Diyabet ve Diyabete Bağlı Fizyolojik ve Farmakokinetik Değişiklikler

Year 2017, Issue: 2, 105 - 123, 01.06.2017

Tuğba Gülsün Selma Şahin

Abstract

Ölüme neden olan hastalıklar arasında ilk beş sırada yer alan diyabet; karbonhidrat, yağ ve protein metabolizmasında bozukluk ile karakterize olan kronik kompleks metabolik bir hastalıktır. Diyabet Tip 1, Tip 2, diyabetin diğer spesifik türleri ve gestasyonel diyabet olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Diyabette, insülin salınımının azalması ve karbonhidrat, yağ ve protein metabolizmasında bozukluklar sonucunda akut veya kronik komplikasyonlar görülmektedir. Ayrıca diyabette ilaç metabolize eden enzimlerin ve ilaçların taşınmasından sorumlu olan absorptif ve eksorptif taşıyıcıların düzeylerinde diyabete bağlı değişiklikler olması nedeniyle ilaçların hem farmakokinetik hem de farmakodinamik özelliklerinde değişiklikler olabilmektedir. Diyabet tedavisinde kullanılan oral antidiyabetikler; pankreastan insülin salımını artıranlar, insülin duyarlılığını artıranlar ve glikoz emilimini azaltanlar olarak üç sınıfta toplanmaktadır. Dünya nüfusunun artması, yaşlanma, kentleşme, obezite sıklığı ve fiziksel hareketsizlik gibi nedenlerden dolayı diyabette gözlenen artış nedeniyle diyabet tüm dünyada öncelikli araştırma alanlarına girmiştir. Bu derlemede diyabetin sınıflandırılması, prevelansı, komplikasyonları, tedavisi, deneysel diyabet geliştirilmesi ve diyabette enzim ve taşıyıcı seviyelerindeki değişiklikler üzerinde odaklanılmıştır.

Keywords

Diyabet, oral terapi, komplikasyonlar, prevelans, enzim ve taşıyıcı proteinler

Diabetes and Diabetes Associated Physiologic and Pharmacokinetic Changes

Abstract

Diabetes which is among the top five diseases causing death, is a chronic complex metabolic disease characterized by impaired carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes is classified as Type 1, Type 2, other specific types of diabetes and gestational diabetes. Acute or chronic complications are seen in diabetes as a result of decreased insulin release and disorders in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. In addition, both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs may alter due to changes in the levels of drug metabolizing enzymes and absorptive and efflux transporters responsible for drug transport. Oral antidiabetics used in the treatment of diabetes are collected in three groups; increasing insulin secretion from pancreas, increasing insulin sensitivity, and decreasing glucose absorption. Diabetes has entered into priority research areas all over the world due to the observed increase in diabetes such reasons as increase in world population, aging, urbanization, obesity frequency and physical inactivity. In this review, it was focused on the definition, classification, prevalence, complications, treatment of diabetes and development of experimental diabetes, and changes in the enzymes and transporters levels.

Keywords

Diabetes, oral therapy, complications, prevalence, enzymes and transporters

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