Case Report
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Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 14 - 22, 30.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.388610

Abstract

References

  • Arends, J. J., Skogerboe, T., & Ritzhaupt, T. K. (1999). Persistent efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin against experimental infesations of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in swine. Veterinary Parasitology , 82, 71-79.
  • Bornstein, S., Mörner, T., & Samuel, W. (2001). Sarcoptes scabiei and sarcoptic mange in W. M. Samuels, M. J. Pybus & A. A. Kocan (Ed). Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. 2nd Ed.,(pp. 107-119). Iova, USA: Iowa State University Press.
  • Burwell, B. (2018). Basic stabilization of wildlife. Retrievd from http://www.wildlifevetcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/emergency.pdf Canadian Council on Animal Care: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. (1984). Foxes. Volume 2.https://www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Vol2/foxes.pdf
  • Choi, S. Y., Hwang, J. S., Kim, I. H., Hwang, D. Y. & Kang, H. G. (2011). Basic data on the hematology, serum biochemistry, urology, and organ weights of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Research, 27, 283-291.
  • Crooks, K. R., Scott, S., Angeloni, L., Bowen, L., Kimsey R. B. & Van Vuren, D. H. (2001). Ectoparasites of the island fox on Santa Cruz Island. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37(1), 189-193.
  • Cruz-Vazquez C, Castro G E, Parada F. M, &  Ramos P M. (2001). Seasonal occurrence of Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) infesting dogs and cats in an urban area in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Journal of Medical Entomology 38(1):111-113.
  • Dubey, J. P., Lindsay, D. S. & Lappin, M. R. (2009). Toxoplasmosis and other intestinal coccidial infections in cats and dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 39, 1009–1034.
  • Emerson, K. C., Price, R. D. (1987). New records of chewing lice (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) found on North American wild foxes north of Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 60, 332–333.
  • Forchhammer, M. C. & Asferg, T. (2000). Invading prevalence of parasitic infections in the red fox parasites cause a structural shift in red fox dynamics. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 267, 779-786.
  • Fritzell, E. K. (1987). Gray fox and island gray fox. In M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, & B. Malloch (Ed). Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America, (pp. 408-420). Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
  • Jain, N. C. (1993). Comparative hematology of common domestic animals, In N. C. Jain (Ed.), Essentials of Veterinary Hematology. (pp.19-54). Philadelphia, US: Lea and Febiger.
  • Juokslahti, T., Korhonen, T. & Oksanen, A. (2010). Coccidiosis in farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Finland: A case report. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52, (Suppl 1): S18.
  • Kočišová, A., Lazar P., Letková, J., Čurlík, J. & Goldová, M. (2006). Ectoparasitic species from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Veterinary Archive, 76, 59-63.
  • Korhonen, H. T. & Huuki, H. (2014). Serum Biochemistry and Hematology in Blue Fox (Vulpes lagopus). Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 4, 255-260.
  • Lees, G. E., Willard, M. D. & Green, R. A. (1994). Urinary disorders. In M. D. Willard, H. Tvedten & G. H. Turnwald (Ed). Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods. 2nd ed. (pp.120-136). Philadelphia, US: W. B. Saunders.
  • Lempp, J., Junwirth, N., Grilo, M. L., Reckendorf, A., Ulrich, A., Van Neer, A., Bodewes, R., Pfankuche, V. M., Bauer, C., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Baumgärtner, W. & Siebert, U. (2017). Pathological findings in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), stone marten (Martes foina) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in Northern Germany. Plos one, 12(4),e0175469.
  • Lewis, F. I., Otero-Abad, B., Hegglin, D., Deplazes, P. & Torgerson, P. R. (2014). Dynamics of the force of infection: insights from echinococcus multilocularis infection in foxes. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(3): 1-10.
  • Little, S. E., Davidson, W. R., Rakich, P. M., Nixon, T. L., Bounous, D. I. & Nettles, V. F. (1998a). Responses of red foxes to first and second infection with Sarcoptes scabiei. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 34(3), 600-611.
  • Little, S. E., Davidson, W. R., Howerth, E. W., Rakich, P. M. & Nettles, V. F. (1998b). Diseases Diagnosed In Red Foxes from Southeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 34, 620-624.
  • Lorenz, M. D., Cornelius, L. M. & Ferguson D. C. (1992). Small animal medical theraputics. Philadelphia, US: J. B. Lipincott. MacDonald, D. (1996). Dangerous liaisons and disease. Nature, 379, 400–401.
