Gelişmiş Ekstraksiyon Teknikleri I

Year 2012, Issue: 2, 209 - 242, 01.06.2012

Ebru Büyüktuncel

Abstract

Son yıllarda, çevresel kirleticilerin bir sağlık riski olduğuna dair toplum bilinci artmıştır. Hava, su ve toprak, tortu, gıda gibi katı örneklerde bulunan toksik kirleticilerin tayin edilmesine duyulan ihtiyaç neticesinde çevresel araştırma ve izlemeye olan ilgi artmıştır. Yüksek seçicilikte ayırmalar ve kantitasyon için duyarlı enstrümantasyona rağmen “seyrelt ve enjekte et” yaklaşımı, çevresel tayinlerle bağdaşmaz. Örnek matrikslerinden eser düzeydeki analitlerin zenginleştirilmesi ve izole edilmesi için bir ekstraksiyon basamağı gereklidir. Klasik ekstraksiyon uygulamaları büyük miktarlarda solvent tüketir. Böylece kendi çevresel ve mesleki tehlikelerini yaratırlar ve genellikle çok düşük seçicilik sağlarlar. Örneğin, farklı matrikslerde yarı-uçucu bileşikleri, katı örnekler için Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu, sulu matriksler için sıvı-sıvı ekstraksiyonu gibi geleneksel yaklaşımlar kullanılarak analiz edildiğinde, toksik kimyasal yönetimi ve imhası gereklidir. Basınçlı sıvı ekstraksiyonu PFE , katı-faz mikroekstraksiyon SPME , mikrodalga-destekli sıvı ekstraksiyonu MAE , süperkritik sıvı ekstraksiyonu SFE gibi yeni teknolojilerin gelişimi solvent kullanımını azaltmıştır. Bu yeni tekniklere artan bir talep olmuştur, çünkü bu teknikler otomasyona uygundur, çok daha hızlıdır ve çevre dostu tekniklerdir.

Keywords

Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu, basınçlı sıvı ekstraksiyonu, mikrodalga-destekli sıvı ekstraksiyon, sonikasyon-destekli sıvı ekstraksiyonu, süperkritik sıvı ekstraksiyonu, çevre analizi

Advanced Extraction Techniques I

Abstract

In the past several decades, public awareness has increased that environmental contaminants are a health risk. As a result of a requirement for determination of toxic contaminants in air, water, and solids including soil, sediment and food samples , the interest in environmental research and monitoring has increased. Although highly selective separation and sensitive instrumentation for quantification, the approach of “dilute and shoot” of is not compatible with environmental determinations. An extraction step is necessary for isolation and enrichment trace level analytes from sample matrixes. Classical extraction procedures consume large amounts of solvents, thus they create their environmental and occupational hazards, and often provide very little selectivity. For example, when semivolatile compounds in different matrixes are analyzed by using conventional approaches such as Soxhlet extraction for solid samples, liquid-liquid extraction for aqueous matrixes, toxic chemical management and disposal are required. The development of new technologies, such as pressurized liquid extraction PLE , solid-phase microextraction SPME , microwave-assisted extraction MAE and supercritical fluid extraction SFE reduced solvent use. There has been an increasing demand for new techiques, because they are appropriate automation, a lot faster and are environmentally friendly techniques.

Keywords

Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, micro-wave-assisted extraction, sonication-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, environmental analysis

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