scanu, B., Cooke, D., & Jung, T. (2022). Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation. IMA Fungus, 13(12):1-25.
  • Cacciola, S.O., & Gullino, M.L. (2019). Emerging and re-emerging fungus and oomycete soilborne plant diseases in Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 58(3):451-472.
  • Cline, E.T., Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. (2008). A synopsis of Phytophthora with accurate scientific names, host range, and geographic distribution. Plant Health Progress, doi:10.1094/PHP-2008-0318-01-RS.
  • Colla P., Gilardi, G., & Gullino M. L. (2012). A review and critical analysis of the European situation of soilborne disease management in the vegetable sector. Phytoparasitica, 40:515-523.
  • Ebrahimzadeh, R. & Dolar, F.S. (2019). Diseases of apples caused by Phytophthora spp. symptoms and descriptions. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 2(2):109-118.
  • Erwin, D.C. & Riberio, O.K. (2005). Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. 2nd Edition, St. Paul, MN, USA, APS Press. p. 562.
  • Gallegly, M.E., & Hong, C. (2008). Phytophthora, Identifying Species by Morphology and DNA Fingerprints. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA. p. 158.
  • Garibaldi, A., Baudino, M., Minuto, A., & Gullino, M.L. (2008). Effectiveness of fumigants and grafting against tomato brown root rot caused by Colletotrichum coccodes. Phytoparasitica, 36(5):483-488.
  • Garibaldi, A., & Gullino, M. L. (2010). Emerging soilborne diseases of horticultural crops and new trends in their management. Acta Horticulturae, 883:37-48.
  • Giachero, M.L, Declerck, S., & Marquez, N. (2022). Phytophthora root rot: Importance of the disease, current and novel methods of control. Agronomy, 12(3):610.
  • Gilardi, G., Gullino, M. L., & Garibaldi, A. (2011). Reaction of tomato rootstocks to selected soil-borne pathogens under artificial inoculation conditions. Acta Horticulturae, 914:345-348.
  • Gilardi, G., Gullino, M.,L & Garibaldi, A. (2013). Critical aspects of grafting as a possible strategy to manage soil-borne pathogens. Scientia Horticulturae, 149:19-21.
  • Gilardi, G., Demarchi, S., Gullino, M.L., & Garibaldi, A. (2014). Control of Phytophthora nicotianae of tomato by using non-conventional strategies. Acta Horticulturae, 8:325–330.
  • Göçmen, M. (2006). Biberlerde Phytophthora capsici’ye karşı dayanıklılıkta genotip × izolat interaksiyonu ve farklı dayanıklılık kaynaklarının karakterizasyonu. (PhD Thesis, Çukurova University), p. 160 (in Turkish).
  • Gupta, S.K., Sharma, M., & Mukherjee, S. (2022). Buckeye rot of tomato in ındia: present status, challenges, and future research perspectives. Plant Disease, 106:1085-1095.
  • Heritage, A.D., & Harrigan, E.K.S. (1984). Environmental factors influencing safflower screening for resistance to P. cryptogeae. Plant Disease, 68:767-769.
  • Hyder, S, Inam-ul-Haq, M., Fatima, N., Hannan, A., Alam, M.M., & Iqbal, M. (2019). First report of root rot of tomato caused by Phytophthora syringae in Pakistan. Plant Disease, 103(3):590.
  • Jeffers, S.N., & Martin, S.B. (1986). Comparison of two media selective for Phytophthora and Pythium species. Plant Disease, 70:1038-1043.
  • Jeffers, S.N. (2006). Identifying species of Phytophthora. http://www.fhm.fs.fed.us/sp/sod/misc/culturing_species_phytophthora.pdf. Data accessed: May 31, 2022.
  • Karaköse, A., Taşcı, M.F., & Dal, N.E. (2022). Antalya ili kumluca ilçesindeki örtü altı domates üreticilerinin pazarlama sorunları. Ejser 10th International Symposium on Social Sciences, 19-21 November, 2022, Antalya/Turkey (in Turkish).
  • Kırbağ, S., & Turan, N. (2006). Malatya’da yetiştirilen bazı sebzelerde kök ve kökboğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan fungal etmenler. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2):159-164 (in Turkish).
  • Kozik, E., Foolad, M.R., & Jones, R.A. (1991). Genetic analysis of resistance to phytophthora root rot in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Plant Breeding, 106:27-32.
  • Kroon, L.P.N.M., Bakker, F.T., van den Bosch, G.B.M., Bonants, P.J.M., & Flier, W.G. (2004). Phylogenetic analyses of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 41:766-782.
  • Kroon, L.P.N.M. (2010). The genus Phytophthora; phylogeny, speciation and host specificity. PhD. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, p.184.
  • Kurbetli, İ., Karaca, G., Aydoğdu, M. & Sülü, G. (2020). Phytophthora species causing root and collar rot of pomegranate in Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology,157:485-496.
