Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports
Abstract
Abstract Background: Adrenal insufficiency is a critical medical condition that must be diagnosed early due to its potentially life-threatening complications¹. Acute adrenal insufficiency may present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations². The underlying etiology plays a particularly important role in determining the overall symptomatology and clinical presentation². We present three different cases of adrenal insufficiency with similar symptoms and electrolyte imbalances, but also with atypical or non-classical presentations that may be related to the underlying etiology and pathophysiology of the insufficiency. Case 1: A 34-year-old male construction worker presented to the Dicle University Emergency Department with flu-like symptoms, progressive weakness, and fatigue that had started two weeks prior to admission. Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia were the only abnormal laboratory findings at presentation. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with acute primary adrenal insufficiency. Case2: A 70-year-old woman with a complex medical history including asthma, essential hypertension, right knee prosthesis implantation (2 years prior), lumbar disc herniation, and recent candidal esophagitis was referred to Dicle University Training and Research Hospital due to chronic weakness and fatigue. Despite atypical clinical and laboratory findings, the patient was later diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency. Case3: A 19-year-old female with a history of Hodgkin lymphoma (diagnosed 7 years earlier) was initially treated with the ABVD protocol. Following relapse as a solitary splenic mass, splenectomy was recommended but declined by the patient and her family. Subsequent DHAP protocol failed to achieve disease regression. The patient then received BEAC protocol chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation. During the neutropenic phase, she developed infection complicated by sepsis. Despite laboratory improvement in infection markers, hypotension, confusion, and weakness persisted. Clinical suspicion of relative adrenal insufficiency was confirmed by low ACTH and cortisol levels. Conclusions: Adrenal insufficiency may present with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild fatigue to severe electrolyte imbalance, coma, and death. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in patients presenting with unexplained fatigue and weakness, particularly in the absence of significant comorbidities or an obvious etiology. Furthermore, normal electrolyte levels, euglycemia, and even normal ACTH levels do not exclude the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Endocrinology, Internal Diseases
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Yusuf Hekimoğlu
*
0000-0002-6838-9580
Türkiye
Serdar Değermenci
This is me
0000-0000-0000-0000
Türkiye
Zafer Pekkolay
0000-0002-5323-2257
Türkiye
Eşref Araç
0000-0001-6041-3817
Türkiye
Orhan Ayyıldız
0000-0001-5673-8408
Türkiye
Publication Date
August 26, 2026
Submission Date
March 10, 2026
Acceptance Date
August 10, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 18 Number: 2