  • Mattoso, C. R. S., CatenacciII, L. S., Beier, S . L., LopesI, R. S. & TakahiraI R. K. (2012). Hematologic, serum biochemistry and urinary values for captive Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in São Paulo state, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(6), 559-566.
  • McCue, P. M. & O'Farrell, T. P. (1987). Hematologic values of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox , Vulpes Macrotis Mutica. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23(1),144-151.
  • Kahn, C & Line, S. (2005). Merck Veterinary Manual. USA: Merck and Aventis Company.
  • Mueller, R. S. (2000). Dermatology for the small animal practitioner. New York, USA: Teton New Media.
  • Nelson, C. W., Couto, C. G. (2009). Small Animal Internal Medicine. 4th ed. St Louis Missouri, USA: Mosby-Elsevier.
  • Newman, T. J., Baker, P. J. & Harris, S. (2002). Nutritional condition and survival of red foxes with sarcoptic mange. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80,154-161.
  • Nowakowicz-Debek, B., Zoń, A., Jakubczak A. & Wnuk, W. (2015). Chosen blood biochemical parameters in free-living wild and farmed minks, foxes and racoon dogs. Veterinarija Zootechnica, 70(92), 48-52.
  • Harvey, R. G.,Nutall, T. & McKeever, P. J (2009). A Colour handbook of skin diseases of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. London, UK: CRC Press. Pence, D. B. & Ueckermann, E. (2002). Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 21(2), 385-398.
  • Rataj, A. V., Posedi, J., Žele, D. & Vengušt, G. (2013). Intestinal parasites of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in slovenia. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 61(4), 454-462.
  • Razmjoo, M., Bahrami, A. M. & Hosseini, E. (2013). Ectoparasitic species from red fox and jackal in western of Iran. Global Veterinaria, 10(6), 626-629.
  • Rui, P., Ma, Z., Zhang, X., Li, P., Gao, G., Yang, Z. & Zhang, J. (2001). Hematology and serum biochemistry values in adult racoon dogs and foxes in Changli Farms Of Hebei Province, China. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(26), 4667-4672.
  • Seal, U. S., Mech, L. D. & Van Ballenberghe, V. (1975). Blood analyses of wolf pups and their ecological and metabolic interpretation. Journal of Mammalogy, 56(1), 64-75.
  • Skirnisson, K., Eydal, M., Gunnarsson, E. & Hersteinsson, M. (1993). Parasites of the arctic fox (Alopex Lagopus) in Iceland. Journal of the Wildlife Diseases. 29(3), 440-446.
  • Smith, G. J. & Rongstad, O. J. (1980). Serologic and hematologic values of wild coyotes in Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 16(4), 491-497.
  • Sodikoff, C. H. (2001). Laboratory profiles of small animal diseases. St Louis, USA: Mosby.
  • Soulsbury, C. D., Iossa, G., Baker P. J., Cole, N. C., Funk, S. M. Harris, S. (2007). The Impact Of Sarcoptic Mange On The Brisitsh fox Vulpes vulpes population. Mammal Review, 37(4): 278–296.
  • Sréter, T., Széll Z. & Varga I. (2003). Ectoparasite infestations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Hungary. Veterinary Parasitology, 115, 349-354.
  • Steneroden, K. & Wydallis, E. (2014). Veterinary drug formulary. Retriwed from https://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/aphi/web/outreach/Veterinary%20Drug%20Formulary2014%20English.pdf.
  • Stone, W. B., Parks, E., Weber, B. L. & Parks, F. J. (1974). Experimental transfer of sarcoptic mange from red foxes and wild canids to captive wildlife and domestic animals. New York Fish and Game Journal, 19, 1-11.
  • Tennant, B. (2005). BSAVA Small Animal Formulary. London, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
  • Tilley, L.P., Smith, F.W.K. (2004). The five-minute veterinary consult: Canine and feline. London, UK: Blacwell Publishing.
  • Truyen, U., Müller, T., Heidrich, R., Tackmann, K. & Carmichael, L. E. (1998). Survey on viral pathogen in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis af A DNA sequence from a red fox parvovirus. Epidemiology and Infection,121,433-440.
  • Williams, E. S. & Thorne, E. T. (1996). Infectious and parasitary diseases of captive carnivores, with special emphasis on the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigrippes). Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 15(1),91-114.
  • Vanak, A. T., Belsare, A., Gompper, M. E. (2018). Spillover of canine distemper virus from free-ranging dogs to Indian Foxes (Vulpes bengalensis) in Central India.Retrieved from https://www.rufford.org/files/SCB%20Poster.pdf
  • Vervaeke, M., Dorny, P., De Bruyn, L., Vercammen, F., Jordaens, K., Van Den Berge, K. & Verhagen, R. (2005). A Survey of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Belgium. Acta Parasitologica, 50(3), 221–227.
  • Yery, E. (2018). Foxes-red and gray. Retrieved from http://www.wildliferescueleague.org/pdf/foxes.pdf On 05.01.2018.
  • Zhan, Y. M., Yasuda, J. & Too, K. (1991). Reference data on the anatomy and serum biochemistry of the silver fox. Japan Journal of Veterinary Research, 39, 39-50.

