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HR-LCMS Analysis and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia L.

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 2, 93 - 104, 01.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1063583

Abstract

Momordica charantia L. (Bitter melon) has been used to treat hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in many parts of the world. The present study revealed antihyperlipidemic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of M. charantia L. (named as EMC). The ethanolic extract of leaves were prepared and phytochemical constituents were identified using liquid chromatography linked with mass spectrophotometry. LCMS study indicates the presence of phenolic compound (m-hydroxy benzoic acid, octyl gallate, 3-hydroxycoumarin), triterpenoids (momordicin II, momordicoside E and momordicoside K), saponin E and fatty acids were the major constituents in EMC. Whereas, Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats model was used to evaluate antihyperlipidemic activity of EMC at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, b.w. or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg, b.w.). The plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL level, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, fecal cholesterol and triglycerides level were checked. Triton X-100 significantly (P < 0.01) increased the serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL with a concomitant reduction in HDL cholesterol. These alterations were ameliorated by EMC at dose dependant manner. EMC (200 mg/kg, b.w) showed significant (P < 0.01) reduction in lipid level among three doses of extracts in comparison with the standard drug atorvastatin. Overall results findings suggest that bitter melon may have potential to use as supplementary ingredient for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and related conditions.

References

  • 1. Tacherfiouta M, Petrov PD, Mattonaid M, Ribechinid E, Ribot J, Bonet LM, et al: Antihyperlipidemic effect of a Rhamnus alaternus leaf extract in Triton induced hyperlipidemic rats and human HepG2 cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 101, 501-9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.106
  • 2. Rohilla A, Dagar N, Rohilla S, Dahiya A, Kushnoor A.: Hyperlipidemia- A deadly pathological condition. Int J Curr Pharm Res, 4(2), 15-18 (2012).
  • 3. Lim S, Oh PC, Sakuma I, Koh KK.: How to balance cardioreno metabolic benefits and risks of statins? Atherosclerosis, 235, 644-8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.001
  • 4. Kumar D, Parcha V, Alok M, Dhulia I.: Effect an evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity guided isolated fraction from total ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata in Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Dis., 909-13 (2012).
  • 5. Miller M.: Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk: the importance of early prevention. QJM, 102, 657-67 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp065
  • 6. Sidhra SZA, Syed ZAK, Krishnaveni R, Vanmathi M, Muniraj C, Venkatesan T, et al.: Antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic effect of Ixora coccinea on Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats: An approach to evaluate asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis using thermography. Chin Herb Med, 11, 326-31 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2019.05.006
  • 7. Fan M, Kim EK, Choi YJ, Tang Y, Moon SH: The Role of Momordica charantia in Resisting Obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 3251 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183251
  • 8. Deshaware S, Gupta S, Singhal RS, Joshi M, Variyar PS: Debittering of bitter gourd juice using β-cyclodextrin: Mechanism and effect on antidiabetic potential. Food Chem, 262, 78-85 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.077
  • 9. Ahamad J, Amin S, Mir SR: Momordica charantia Linn.(Cucurbitaceae): Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Phytochemistry, 11, 53-65 (2017). https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2017.53.65
  • 10. Wang S, Li Z, Yang G, Ho CT, Li S: Momordica charantia: A popular health promoting vegetable with multi-functionality. Food Funct., 8, 1749-62 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6fo01812b
  • 11. Senanayake GV, Fukuda N, Nshizono S, Wang YM, Nagao K, Yanagita T et al.: Mechanisms underlying decreased hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol by dietary bitter melon extract in the rat. Lipids, 47, 495-503 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-012-3667-0
  • 12. Dans AML, Villarruz MVC, Jimeno CA, Javelosa MA, Chua J, Bautista R et al.: The effffect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol, 60, 554-9 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.07.009
  • 13. Tongia A, Tongia SK, Dave M.: Phytochemical determination and extraction of Momordica charantia fruit and its hypoglycemic potentiation of oral hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 48, 241-4 (2004). PMID: 15521566
  • 14. Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 1277-94 (2003).
