Research Article

Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports

Volume: 18 Number: 2 August 26, 2026
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Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports

Abstract

Abstract Background: Adrenal insufficiency is a critical medical condition that must be diagnosed early due to its potentially life-threatening complications¹. Acute adrenal insufficiency may present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations². The underlying etiology plays a particularly important role in determining the overall symptomatology and clinical presentation². We present three different cases of adrenal insufficiency with similar symptoms and electrolyte imbalances, but also with atypical or non-classical presentations that may be related to the underlying etiology and pathophysiology of the insufficiency. Case 1: A 34-year-old male construction worker presented to the Dicle University Emergency Department with flu-like symptoms, progressive weakness, and fatigue that had started two weeks prior to admission. Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia were the only abnormal laboratory findings at presentation. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with acute primary adrenal insufficiency. Case2: A 70-year-old woman with a complex medical history including asthma, essential hypertension, right knee prosthesis implantation (2 years prior), lumbar disc herniation, and recent candidal esophagitis was referred to Dicle University Training and Research Hospital due to chronic weakness and fatigue. Despite atypical clinical and laboratory findings, the patient was later diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency. Case3: A 19-year-old female with a history of Hodgkin lymphoma (diagnosed 7 years earlier) was initially treated with the ABVD protocol. Following relapse as a solitary splenic mass, splenectomy was recommended but declined by the patient and her family. Subsequent DHAP protocol failed to achieve disease regression. The patient then received BEAC protocol chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation. During the neutropenic phase, she developed infection complicated by sepsis. Despite laboratory improvement in infection markers, hypotension, confusion, and weakness persisted. Clinical suspicion of relative adrenal insufficiency was confirmed by low ACTH and cortisol levels. Conclusions: Adrenal insufficiency may present with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild fatigue to severe electrolyte imbalance, coma, and death. Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion in patients presenting with unexplained fatigue and weakness, particularly in the absence of significant comorbidities or an obvious etiology. Furthermore, normal electrolyte levels, euglycemia, and even normal ACTH levels do not exclude the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Endocrinology, ​Internal Diseases

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 26, 2026

Submission Date

March 10, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 10, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 18 Number: 2

APA
Hekimoğlu, Y., Değermenci, S., Pekkolay, Z., Araç, E., & Ayyıldız, O. (2026). Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports. International Archives of Medical Research, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.56484/iamr.1906352
AMA
1.Hekimoğlu Y, Değermenci S, Pekkolay Z, Araç E, Ayyıldız O. Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports. IAMR. 2026;18(2):1-11. doi:10.56484/iamr.1906352
Chicago
Hekimoğlu, Yusuf, Serdar Değermenci, Zafer Pekkolay, Eşref Araç, and Orhan Ayyıldız. 2026. “Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports”. International Archives of Medical Research 18 (2): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.56484/iamr.1906352.
EndNote
Hekimoğlu Y, Değermenci S, Pekkolay Z, Araç E, Ayyıldız O (August 1, 2026) Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports. International Archives of Medical Research 18 2 1–11.
IEEE
[1]Y. Hekimoğlu, S. Değermenci, Z. Pekkolay, E. Araç, and O. Ayyıldız, “Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports”, IAMR, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1–11, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.56484/iamr.1906352.
ISNAD
Hekimoğlu, Yusuf - Değermenci, Serdar - Pekkolay, Zafer - Araç, Eşref - Ayyıldız, Orhan. “Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports”. International Archives of Medical Research 18/2 (August 1, 2026): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.56484/iamr.1906352.
JAMA
1.Hekimoğlu Y, Değermenci S, Pekkolay Z, Araç E, Ayyıldız O. Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports. IAMR. 2026;18:1–11.
MLA
Hekimoğlu, Yusuf, et al. “Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports”. International Archives of Medical Research, vol. 18, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 1-11, doi:10.56484/iamr.1906352.
Vancouver
1.Yusuf Hekimoğlu, Serdar Değermenci, Zafer Pekkolay, Eşref Araç, Orhan Ayyıldız. Adrenal Insufficiency: Diverse Clinical Presentations Accompanied by Case Reports. IAMR. 2026 Aug. 1;18(2):1-11. doi:10.56484/iamr.1906352

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