Factors Affecting Physical Activity Level in Healthy Individuals During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 652 - 667, 31.12.2022

Ayşe Numanoğlu Akbaş Sinem Suner-keklik

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the physical activity levels of healthy individuals and the factors affecting these levels during the Coronavirus-19 pandemic period.
Materials and Methods: Individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 were included in the study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form, the Coronavirus-19 Phobia Scale, and the Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire were used to assess the individuals. A decision tree model made using the Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection Method was used to analyze how the variables explain the total physical activity score.
Results: In this study, 267 individuals (199 females 74.53%, 68 males 25.47%) with a mean age of 26.71±9.67 were included. It was observed that 77.15% of the individuals did not have sufficient levels of physical activity. According to the decision tree analysis, gender was the factor that most differentiated the total physical activity scores of the participants (p<0.001). Physical activity levels of men were found to be higher than women. It was observed that the physical activity levels of women differed in accordance with the Personal subscale of the Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire (p=0.002). Those who reported more personal barriers among women had lower physical activity levels.
Conclusions: It was determined that most individuals had insufficient levels of physical activity, and gender and personal barriers were the most important determinants. Our study reveals that to increase the physical activity level of healthy individuals, it is necessary to focus on factors related to internal motivation.

Keywords

Activity, Phobia, Pandemics, Health, Sedentary Behavior

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

We would like to thank Professor Sabri Erdem for his help in statistical analysis.

COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Sağlıklı Bireylerde Fiziksel Aktivite Seviyesini Etkileyen Faktörler

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı; Koronavirüs-19 pandemisi sırasında 18-65 yaş arası bireylerin fiziksel aktivite seviyelerini ve bu seviyeleri etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 18-65 yaş arası bireyler dâhil edildi. Bireyleri değerlendirmek için Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi kısa formu, Korona Virüs-19 Fobisi Ölçeği ve Fiziksel Aktivite Engelleri Ölçeği kullanıldı. Değişkenlerin toplam fiziksel aktivite puanını nasıl açıkladığını analiz etmek için Ki-Kare Otomatik Etkileşim Algılama Yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan bir karar ağacı modeli kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalamaları 26,71±9,67 olan 267 birey (199 kadın %74,53, 68 erkek %25,47) bu çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Bireylerin % 77,15’inin yeterli fiziksel aktivite seviyesine sahip olmadığı görüldü. Karar ağacı analizine göre total fiziksel aktivite skorunu en çok ayrıştıran faktör cinsiyetti (p<0,001). Erkeklerin fiziksel aktivite seviyeleri kadınlara oranla daha yüksekti. Kadın bireylerin fiziksel aktivite seviyelerinin Fiziksel Aktivite Engelleri Ölçeği Kişisel alt ölçeğine göre ayrıştığı görüldü (p=0,002). Kadınlar arasında daha fazla kişisel bariyer bildirenlerin fiziksel aktivite seviyeleri daha düşüktü.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonucunda bireylerin büyük kısmının yetersiz fiziksel aktivite seviyelerine sahip olduğu, fiziksel aktivite açısından cinsiyet ve kişisel bariyerlerin en önemli belirleyiciler olduğu tespit edildi. Çalışmamız, sağlıklı bireylerin fiziksel aktivite düzeyini artırmak için iç motivasyonla ilgili faktörlere odaklanılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Aktivite, Fobi, Pandemi, Sağlık, Sedanter Yaşam