Parasitary Infestation In A Fox

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 14 - 22, 30.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.388610

Abstract

Foxes are a member of Canidae family belonging to carnivora order. There are a lot of fox species all around the world. Human population growth, anthropogenic landscape changes, ameliorated vaccine protocols, laws against hunting, the increasing interest towards wildlife and wild animals resulted in augmented fox population and human-fox interaction. These all have important biologic consequences such as prevention and treatment of zoonotic diseases and endangered species protection. Both sarcoptic mange and coccidiois are two important parasitary diseases seen in foxes. In this case, a young female fox suffering sarcoptic mange and coccidiosis is presented. Haemogram and biochemistry measurements of the patient were between normal intervals except values pointing out a slight anemia. This anemia was thought to be due to parasitary infestations. A therapy schedule including ivermectin, trimetoprim/sulfa, vitamin-B was applied according to the literature and the treatment was judged as successful. Important conclusions gained from this report have been shared in the result of the case report.

References

  • Arends, J. J., Skogerboe, T., & Ritzhaupt, T. K. (1999). Persistent efficacy of doramectin and ivermectin against experimental infesations of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in swine. Veterinary Parasitology , 82, 71-79.
  • Bornstein, S., Mörner, T., & Samuel, W. (2001). Sarcoptes scabiei and sarcoptic mange in W. M. Samuels, M. J. Pybus & A. A. Kocan (Ed). Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. 2nd Ed.,(pp. 107-119). Iova, USA: Iowa State University Press.
  • Burwell, B. (2018). Basic stabilization of wildlife. Retrievd from http://www.wildlifevetcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/emergency.pdf Canadian Council on Animal Care: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. (1984). Foxes. Volume 2.https://www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Vol2/foxes.pdf
  • Choi, S. Y., Hwang, J. S., Kim, I. H., Hwang, D. Y. & Kang, H. G. (2011). Basic data on the hematology, serum biochemistry, urology, and organ weights of beagle dogs. Laboratory Animal Research, 27, 283-291.
  • Crooks, K. R., Scott, S., Angeloni, L., Bowen, L., Kimsey R. B. & Van Vuren, D. H. (2001). Ectoparasites of the island fox on Santa Cruz Island. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37(1), 189-193.
  • Cruz-Vazquez C, Castro G E, Parada F. M, &  Ramos P M. (2001). Seasonal occurrence of Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) infesting dogs and cats in an urban area in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Journal of Medical Entomology 38(1):111-113.
  • Dubey, J. P., Lindsay, D. S. & Lappin, M. R. (2009). Toxoplasmosis and other intestinal coccidial infections in cats and dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 39, 1009–1034.
  • Emerson, K. C., Price, R. D. (1987). New records of chewing lice (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) found on North American wild foxes north of Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 60, 332–333.
  • Forchhammer, M. C. & Asferg, T. (2000). Invading prevalence of parasitic infections in the red fox parasites cause a structural shift in red fox dynamics. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 267, 779-786.
  • Fritzell, E. K. (1987). Gray fox and island gray fox. In M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, & B. Malloch (Ed). Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America, (pp. 408-420). Ontario, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
