The Effect of Increase in Pronation of Rearfoot on Physical Performance

Abstract

Objective: Increased pronation in rearfoot can affect daily living activities such as doing sports, long standing and walking and physical fitness of people by disrupting biomechanics of foot. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between increased pronation in rearfoot and physical performance in young adults.

Material and Methods: 64 healthy young adults aged 18 to 25 years were included in the study voluntarily. The demographic information of the subjects participating in the study was recorded and the rearfoot pronation was assessed by navicular drop test. The physical performances of the individuals were assessed by vertical jump test, side step test and shuttle running test. Spearman Correlation Analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between rearfoot pronation and physical performance. Statistical significance was accepted as p <0.05.

Results: A statistically significant relationship was found between the navicular drop test and side step test and shuttle running test (p <0.05). As the severity of rearfoot pronation of individuals increased, side step and shuttle running test performances were worsened. There was no statistically significant relationship between the navicular drop test and vertical jump test (p˃0.05).

Conclusions: Increased rearfoot pronation negatively affects physical performance of individuals such as leap and running. Early prevention of increased pronation progression, which is common in young adults, and reduction of future musculoskeletal anomalies and decrease in physical performance is an important issue to be consider in preventive programs.

Keywords

• rearfoot pronation,physical performance,navicular drop test

Arka Ayaktaki Pronasyon Artışının Fiziksel Performans Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Arka ayaktaki pronasyon artışı ayağın biyomekaniğini bozarak, kişilerin spor yapma, uzun süre ayakta kalma ve yürüme gibi günlük aktivitelerini ve fiziksel uygunluğunu etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı genç yetişkinlerde arka ayakta pronasyon artışıyla fiziksel performans arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 18 ile 25 yaş arası 64 sağlıklı genç yetişkin, gönüllü olarak dahil edildi. Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin demografik bilgileri kaydedilerek arka ayak pronasyonu navikular düşme testi ile değerlendirildi. Bireylerin fiziksel performansları ise dikey sıçrama testi, side step testi ve mekik koşu testi ile değerlendirildi. Arka ayak pronasyonu ile fiziksel performans arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesinde Spearman Korelasyon Analizi kullanıldı. İstatistiksel anlamlılık değeri p<0.05 olarak kabul edildi.

Bulgular: Navikular düşme testi ile side step testi ve mekik koşu testi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p <0.05). Bireylerde arka ayaktaki pronasyon şiddeti arttıkça side step testi ve mekik koşu testi performanslarının kötüleştiği görülmüştür. Navikular düşme testi ile dikey sıçrama testi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır.

Sonuçlar: Arka ayak pronasyonunun artması  bireylerin sıçrama ve koşu gibi fiziksel performanslarını olumsuz etkilemektedir.  Genç yetişkinlerde sıklıkla görülen artmış pronasyonun ilerlemesinin erken dönemde önlenmesi ve ileride oluşabilecek muskuloskeletal anomalilerin ve fiziksel performanstaki düşüşlerin en aza indirilmesi, koruyucu programlarda ele alınması gereken önemli bir konudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: arka ayak pronasyonu, fiziksel performans, navikular düşme testi

Keywords

• arka ayak pronasyonu,fiziksel performans,navikular düşme testi

References

1. 1. Wernick, J., Volpe, G. R. (1996). Lower extremity function and normal mechanics. Clinical Biomechanics of the Lower Extremities, 59-84.
2. 2.Wang, W. J., Crompton, R. H. (2004). Analysis of the human and ape foot during bipedal standing with implications for the evolution of the foot. Journal of Biomechanics, 37(12), 1831-1836.
3. 3. Oatis, C. A. (2009) Kinesiology: the mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement.
4. 4. Kanatlı, U., Yetkin, H., Cila, E. (2001) Footprint and radiographic analysis of the feet. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 21(2), 225-228.
5. 5. Lin, C. J., Lai, K. A., Kuan, T. S., Chou, Y. L. (2001). Correlating factors and clinical significance of flexible flatfoot in preschool children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 21(3), 378-382.
6. 6. Cote, K. P., Brunet, M. E, Gansneder, B. M., Shultz, S. J. (2005). Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 41-46.
7. 7. Neal, B. S., Griffiths, I. B., Dowling, G. J., Murley, G. S., Munteanu, S. E., Franettovich Smith , M. M., Collins, N. J., Barton, C. J. (2014). Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7, 55.
8. 8. Zhao, X., Tsujimoto, T., Kim, B., Tanaka, K. (2017). Association of arch height with ankle muscle strength and physical performance in adult men. Biology of Sport, 34, 119-126.

9. 9. Bravo-Aguilar, M., Gijón-Noguerón, G., Luque-Suarez, A., Abian-Vicen, J. (2016). The ınfluence of running on foot posture and ın-shoe plantar pressures. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 106(2), 109-115.
10. 10. Kızılcı, H., Erbahçeci, F. (2016). Assessment of pysıcal fitness in men with and without pes planus. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 27(2), 25-33.
11. 11. Walters, J. L., Mendicino, S. S. (2014). The flexible adult flatfoot: anatomy and pathomechanics. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 31(3), 329-36.
12. 12. Brody, D. M. (1982). Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the ınjured runner. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 13(3), 541-58.
13. 13. Loudon, J. K., Jenkins, W., Loudon, K. L. (1996). The relationship between static posture and acl ınjury in female athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 24(2), 91-97.
14. 14. Morrison, S.C., Durward, B. R., Watt, G. F., Donaldson, M. D. C. (2004). A literature review evaluating the role of the navicular in the clinical and scientific examination of the foot. British Journal Of Podiatry, 7(4), 5.
15. 15. Ergun, N., Baltacı, G. (2014). Spor yaralanmalarında fizyoterapi ve rehabilitasyon prensipleri. Ankara.
16. 16. Safrit, M. J., Wood, T. M. (1995). Introduction to measurement in physical education and exercise science. 3th Edition. St. Louis, Mosby.
17. 17. Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Mora-Custodio, R., Franco-Márquez, F., Yáñez-García, J. M., González-Badillo, J. J. (2017). Traditional vs. sport specific vertical jump tests: Reliability, validity, and relationship with the legs strength and sprint performance in adult and teen soccer and basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 196-206.
18. 18. Ortiz, A., Olson, S. L., Roddey, T. S., Morales, J. (2005). Reliability of selected physical performance tests in young adult women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19 (1), 39-44.
19. 19. Dardouri, W., Gharbi, Z., Selmi, M. A., Sassi, R. H., Moalla, W., Chamari, K., Souissi, N. (2014). Reliability and validity of a new maximal anaerobic shuttle running test. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(4), 310-315.
20. 20. Kothari, A., Dixon, P., Stebbins, J., Zavatsky, A., Theologis, T. (2015). The relationship between quality of life and foot function in children with flexible flatfeet. Gait Posture, 41(3), 786-790.
21. 21. Banwell, H. A., Mackintosh, S., Thewlis, D. (2014). Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus: a systematic review. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7(1), 23.
22. 22. Sung, P. S. (2016). Kinematic analysis of ankle stiffness in subjects with and without flatfoot. Foot (Edinburgh), 26, 58-63.