Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique

Year 2021, , 412 - 418, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.946611

Abstract

Metallic materials having a porosity of 70% or more are generally referred as highly porous metals. In this study, highly porous pure nickel materials were produced by powder metallurgy route. In the production process, potassium bromide was used both as a space-holder phase and as an oxidation shield. In the method, firstly, nickel and potassium bromide powders were mixed according to the desired void ratio. The obtained nickel-potassium bromide powders were pressed in a hydraulic press and turned into pellets (diameter: 13mm). Then, these pellets were pressed again in a wider mold (diameter: 21mm) so that all surfaces were covered with potassium bromide, and the encapsulation process was carried out. These capsules were embedded in potassium bromide in an alumina crucible for sintering. The sintering process was carried out in an open atmosphere at 1050 °C for 60 minutes. After the sintering process, the crucibles were kept in water to dissolve the crystallized potassium bromide around and inside the sample. Density, macrostructure, microstructure and EDS analyzes were performed on the samples. It was observed that open cell pores (58.3 - 78.1% vol) with diameters varying between 5 and 500 µm, which are homogeneously distributed in nickel, have been successfully obtained. In addition, it was proved that nickel foam materials can be produced in different sizes and designs.

Thanks

This work was supported by the Hakkari University Scientific Research Projects Unit (project number: FM20BAP9).

References

  • 1. Kennedy, A., Porous Metals and Metal Foams Made from Powders. 2012, in Powder Metallurgy: ed. Kondoh, K., IntechOpen. p. 31–46.
  • 2. García-Moreno, F., Commercial applications of metal foams: Their properties and production. Materials, 2016. 9(2): p. 1-27.
  • 3. Patel, P., Bhingole, P.P., Makwana, D., Manufacturing, characterization and applications of lightweight metallic foams for structural applications: Review. Materials Today Proceedings, 2018. 5(9): p. 20391–20402.
  • 4. Gibson, L.J., Metallic Foams: Structure, Properties, and Applications. 2001, in Mechanics for a New Millennium: ed. Aref, H., Phillips, J., Springer. p. 57–74.
  • 5. Unver, I., Gulsoy, H.O., Aydemir, B., Ni-625 superalloy foam processed by powder space-holder technique. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2013. 22(12): p. 3735–3741.
  • 6. Guven, Ş.Y., Toz Metalurjisi ve Metalik Köpükler. SDÜ Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 2011. 1(2): p. 22–28.
  • 7. Oriňák, A., Oriňáková, R., Králová, Z.O., Turoňová, A.M., Kupková, M., Hrubovčáková, M., et al., Sintered metallic foams for biodegradable bone replacement materials. Journal of Porous Materials, 2014. 21(2): p. 131–140.
  • 8. Kulshreshtha, A., Dhakad, S.K., Preparation of metal foam by different methods: A review. Materials Today Proceedings, 2019. 26(2): p. 1784–1790.
  • 9. Mohamed, A.A., Abdel-Karim, R.M., Zohdy, K.M., El-Raghy, S.M., Electrocatalytic activities of macro- Porous nickel electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2019. 62(4): p. 1065–1078.
  • 10. Gnedovets, A.G., Zelenskii, V.A., Ankudinov, A.B., Alymov, M.I., Hierarchically Structured, Highly Porous Nickel Synthesized in Sintering–Evaporation Process from a Metal Nanopowder and a Space Holder. Doklady Chemistry, 2019. 484(2): p. 64–67.
  • 11. Ternero, F., Caballero, E.S., Astacio, R., Cintas, J., Montes, J.M., Nickel porous compacts obtained by medium-frequency electrical resistance sintering. Materials, 2020. 13(9): p. 1–15.
  • 12. Tracey, V.A., Sintering of Porous Nickel. Powder Metallurgy, 1983. 26(2): p. 89–92.
  • 13. Abdullah, Z., Razali, R., Subuki, I., Omar, M.A., Ismail, M.H., An Overview of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Method for Porous Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). Advanced Materials Research, 2016. 1133, p. 269–274.
  • 14. Mohamed, L.Z., Ghanem, W.A., El Kady, O.A., Lotfy, M.M., Ahmed, H.A., Elrefaie, F.A., Oxidation characteristics of porous-nickel prepared by powder metallurgy and cast-nickel at 1273 K in air for total oxidation time of 100 h. Journal of Advanced Research, 2017. 8(6): p. 717–729.
  • 15. Tanış, N.A., Hakan, G., Bülent, B., Effect of Cu addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi based shape memory alloy. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2018. 02(01): p. 20–26.
  • 16. Gül, B., Gezici, L.U., Ayvaz, M., Çavdar, U., The comparative study of conventional and ultra-high frequency induction sintering behavior of pure aluminum. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2020. 4(3): p. 173–179.
  • 17. Nayar, H.S., Sintering Atmospheres. 2015, in Powder Metallurgy: ed. Samal, P., Newkirk, J., ASM International. p. 237–246.
  • 18. Gök, M.G., Spark Plasma Sintering of Nano Silicon Carbide Reinforced Alumina Ceramic Composites, European Mechanical Science, 2021. 5(2), p. 64-70.
  • 19. Dash, A., Vaßen, R., Guillon, O., Gonzalez-julian, J., Molten salt shielded synthesis of oxidation prone materials in air. Nature Materials, 2019. 18, p. 465-468.
  • 20. Mcdonald, L., No more inert atmospheres—Molten salt synthesis prevents oxidation of materials in air, 2019. [cited May 30, 2021]; Available from: https://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/manufacturing/no-more-inert-atmospheres-molten-salt-synthesis-prevents-oxidation-of-materials-in-air.
  • 21. Pinho, S.P., Macedo, E.A., Experimental measurement and modelling of KBr solubility in water, methanol, ethanol, and its binary mixed solvents at different temperatures. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2002. 34(3): p. 337–360.
  • 22. Roy, C., Banerjee, P., Bhattacharyya, S., Molten salt shielded synthesis (MS3) of Ti2AlN and V2AlC MAX phase powders in open air. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2020. 40(3): p. 923–329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.020.
  • 23. Moradi, M.R., Moloodi, A., Habibolahzadeh, A., Fabrication of Nano-composite Al-B4C Foam via Powder Metallurgy-Space Holder Technique. Procedia Materials Science, 2015. 11(2000): p. 553–559.
  • 24. Mat Noor, Fazimah, et al., Potassium Bromide as Space Holder for Titanium Foam Preparation, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014. 465(466): p. 922–926.
  • 25. Wang, Q.Z., Cui, C.X., Liu, S.J., Zhao, L.C., Open-celled porous Cu prepared by replication of NaCl space-holders. Materials Science and Engineering: A., 2010. 527(4): p. 1275–1278.
Year 2021, , 412 - 418, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.946611