  • Jain, N. C. (1993). Comparative hematology of common domestic animals, In N. C. Jain (Ed.), Essentials of Veterinary Hematology. (pp.19-54). Philadelphia, US: Lea and Febiger.
  • Juokslahti, T., Korhonen, T. & Oksanen, A. (2010). Coccidiosis in farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in Finland: A case report. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 52, (Suppl 1): S18.
  • Kočišová, A., Lazar P., Letková, J., Čurlík, J. & Goldová, M. (2006). Ectoparasitic species from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Veterinary Archive, 76, 59-63.
  • Korhonen, H. T. & Huuki, H. (2014). Serum Biochemistry and Hematology in Blue Fox (Vulpes lagopus). Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 4, 255-260.
  • Lees, G. E., Willard, M. D. & Green, R. A. (1994). Urinary disorders. In M. D. Willard, H. Tvedten & G. H. Turnwald (Ed). Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods. 2nd ed. (pp.120-136). Philadelphia, US: W. B. Saunders.
  • Lempp, J., Junwirth, N., Grilo, M. L., Reckendorf, A., Ulrich, A., Van Neer, A., Bodewes, R., Pfankuche, V. M., Bauer, C., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Baumgärtner, W. & Siebert, U. (2017). Pathological findings in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), stone marten (Martes foina) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in Northern Germany. Plos one, 12(4),e0175469.
  • Lewis, F. I., Otero-Abad, B., Hegglin, D., Deplazes, P. & Torgerson, P. R. (2014). Dynamics of the force of infection: insights from echinococcus multilocularis infection in foxes. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(3): 1-10.
  • Little, S. E., Davidson, W. R., Rakich, P. M., Nixon, T. L., Bounous, D. I. & Nettles, V. F. (1998a). Responses of red foxes to first and second infection with Sarcoptes scabiei. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 34(3), 600-611.
  • Little, S. E., Davidson, W. R., Howerth, E. W., Rakich, P. M. & Nettles, V. F. (1998b). Diseases Diagnosed In Red Foxes from Southeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 34, 620-624.
  • Lorenz, M. D., Cornelius, L. M. & Ferguson D. C. (1992). Small animal medical theraputics. Philadelphia, US: J. B. Lipincott. MacDonald, D. (1996). Dangerous liaisons and disease. Nature, 379, 400–401.
  • Mattoso, C. R. S., CatenacciII, L. S., Beier, S . L., LopesI, R. S. & TakahiraI R. K. (2012). Hematologic, serum biochemistry and urinary values for captive Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in São Paulo state, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 32(6), 559-566.
  • McCue, P. M. & O'Farrell, T. P. (1987). Hematologic values of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox , Vulpes Macrotis Mutica. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23(1),144-151.
  • Kahn, C & Line, S. (2005). Merck Veterinary Manual. USA: Merck and Aventis Company.
  • Mueller, R. S. (2000). Dermatology for the small animal practitioner. New York, USA: Teton New Media.
  • Nelson, C. W., Couto, C. G. (2009). Small Animal Internal Medicine. 4th ed. St Louis Missouri, USA: Mosby-Elsevier.
  • Newman, T. J., Baker, P. J. & Harris, S. (2002). Nutritional condition and survival of red foxes with sarcoptic mange. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80,154-161.
  • Nowakowicz-Debek, B., Zoń, A., Jakubczak A. & Wnuk, W. (2015). Chosen blood biochemical parameters in free-living wild and farmed minks, foxes and racoon dogs. Veterinarija Zootechnica, 70(92), 48-52.
  • Harvey, R. G.,Nutall, T. & McKeever, P. J (2009). A Colour handbook of skin diseases of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. London, UK: CRC Press. Pence, D. B. & Ueckermann, E. (2002). Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 21(2), 385-398.