  • Latorre, B.A., Rioja, M.E., & Wilcox, W.F. (2001). Phytophthora species associated with crown and root rot of apple in Chile. Plant Disease, 85(6):603-606.
  • Lukyanenko, A.N. (1991). Disease resistance in tomato. In: Kalloo, G. (eds) Genetic Improvement of Tomato. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 14:99-119.
  • Ma, M., Taylor, P.W.J., Chen, D., Vaghefi, N., & He, J.Z. 2023. Major soilborne pathogens of field processing tomatoes and management strategies. Microorganisms, 11(2):263.
  • McIntyre, J.L., & Taylor, G.S. (1978). Race 3 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Phytopathology, 68:35-38.
  • Messaouda, B., Abdelhadi, G., & Samia, M.A. (2015). Susceptibility of Algerian pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L) to Phytophthora capsici strains from different geographic areas. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14 (44):3011-3018.
  • Minuto, A., Gilardi, G., Garibaldi, A., & Gullino, M.L. (2008). Increasing severity of attacks of Colletotrichum coccodes on grafted tomatoes. Acta Horticulturae, 789:101-106.
  • Naegele, R.P. (2013). Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Host Resistance to Phytophthora Fruit Rot in the Solanaceae. PhD Thesis, Michigan State University, USA.
  • Panabières, F., Ali, G.S., Allagui, M.B., Dalio, R.J.D., Gudmestad, N.C., Kuhn, M.L., Guha Roy, S., Schena L., & Zampounis, A. (2016). Phytophthora nicotianae diseases worldwide: New knowledge of a long-recognised pathogen. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 55(1):20-40.
  • Perez, R., Hernandez, A.D.S., & Gallo, L.L. (2004). Eradication of Phytophthora nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani by double layer solarization in tomato seedbeds. Acta Horticulturae, 698.206-212.
  • Pochard, E., Clerjeu, M., & Pitrat, M. (1976). La resistance du piment Capsicum annuum L. a Phytophthora capsici Leon. Annual Amelioration des Plantes, 26(1):35-50.
  • Quesada-Ocampo, L.M., Vargas, A.M., Naegele, R.P., Francis, D.M., & Hausbeck, M.K. (2016). Resistance to crown and root rot caused by Phytophthora capsici in a tomato advanced backcross of Solanum habrochaites and Solanum lycopersicum. Plant Disease, 100:829-835.
  • Sağır, A. (1984). Bazı Phytophthora türlerinin konukçu dizilerinin ve çeşit reaksiyonlarının saptanması üzerinde araştırmalar. PhD Thesis, Dicle Üniversitesi, Türkiye (in Turkish).
  • Sağır, A., & Yıldız, M. (1988). Bazı Phytophthora spp. izolatlarına karşı önemli sebze çeşitlerinin reaksiyonları üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 27(3-4):179-200 (in Turkish).
  • Waterhouse, D.M., Newhook, F.J., & Stamps, D.J. (1983). Present criteria for classification of Phytophthora. Phytophthora Its Biology, Taxonomy, Ecology and Pathology, pp139-147. Erwin D C, Bartnicki-Garcia S,Tsao P H (Eds). APS Press, Minnesota.
  • White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S.B., & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. and White, T.J., Eds., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, New York, 315-322.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Emine Gümrükcü This is me 0000-0002-5704-2442

Gürsel Karaca This is me 0000-0002-5159-2734

Early Pub Date June 12, 2023
Publication Date August 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 40 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gümrükcü, E., & Karaca, G. (2023). Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae. Horticultural Studies, 40(2), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1310353
AMA Gümrükcü E, Karaca G. Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae. HortiS. August 2023;40(2):55-61. doi:10.16882/hortis.1310353
Chicago Gümrükcü, Emine, and Gürsel Karaca. “Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes Against Phytophthora Nicotianae”. Horticultural Studies 40, no. 2 (August 2023): 55-61. https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1310353.
EndNote Gümrükcü E, Karaca G (August 1, 2023) Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae. Horticultural Studies 40 2 55–61.
IEEE E. Gümrükcü and G. Karaca, “Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae”, HortiS, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 55–61, 2023, doi: 10.16882/hortis.1310353.
ISNAD Gümrükcü, Emine - Karaca, Gürsel. “Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes Against Phytophthora Nicotianae”. Horticultural Studies 40/2 (August 2023), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1310353.
JAMA Gümrükcü E, Karaca G. Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae. HortiS. 2023;40:55–61.
MLA Gümrükcü, Emine and Gürsel Karaca. “Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes Against Phytophthora Nicotianae”. Horticultural Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, 2023, pp. 55-61, doi:10.16882/hortis.1310353.
Vancouver Gümrükcü E, Karaca G. Determination of Phytophthora Species Causing Root and Crown Rot on Tomatoes Grown in Antalya Province and Reactions of Some Tomato Genotypes against Phytophthora nicotianae. HortiS. 2023;40(2):55-61.