  • 15. Hasani-Ranjbar S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, Abdollahi M.: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J Gastroenterol, 15, 3073 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3073
  • 16. Bao B, Chen YG, Zhang L, Xu YL, Wang X, Liu J et al.: Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) reduces obesity-associated macrophage and mast cell infiltration as well as inflammatory cytokine expression in adipose tissues. PLoS ONE, 8, 84075 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/419977a4-9aa4-4cac-aaa0-204ac2e5d56e
  • 17. Nawale S, Padma P, Pranusha P, Ganga Raju M.: Data of antihyperlipidemic activity for methanolic extract of Tagetes patula Linn. flower head along with piperine, as bioavailability enhancer. Data in Brief, 21, 587-97 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.022
  • 18. Adigun NS, Oladiji AT, Ajiboye TO: Antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activity of hydroethanolic seed extract of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats. S Afr J Botany, 105, 324-32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.015
  • 19. Kang MJ, Lee EK, Lee SS: Effects of two P/S ratios with same peroxidizability index value and antioxidants supplementation on serum lipid concentration and hepatic enzyme activities of rats. Clin Chim Acta, 350, 79-87 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.07.005
  • 20. Hutcheson R, Rocic P.: The metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, environment, and cardiovascular disease: the great exploration. Exp Diabetes Res., 271028 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/271028
  • 21. Schurr PE, Schultz JR, Parkinson TM: Triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an animal model for screening hypolipidemic drugs. Lipids, 7, 68-74 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02531272
  • 22. Gundamaraju R, KimKah H, Singla RK, Vemuri RC, Mulapalli SB: Antihyperlipidemic potential of Albizia amara (Roxb) Boiv. bark against Triton X- 100 induced hyperlipidemic condition in rats. Pharmacogn Res, 6(4), 267-73 (2014). https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-8490.138237
  • 23. Jaafaru Sani M, Hauwau YB, Peter Maitalata W, Mohammed Mustapha B, Timothy B.: Ameliorative effect of methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis (MECO) whole plant, on Triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemia in Albino rats. Int J Sci Res., 5(2), 2141-6 (2016).
  • 24. Syed ZAK, Sidhra S, Senthil Kumar B, Thanga K A, Geetha K, Mohamed Rafi M et al.: Modulatory effect of dianthrone rich alcoholic flower extract of Cassia auriculata L. on experimental diabetes. Integr Med Res., 6, 131-40 (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664136
  • 25. Vijayaraj P, Muthukumar K, Sabarirajan J, Nachiappan V.: Antihyperlipidemic activity of Cassia auriculata flowers in triton WR 1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol., 65, 135-41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2011.07.001
  • 26. Oloyede HO, Bello TO, Ajiboye TO, Salawu MO: Antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activities of aqueous leaf extract of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 166, 313-22 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.049
  • 27. Oloyede OB, Ajiboye TO, Abdussalam AF, Adeleye AO: Blighia sapida leaves halt elevated blood glucose, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 157, 309-19 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.022
  • 28. Xu L, Xu Y, Wang S, Deng Q, Wu CY, Chen XT et al.: Novel bitter melon extracts highly yielded from supercritical extraction reduce the adiposity through the enhanced lipid metabolism in mice fed a high fat diet. J. Nutr. Intermed. Metabol., 6, 26-32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2016.04.002
  • 29. Sodipo OA, Abdulrahman FI, Sandabe UK.: Total Lipid Profile, Faecal Cholesterol, very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), Atherogenic Index (A.I) and Percent Atherosclerosis with Aqueous Fruit Extract of Solanum macrocarpum in Chronic Triton-Induced Hyperlipidemic Albino Rats. Curr Res J Biol Sci., 4(2), 206-14 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2013.1.120212312
  • 30. Martirosyan DM, Miroshnichenko LA, Kulakova SN, Pogojeva AV, Zoloedov VI.: Amaranth oil application for coronary heart disease and hypertension. Lipids Health Dis., 6: 1 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-6-1
  • 31. Brehm A, Pfeiler G, Pacini G, Vierhapper H, Roden M.: Relationship between serum lipoprotein ratios and insulin resistance in obesity. Clin Chem., 50, 2316-22 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.037556
  • 32. Shafik NM, Baalash A, Ebeid AM.: Synergistic cardioprotective effects of combined chromium picolinate and atorvastatin treatment in triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemia in rats: impact on some biochemical markers. Biol Trace Element Res., 180, 255-64 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1010-6
  • 33. Zhao H, Li S, Zhang J, Che G, Zhou M, Liu M et al.: The antihyperlipidemic activities of enzymatic and acidic intracellular polysaccharides by Termitomyces albuminosus. Carbohydr Polym., 151, 1227-34 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.058

HR-LCMS Analysis and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia L.