  • Rataj, A. V., Posedi, J., Žele, D. & Vengušt, G. (2013). Intestinal parasites of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in slovenia. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 61(4), 454-462.
  • Razmjoo, M., Bahrami, A. M. & Hosseini, E. (2013). Ectoparasitic species from red fox and jackal in western of Iran. Global Veterinaria, 10(6), 626-629.
  • Rui, P., Ma, Z., Zhang, X., Li, P., Gao, G., Yang, Z. & Zhang, J. (2001). Hematology and serum biochemistry values in adult racoon dogs and foxes in Changli Farms Of Hebei Province, China. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(26), 4667-4672.
  • Seal, U. S., Mech, L. D. & Van Ballenberghe, V. (1975). Blood analyses of wolf pups and their ecological and metabolic interpretation. Journal of Mammalogy, 56(1), 64-75.
  • Skirnisson, K., Eydal, M., Gunnarsson, E. & Hersteinsson, M. (1993). Parasites of the arctic fox (Alopex Lagopus) in Iceland. Journal of the Wildlife Diseases. 29(3), 440-446.
  • Smith, G. J. & Rongstad, O. J. (1980). Serologic and hematologic values of wild coyotes in Wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 16(4), 491-497.
  • Sodikoff, C. H. (2001). Laboratory profiles of small animal diseases. St Louis, USA: Mosby.
  • Soulsbury, C. D., Iossa, G., Baker P. J., Cole, N. C., Funk, S. M. Harris, S. (2007). The Impact Of Sarcoptic Mange On The Brisitsh fox Vulpes vulpes population. Mammal Review, 37(4): 278–296.
  • Sréter, T., Széll Z. & Varga I. (2003). Ectoparasite infestations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Hungary. Veterinary Parasitology, 115, 349-354.
  • Steneroden, K. & Wydallis, E. (2014). Veterinary drug formulary. Retriwed from https://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/aphi/web/outreach/Veterinary%20Drug%20Formulary2014%20English.pdf.
  • Stone, W. B., Parks, E., Weber, B. L. & Parks, F. J. (1974). Experimental transfer of sarcoptic mange from red foxes and wild canids to captive wildlife and domestic animals. New York Fish and Game Journal, 19, 1-11.
  • Tennant, B. (2005). BSAVA Small Animal Formulary. London, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
  • Tilley, L.P., Smith, F.W.K. (2004). The five-minute veterinary consult: Canine and feline. London, UK: Blacwell Publishing.
  • Truyen, U., Müller, T., Heidrich, R., Tackmann, K. & Carmichael, L. E. (1998). Survey on viral pathogen in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis af A DNA sequence from a red fox parvovirus. Epidemiology and Infection,121,433-440.
  • Williams, E. S. & Thorne, E. T. (1996). Infectious and parasitary diseases of captive carnivores, with special emphasis on the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigrippes). Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 15(1),91-114.
  • Vanak, A. T., Belsare, A., Gompper, M. E. (2018). Spillover of canine distemper virus from free-ranging dogs to Indian Foxes (Vulpes bengalensis) in Central India.Retrieved from https://www.rufford.org/files/SCB%20Poster.pdf
  • Vervaeke, M., Dorny, P., De Bruyn, L., Vercammen, F., Jordaens, K., Van Den Berge, K. & Verhagen, R. (2005). A Survey of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Belgium. Acta Parasitologica, 50(3), 221–227.
  • Yery, E. (2018). Foxes-red and gray. Retrieved from http://www.wildliferescueleague.org/pdf/foxes.pdf On 05.01.2018.
  • Zhan, Y. M., Yasuda, J. & Too, K. (1991). Reference data on the anatomy and serum biochemistry of the silver fox. Japan Journal of Veterinary Research, 39, 39-50.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Case reports
Authors

Burçak Özkan

Publication Date April 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özkan, B. (2018). Parasitary Infestation In A Fox. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 2(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.388610

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