Occupational Balance, Fear and Agoraphobia in the Covid-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Objectives: The occupational preferences and occupational balance of individuals have changed during the Covid-19 Pandemic period. This study aims to evaluate occupational balance, fear of Covid-19 and agoraphobia in adults during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: Six hundred ninety-nine individuals were included in this study. Occupational Balance Questionnaire, Fear of Covid-19 Scale and DSM-5 Agoraphobia Scale were used in the study.
Results: A statistically significant moderate correlation was found between the Covid-19 Fear Scale and the DSM-5 Agoraphobia Scale (p<0.001, r=.497). There was no statistically significant relationship between the Covid-19 Fear Scale and OBQ (p<0.05). Individuals with regular physical and leisure activity habits had better occupational balance and less fear of Covid-19.
Conclusion: In the Covid-19 pandemic, the activity preferences of individuals have changed and individuals generally prefer sedentary activities. Increasing fear of Covid-19 increases the level of agoraphobia. Considering the positive effects of regular activities, it is thought that by supporting individuals with meaningful and purposeful activities in the Covid-19 pandemic, occupational balance can be improved and the fear of Covid-19 can be reduced.

Keywords

• Agoraphobia
• fear
• mental health
• occupational balance
• psychosocial

Covid-19 Pandemisinde Okupasyonel Denge, Korku ve Agorafobi

Abstract

Amaç: Covid-19 pandemisi sonucunda bireylerin okupasyonel tercihleri ve okupasyonel dengeleri değişime uğramıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19 Pandemisi sırasında yetişkinlerde okupasyonel denge, Covid-19 korkusu ve agorafobiyi değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya altı yüz doksan dokuz kişi dahil edildi. Çalışmada Okupasyonel Denge Anketi (OBQ), Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ve DSM-5 Agorafobi Ölçeği kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ile DSM-5 Agorafobi Ölçeği arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı orta düzeyde bir ilişki bulundu (p<0,001, r=,497). Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ve OBQ arasında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı (p<0,05). Düzenli fiziksel ve serbest zaman aktivite alışkanlıklarına sahip bireyler daha iyi okupasyonel dengeye ve daha az Covid-19 korkusuna sahipti.
Sonuç: Covid-19 pandemisinde bireylerin aktivite tercihleri değişmiştir ve bireyler genellikle sedanter aktiviteleri tercih etmektedir. Covid-19 korkusunun artması, agorafobi düzeyini arttırmaktadır. Düzenli yapılan aktivitenin olumlu etkileri göz önüne alındığında; Covid-19 pandemisinde bireylerin anlamlı ve amaçlı aktivitelerle desteklenmesi ile okupasyonel dengenin geliştirilebileceği ve Covid-19 korkusunun azaltılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Agorafobi
• korku
• mental sağlık
• okupasyonel denge
• psikososyal

References

1. Afifi, T. O., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W. J. S. p., & epidemiology, p. (2006). Mental health profiles among married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample. 41(2), 122-129.
2. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H. J. I. j. o. m. h., & addiction. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. 1-9.
3. American Psychiatric Association, & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. United States.
4. Arrindell, W. A., Heesink, J., Feij, J. A. J. P., & differences, i. (1999). The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): Appraisal with 1700 healthy young adults in The Netherlands. 26(5), 815-826.
5. Aydin, O., Coldur, E. O., & Aydemir, O. J. A. P. D. (2017). Reliability and validity of Turkish Form of Agoraphobia Scale/DSM-5 Agorafobi Olcegi Turkce Formunun gecerliligi ve guvenilirligi. 18(S2), 24-31.
6. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., Ercan, H. J. I. j. o. m. h., & addiction. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. 1-14.
7. Cramm, J. M., Møller, V., & Nieboer, A. P. J. S. i. r. (2012). Individual-and neighbourhood-level indicators of subjective well-being in a small and poor Eastern Cape township: The effect of health, social capital, marital status, and income. 105(3), 581-593.
8. Duncan, M., Prowse, C. J. O. t. i. p., mental health. 5th ed. Chichester, W. S. J. W., & Sons, I. (2014). Occupational therapy with mood disorders. 389-407.