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 2, 93 - 104, 01.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1063583

Abstract

Momordica charantia L. (Bitter melon) has been used to treat hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in many parts of the world. The present study revealed antihyperlipidemic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of M. charantia L. (named as EMC). The ethanolic extract of leaves were prepared and phytochemical constituents were identified using liquid chromatography linked with mass spectrophotometry. LCMS study indicates the presence of phenolic compound (m-hydroxy benzoic acid, octyl gallate, 3-hydroxycoumarin), triterpenoids (momordicin II, momordicoside E and momordicoside K), saponin E and fatty acids were the major constituents in EMC. Whereas, Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats model was used to evaluate antihyperlipidemic activity of EMC at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, b.w. or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg, b.w.). The plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL level, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, fecal cholesterol and triglycerides level were checked. Triton X-100 significantly (P < 0.01) increased the serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL with a concomitant reduction in HDL cholesterol. These alterations were ameliorated by EMC at dose dependant manner. EMC (200 mg/kg, b.w) showed significant (P < 0.01) reduction in lipid level among three doses of extracts in comparison with the standard drug atorvastatin. Overall results findings suggest that bitter melon may have potential to use as supplementary ingredient for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and related conditions.

References

  • 1. Tacherfiouta M, Petrov PD, Mattonaid M, Ribechinid E, Ribot J, Bonet LM, et al: Antihyperlipidemic effect of a Rhamnus alaternus leaf extract in Triton induced hyperlipidemic rats and human HepG2 cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 101, 501-9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.106
  • 2. Rohilla A, Dagar N, Rohilla S, Dahiya A, Kushnoor A.: Hyperlipidemia- A deadly pathological condition. Int J Curr Pharm Res, 4(2), 15-18 (2012).
  • 3. Lim S, Oh PC, Sakuma I, Koh KK.: How to balance cardioreno metabolic benefits and risks of statins? Atherosclerosis, 235, 644-8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.001
  • 4. Kumar D, Parcha V, Alok M, Dhulia I.: Effect an evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity guided isolated fraction from total ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata in Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Dis., 909-13 (2012).
  • 5. Miller M.: Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk: the importance of early prevention. QJM, 102, 657-67 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp065
  • 6. Sidhra SZA, Syed ZAK, Krishnaveni R, Vanmathi M, Muniraj C, Venkatesan T, et al.: Antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic effect of Ixora coccinea on Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats: An approach to evaluate asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis using thermography. Chin Herb Med, 11, 326-31 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2019.05.006
  • 7. Fan M, Kim EK, Choi YJ, Tang Y, Moon SH: The Role of Momordica charantia in Resisting Obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 3251 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183251
  • 8. Deshaware S, Gupta S, Singhal RS, Joshi M, Variyar PS: Debittering of bitter gourd juice using β-cyclodextrin: Mechanism and effect on antidiabetic potential. Food Chem, 262, 78-85 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.077
  • 9. Ahamad J, Amin S, Mir SR: Momordica charantia Linn.(Cucurbitaceae): Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Phytochemistry, 11, 53-65 (2017). https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2017.53.65
  • 10. Wang S, Li Z, Yang G, Ho CT, Li S: Momordica charantia: A popular health promoting vegetable with multi-functionality. Food Funct., 8, 1749-62 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6fo01812b
  • 11. Senanayake GV, Fukuda N, Nshizono S, Wang YM, Nagao K, Yanagita T et al.: Mechanisms underlying decreased hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol by dietary bitter melon extract in the rat. Lipids, 47, 495-503 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-012-3667-0
  • 12. Dans AML, Villarruz MVC, Jimeno CA, Javelosa MA, Chua J, Bautista R et al.: The effffect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus needs further studies. J Clin Epidemiol, 60, 554-9 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.07.009
  • 13. Tongia A, Tongia SK, Dave M.: Phytochemical determination and extraction of Momordica charantia fruit and its hypoglycemic potentiation of oral hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 48, 241-4 (2004). PMID: 15521566
  • 14. Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26, 1277-94 (2003).
  • 15. Hasani-Ranjbar S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, Abdollahi M.: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J Gastroenterol, 15, 3073 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3073