Project Number

-

References

• American College of Sports Medicine. (9th ed.)(2013). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., et al. (2020). Effects of covıd-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the eclb-covıd19 ınternational online survey. Nutrients, 12(6), 1583. https://doi.org/10.37473/fic/10.1101/2020.05.04.20072447
• Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and individual differences, 1 (164), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
• Brolinson, P. G., & Elliott, D. (2007). Exercise and the immune system. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 26(3), 311-319. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.011
• Bassett DR Jr, Wyatt HR, Thompson H, Peters JC, Hill JO. (2010). Pedometer-measured physical activity and health behaviors in U.S. adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Oct;42(10):1819-25. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181dc2e54.
• Caviness, C. M., Bird, J. L., Anderson, B. J., Abrantes, A. M., & Stein, M. D. (2013). Minimum recommended physical activity, and perceived barriers and benefits of exercise in methadone maintained persons. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 44(4), 457-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2012.10.002.
• Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., et al. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(8), 1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.
• Dwyer, M. J., Pasini, M., De Dominicis, S., & Righi, E. (2020). Physical activity: Benefits and challenges during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(7), 1291-1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13710
• Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., et al. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
• Hall, G., Laddu, D. R., Phillips, S. A., Lavie, C. J., & Arena, R. (2020). A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 64,108-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005.
• Hammami, A., Harrabi, B., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2020). Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27 (1-2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1757494
• Hamrik Z, Sigmundová D, Kalman M, Pavelka J & Sigmund E.( 2014). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Czech adults: Results from the GPAQ study, European Journal of Sport Science, 14(2):193-198, DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.822565
• Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004). SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Journal of emerging infectious diseases, 10(7), 1206–1212. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030703
• Herazo-Beltrán, Y., Pinillos, Y., Vidarte, J., Crissien, E., Suarez, D., & García, R. (2017). Predictors of perceived barriers to physical activity in the general adult population: a cross-sectional study. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 21(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2016.04.003
• Kaushal, N., Keith, N., Aguiñaga, S., & Hagger, M. S. (2020). Social Cognition and socioecological predictors of home-based physical activity ıntentions, planning, and habits during the covıd-19 pandemic. Behavioral sciences,10(9), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10090133
• Lewis, B. A., Williams, D. M., Frayeh, A., & Marcus, B. H. (2016). Self-efficacy versus perceived enjoyment as predictors of physical activity behaviour. Psychology & health, 31(4), 456-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1111372.
• López-Sánchez, G. F., López-Bueno, R., Gil-Salmerón, A., Zauder, R., Skalska, M., Jastrzębska, J., et al. (2020). Comparison of physical activity levels in Spanish adults with chronic conditions before and during COVID-19 quarantine. European journal of public health, 31(1),161-166. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa159.
• Lovell, G. P., El Ansari, W., & Parker, J. K. (2010). Perceived exercise benefits and barriers of non-exercising female university students in the United Kingdom. International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(3), 784-798. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph7030784.
• Milanović, M., & Stamenković, M. (2016). CHAID decision tree: Methodological frame and application. Economic Themes, 54(4), 563-586. https://doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2016-0029
• Morey, J. N., Boggero, I. A., Scott, A. B., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2015). Current directions in stress and human immune function. Current opinion in psychology, 1(5), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.007
• Numanoğlu-Akbaş A, Suner-Keklik S, Yakut H. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between smart phone addiction and physical activity in university students. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. Suppl(1):63-73. doi:10.29359/BJHPA.2020.Suppl.1.07
• Organization, W. H. (2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Retrieved from. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Acces date 1.06.2021
• Pan, S. Y., Cameron, C., DesMeules, M., Morrison, H., Craig, C. L., & Jiang, X. (2009). Individual, social, environmental, and physical environmental correlates with physical activity among Canadians: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health, 9(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-21.
• Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 27 (1-2), 78-84. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100.
• Pinto, A. J., Dunstan, D. W., Owen, N., Bonfá, E., & Gualano, B. (2020). Combating physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 16, 347–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-0427-z
• Saglam, M., Arikan, H., Savci, S., Inal-Ince, D., Bosnak-Guclu, M., Karabulut, E., et al. (2010). International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Perceptual and motor skills, 111(1), 278-284. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.08.PMS.111.4.278-284.
• Shahidi, S. H., Stewart Williams, J., & Hassani, F. (2020). Physical activity during COVID‐19 quarantine. Acta paediatrica, 109(10), 2147-2148. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/apa.15420.
• Sharifi, N., Mahdavi, R., & Ebrahimi-Mameghani, M. (2013). Perceived barriers to weight loss programs for overweight or obese women. Health Promot Perspect, 3(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/ 10.5681/hpp.2013.002.
• Srivastav, A. K., Sharma, N., & Samuel, A. J. (2020). Impact of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) lockdown on physical activity and energy expenditure among physiotherapy professionals and students using web based open E-survey sent through WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram messengers. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 9:78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.07.003.
• Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Sinha, R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports medicine, 44(1), 81-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5.
• Tison, G. H., Avram, R., Kuhar, P., Abreau, S., Marcus, G. M., Pletcher, et al. (2020). Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: A descriptive study. Annals of internal medicine. 173(9):767-770. https://doi.org/ 10.7326/M20-2665
• Warburton, D. E., & Bredin, S. S. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current opinion in cardiology, 32(5), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437
• Yurtçiçek, S., & Şahin, N. (2018). The study of the valıdıty and relıabılıty of the Turkısh versıon of Physıcal Actıvıty Barriers Questıonnaire. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 6(71), 396-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.13736