9. Erlandsson, L. K., & Eklund, M. J. J. o. O. S. (2006). Levels of complexity in patterns of daily occupations: Relationship to women's well‐being. 13(1), 27-36.
10. Günal, A., Pekçetin, S., Demirtürk, F., Şenol, H., Håkansson, C., & Wagman, P. J. S. j. o. o. t. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Turkish Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T). 27(7), 493-499.
11. Håkansson, C., Dahlin‐Ivanoff, S., & Sonn, U. J. J. o. o. S. (2006). Achieving balance in everyday life. 13(1), 74-82.
12. Håkansson, C., Lissner, L., Björkelund, C., & Sonn, U. J. S. J. o. O. T. (2009). Engagement in patterns of daily occupations and perceived health among women of working age. 16(2), 110-117.
13. Harvey, J. A., Chastin, S. F., Skelton, D. A. J. I. j. o. e. r., & health, p. (2013). Prevalence of sedentary behavior in older adults: a systematic review. 10(12), 6645-6661.
14. Hart, T. A., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R. J. D., & Anxiety. (1999). Relation of marital status to social phobia severity. 10(1), 28-32.
15. Katzmarzyk, P. T., Church, T. S., Craig, C. L., Bouchard, C. J. M., sports, s. i., & exercise. (2009). Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. 41(5), 998-1005.
16. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Jin, R., Ruscio, A. M., Shear, K., & Walters, E. E. J. A. o. g. p. (2006). The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. 63(4), 415-424.
17. Leufstadius, C., Eklund, M., & Erlandsson, L.-K. J. W. (2009). Meaningfulness in work–Experiences among employed individuals with persistent mental illness. 34(1), 21-32.
18. Lewis, G. J. P. M. (1996). DSM-IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. By the American Psychiatric Association.(Pp. 886;£ 34.95.) APA: Washington, DC. 1994. 26(3), 651-652.
19. Lindenberger, B. L., Plag, J., Schumacher, S., Gaudlitz, K., Bischoff, S., Bobbert, T., Dimeo, F., Petzold, M. B., Kirschbaum, C., Dudás, Z. J. D., & anxiety. (2017). Clinical and neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise in dental phobia: A randomized controlled trial. 34(11), 1040-1048.
20. Mamun, M. A., Ullah, I. J. B., behavior,, & immunity. (2020). COVID-19 suicides in Pakistan, dying off not COVID-19 fear but poverty?–The forthcoming economic challenges for a developing country. 87, 163.
21. Matuska, K., Bass, J., Schmitt, J. S. J. O. o., participation, & health. (2013). Life balance and perceived stress: Predictors and demographic profile. 33(3), 146-158.
22. McCabe, L., Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., Herrmann, N., & Streiner, D. L. J. T. A. j. o. g. p. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of agoraphobia in older adults. 14(6), 515-522.
23. Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. J. T. l. (2020). COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. 395(10229), 1033-1034.
24. Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. J. B. J. o. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. 42(3), 232-235.
25. Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. J. B. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. 368.
26. Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A. J. I. j. o. m. h., & addiction. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. 1-9.
27. Ströhle, A., Graetz, B., Scheel, M., Wittmann, A., Feller, C., Heinz, A., & Dimeo, F. J. J. o. p. r. (2009). The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. 43(12), 1013-1017.
28. Turcosa Analytics (2017). Turcosa Analytics [Cloud-based statistical software]. Retrieved from https://release.turcosa.com.tr
29. Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. J. S. j. o. o. t. (2014). Introducing the occupational balance questionnaire (OBQ). 21(3), 227-231.
30. Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Björklund, A. J. S. j. o. o. t. (2012). Occupational balance as used in occupational therapy: A concept analysis. 19(4), 322-327.
31. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., Ho, R. C. J. I. j. o. e. r., & health, p. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. 17(5), 1729.
32. Wilcock, A. A. (2006). An occupational perspective of health. Slack Incorporated.
33. Wilcock, A., Chelin, M., Hall, M., Hamley, N., Morrison, B., Scrivener, L., Townsend, M., & Treen, K. J. O. T. I. (1997). The relationship between occupational balance and health: A pilot study. 4(1), 17-30.
34. Wittchen, H. U., Gloster, A. T., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Fava, G. A., Craske, M. G. J. D., & Anxiety. (2010). Agoraphobia: a review of the diagnostic classificatory position and criteria. 27(2), 113-133.