Abstract

References

  • 1. Kennedy, A., Porous Metals and Metal Foams Made from Powders. 2012, in Powder Metallurgy: ed. Kondoh, K., IntechOpen. p. 31–46.
  • 2. García-Moreno, F., Commercial applications of metal foams: Their properties and production. Materials, 2016. 9(2): p. 1-27.
  • 3. Patel, P., Bhingole, P.P., Makwana, D., Manufacturing, characterization and applications of lightweight metallic foams for structural applications: Review. Materials Today Proceedings, 2018. 5(9): p. 20391–20402.
  • 4. Gibson, L.J., Metallic Foams: Structure, Properties, and Applications. 2001, in Mechanics for a New Millennium: ed. Aref, H., Phillips, J., Springer. p. 57–74.
  • 5. Unver, I., Gulsoy, H.O., Aydemir, B., Ni-625 superalloy foam processed by powder space-holder technique. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2013. 22(12): p. 3735–3741.
  • 6. Guven, Ş.Y., Toz Metalurjisi ve Metalik Köpükler. SDÜ Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 2011. 1(2): p. 22–28.
  • 7. Oriňák, A., Oriňáková, R., Králová, Z.O., Turoňová, A.M., Kupková, M., Hrubovčáková, M., et al., Sintered metallic foams for biodegradable bone replacement materials. Journal of Porous Materials, 2014. 21(2): p. 131–140.
  • 8. Kulshreshtha, A., Dhakad, S.K., Preparation of metal foam by different methods: A review. Materials Today Proceedings, 2019. 26(2): p. 1784–1790.
  • 9. Mohamed, A.A., Abdel-Karim, R.M., Zohdy, K.M., El-Raghy, S.M., Electrocatalytic activities of macro- Porous nickel electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2019. 62(4): p. 1065–1078.
  • 10. Gnedovets, A.G., Zelenskii, V.A., Ankudinov, A.B., Alymov, M.I., Hierarchically Structured, Highly Porous Nickel Synthesized in Sintering–Evaporation Process from a Metal Nanopowder and a Space Holder. Doklady Chemistry, 2019. 484(2): p. 64–67.
  • 11. Ternero, F., Caballero, E.S., Astacio, R., Cintas, J., Montes, J.M., Nickel porous compacts obtained by medium-frequency electrical resistance sintering. Materials, 2020. 13(9): p. 1–15.
  • 12. Tracey, V.A., Sintering of Porous Nickel. Powder Metallurgy, 1983. 26(2): p. 89–92.
  • 13. Abdullah, Z., Razali, R., Subuki, I., Omar, M.A., Ismail, M.H., An Overview of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Method for Porous Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). Advanced Materials Research, 2016. 1133, p. 269–274.
  • 14. Mohamed, L.Z., Ghanem, W.A., El Kady, O.A., Lotfy, M.M., Ahmed, H.A., Elrefaie, F.A., Oxidation characteristics of porous-nickel prepared by powder metallurgy and cast-nickel at 1273 K in air for total oxidation time of 100 h. Journal of Advanced Research, 2017. 8(6): p. 717–729.
  • 15. Tanış, N.A., Hakan, G., Bülent, B., Effect of Cu addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi based shape memory alloy. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2018. 02(01): p. 20–26.
  • 16. Gül, B., Gezici, L.U., Ayvaz, M., Çavdar, U., The comparative study of conventional and ultra-high frequency induction sintering behavior of pure aluminum. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2020. 4(3): p. 173–179.
  • 17. Nayar, H.S., Sintering Atmospheres. 2015, in Powder Metallurgy: ed. Samal, P., Newkirk, J., ASM International. p. 237–246.
  • 18. Gök, M.G., Spark Plasma Sintering of Nano Silicon Carbide Reinforced Alumina Ceramic Composites, European Mechanical Science, 2021. 5(2), p. 64-70.
  • 19. Dash, A., Vaßen, R., Guillon, O., Gonzalez-julian, J., Molten salt shielded synthesis of oxidation prone materials in air. Nature Materials, 2019. 18, p. 465-468.