  • 16. Bao B, Chen YG, Zhang L, Xu YL, Wang X, Liu J et al.: Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) reduces obesity-associated macrophage and mast cell infiltration as well as inflammatory cytokine expression in adipose tissues. PLoS ONE, 8, 84075 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/419977a4-9aa4-4cac-aaa0-204ac2e5d56e
  • 17. Nawale S, Padma P, Pranusha P, Ganga Raju M.: Data of antihyperlipidemic activity for methanolic extract of Tagetes patula Linn. flower head along with piperine, as bioavailability enhancer. Data in Brief, 21, 587-97 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.022
  • 18. Adigun NS, Oladiji AT, Ajiboye TO: Antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic activity of hydroethanolic seed extract of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats. S Afr J Botany, 105, 324-32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.015
  • 19. Kang MJ, Lee EK, Lee SS: Effects of two P/S ratios with same peroxidizability index value and antioxidants supplementation on serum lipid concentration and hepatic enzyme activities of rats. Clin Chim Acta, 350, 79-87 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.07.005
  • 20. Hutcheson R, Rocic P.: The metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, environment, and cardiovascular disease: the great exploration. Exp Diabetes Res., 271028 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/271028
  • 21. Schurr PE, Schultz JR, Parkinson TM: Triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats as an animal model for screening hypolipidemic drugs. Lipids, 7, 68-74 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02531272
  • 22. Gundamaraju R, KimKah H, Singla RK, Vemuri RC, Mulapalli SB: Antihyperlipidemic potential of Albizia amara (Roxb) Boiv. bark against Triton X- 100 induced hyperlipidemic condition in rats. Pharmacogn Res, 6(4), 267-73 (2014). https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-8490.138237
  • 23. Jaafaru Sani M, Hauwau YB, Peter Maitalata W, Mohammed Mustapha B, Timothy B.: Ameliorative effect of methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis (MECO) whole plant, on Triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemia in Albino rats. Int J Sci Res., 5(2), 2141-6 (2016).
  • 24. Syed ZAK, Sidhra S, Senthil Kumar B, Thanga K A, Geetha K, Mohamed Rafi M et al.: Modulatory effect of dianthrone rich alcoholic flower extract of Cassia auriculata L. on experimental diabetes. Integr Med Res., 6, 131-40 (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28664136
  • 25. Vijayaraj P, Muthukumar K, Sabarirajan J, Nachiappan V.: Antihyperlipidemic activity of Cassia auriculata flowers in triton WR 1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol., 65, 135-41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2011.07.001
  • 26. Oloyede HO, Bello TO, Ajiboye TO, Salawu MO: Antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activities of aqueous leaf extract of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 166, 313-22 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.049
  • 27. Oloyede OB, Ajiboye TO, Abdussalam AF, Adeleye AO: Blighia sapida leaves halt elevated blood glucose, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 157, 309-19 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.022
  • 28. Xu L, Xu Y, Wang S, Deng Q, Wu CY, Chen XT et al.: Novel bitter melon extracts highly yielded from supercritical extraction reduce the adiposity through the enhanced lipid metabolism in mice fed a high fat diet. J. Nutr. Intermed. Metabol., 6, 26-32 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2016.04.002
  • 29. Sodipo OA, Abdulrahman FI, Sandabe UK.: Total Lipid Profile, Faecal Cholesterol, very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), Atherogenic Index (A.I) and Percent Atherosclerosis with Aqueous Fruit Extract of Solanum macrocarpum in Chronic Triton-Induced Hyperlipidemic Albino Rats. Curr Res J Biol Sci., 4(2), 206-14 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2013.1.120212312
  • 30. Martirosyan DM, Miroshnichenko LA, Kulakova SN, Pogojeva AV, Zoloedov VI.: Amaranth oil application for coronary heart disease and hypertension. Lipids Health Dis., 6: 1 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511x-6-1
  • 31. Brehm A, Pfeiler G, Pacini G, Vierhapper H, Roden M.: Relationship between serum lipoprotein ratios and insulin resistance in obesity. Clin Chem., 50, 2316-22 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.037556
  • 32. Shafik NM, Baalash A, Ebeid AM.: Synergistic cardioprotective effects of combined chromium picolinate and atorvastatin treatment in triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemia in rats: impact on some biochemical markers. Biol Trace Element Res., 180, 255-64 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1010-6
  • 33. Zhao H, Li S, Zhang J, Che G, Zhou M, Liu M et al.: The antihyperlipidemic activities of enzymatic and acidic intracellular polysaccharides by Termitomyces albuminosus. Carbohydr Polym., 151, 1227-34 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.058
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Pushpa Karale 0000-0002-9530-0414

Shashikant Dhawale This is me 0000-0002-4191-4074

Mahesh Karale This is me 0000-0002-0952-4842

Publication Date June 1, 2022
Acceptance Date May 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 42 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Karale P, Dhawale S, Karale M. HR-LCMS Analysis and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia L. HUJPHARM. 2022;42(2):93-104.