  • 20. Mcdonald, L., No more inert atmospheres—Molten salt synthesis prevents oxidation of materials in air, 2019. [cited May 30, 2021]; Available from: https://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/manufacturing/no-more-inert-atmospheres-molten-salt-synthesis-prevents-oxidation-of-materials-in-air.
  • 21. Pinho, S.P., Macedo, E.A., Experimental measurement and modelling of KBr solubility in water, methanol, ethanol, and its binary mixed solvents at different temperatures. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2002. 34(3): p. 337–360.
  • 22. Roy, C., Banerjee, P., Bhattacharyya, S., Molten salt shielded synthesis (MS3) of Ti2AlN and V2AlC MAX phase powders in open air. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2020. 40(3): p. 923–329. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.020.
  • 23. Moradi, M.R., Moloodi, A., Habibolahzadeh, A., Fabrication of Nano-composite Al-B4C Foam via Powder Metallurgy-Space Holder Technique. Procedia Materials Science, 2015. 11(2000): p. 553–559.
  • 24. Mat Noor, Fazimah, et al., Potassium Bromide as Space Holder for Titanium Foam Preparation, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014. 465(466): p. 922–926.
  • 25. Wang, Q.Z., Cui, C.X., Liu, S.J., Zhao, L.C., Open-celled porous Cu prepared by replication of NaCl space-holders. Materials Science and Engineering: A., 2010. 527(4): p. 1275–1278.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Material Characterization
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Güven Gök 0000-0002-5959-0549

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Submission Date June 1, 2021
Acceptance Date September 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Gök, M. G. (2021). The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 5(3), 412-418. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.946611
AMA Gök MG. The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. December 2021;5(3):412-418. doi:10.35860/iarej.946611
Chicago Gök, Mustafa Güven. “The Production of Open Cell Ni-Foam Using KBr As Spacer and Oxidation Shield via Powder Metallurgy Technique”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (December 2021): 412-18. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.946611.
EndNote Gök MG (December 1, 2021) The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 5 3 412–418.
IEEE M. G. Gök, “The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique”, Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 412–418, 2021, doi: 10.35860/iarej.946611.
ISNAD Gök, Mustafa Güven. “The Production of Open Cell Ni-Foam Using KBr As Spacer and Oxidation Shield via Powder Metallurgy Technique”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 5/3 (December 2021), 412-418. https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.946611.
JAMA Gök MG. The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. 2021;5:412–418.
MLA Gök, Mustafa Güven. “The Production of Open Cell Ni-Foam Using KBr As Spacer and Oxidation Shield via Powder Metallurgy Technique”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, 2021, pp. 412-8, doi:10.35860/iarej.946611.
Vancouver Gök MG. The production of open cell Ni-foam using KBr as spacer and oxidation shield via powder metallurgy technique. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. 2021;5(3):412-8.



Creative Commons License

Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.