Digital heritage: A case study

Abstract

This research aimed to assess the status of digital heritage and digital asset management as a source of strategic competitive advantage. The concept of digital heritage was examined in the individual dimension with “Author, Life Workshop Founder, Personal Consultant Mr. Aret Vartanyan” by using the qualitative research method “case study” model. In the case study, the “case” is Mr. Aret Vartanyan. Data triangulation, combining interview and document analysis, was used. PRISMA Statement was used to collect data for document analysis. The data were divided into themes in line with the descriptive analysis principles after the interview. The finding shows that the required legal regulations regarding digital heritage are essential, that the right strategies should be developed for digital asset management, and that the necessary to keep up with digital transformation in order to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. The study is expected to help researchers, practitioners and policy makers gain more in-depth knowledge about digital heritage and the impacts of managing and preserving digital assets.

Keywords

• Digital heritage
• Digital asset management
• Strategic competitive advantage
• Digital footprint

References

1. Al-Sheik, K. A. I., &Saad, R. (2021). Provisions of Electronic Inheritance. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(7). google scholar
2. Aryamov, A. A., &Gracheva, Y. V. (2019). Digitalization: Criminal law risks in the economy. Actual Problems of Russian Law, (6), 108-116, https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.103.6.108-116 google scholar
3. Austerberry, D. (2012). Digital asset management. Routledge. google scholar
4. Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods For The Social Sciences. Allyn And Bacon, Boston. google scholar
5. Berle, A. A., & Means, G. G. C. (1991). The modern corporation and private property. Transaction publishers. google scholar
6. Bessarab, N. S. (2020). Digital right in the field of inheritance. In 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020) (pp. 366-370). Atlantis Press. google scholar
7. Biyan, Ö., & Akçil, Ç. G. (2018). Dijital miras ve vergisel boyutu. Legal Mali Hukuk Dergisi, 14(165), 2637-2662. google scholar
8. Borrego, Á. (2020). Measuring the impact of digital heritage collections using google scholar. Information Technology and Libraries, 39(2). google scholar

9. Burkey, B. (2022). From bricks to clicks: How digital heritage initiatives create a new ecosystem for cultural heritage and collective remembering. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 46(2), 185-205.https://doi.org/10.1177/01968599211041112 google scholar
10. Cameron, F. (2007). Beyond the Cult of the Replicant: Museums and Historical Digital Objects – Traditional Concerns, New Discourses. In: Cameron, F. & Kenderdine, S. (Eds.), Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage. MIT Press. google scholar
11. Cameron, F., & Kenderdine, S. (Eds.). (2007). Theorizing digital cultural heritage: A critical discourse. MIT Press. google scholar
12. Carroll, E., & Romano, K. (2011). Your Digital Afterlife: When Facebook, Flickr and Twitter Are Your Estate, What's Your Legacy? New Riders. google scholar
13. Cherrington, M., Lu, Z. J., Xu, Q., Thabtah, F., Airehrour, D., &Madanian, S. (2020). Digital Asset Management: New Opportunities from High Dimensional Data—A New Zealand Perspective. In Advances in asset management and condition monitoring (pp. 183-193). Springer, Cham. google scholar
14. Coase, R. H. (1937). Some notes on monopoly price. The Review of Economic Studies, 5(1), 17-31. google scholar
15. Coase, R. H. (1993). The nature of the firm (1937). Economica, 4, 396-405. google scholar
16. Colley, L. (2014). Acts of union and disunion. Profile Books. google scholar
17. Coraiola, D. M., Foster, W. M., & Suddaby, R. (2015). Varieties of history in organization studies. In The Routledge companion to management and organizational history (pp. 206-221). Routledge. google scholar
18. Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The Discipline And Practice Of Qualitative Research, 3. N. K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, (Editors), The Sage Handbook Of Qualitative Research, (Ss. 651-679), California: Sage Publications, Inc. google scholar
19. Deveciyan, M. T., and Alay, H. K. (2022). Sürdürülebilirlik Bağlamında Dijital Miras Kavramı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(30. YönOrg 2022), 114-125.https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1133194 google scholar
20. Dinc, M. Y. (2019). Olümden Sonra Sosyal Medya Hesaplarının Hukuki Akıbeti: Dijital Miras. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 2019(142), 273-288. google scholar
21. Dowling, M. (2021). Fertile LAND: Pricing non-fungible tokens. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021. 102096 google scholar
22. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1988). Agency-and institutional-theory explanations: The case of retail sales compensation. Academy of Management journal, 31(3), 488-511. google scholar
23. Erben, Ş.E. (2019), Aktivizmin Dijital Dönüşümü, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Kocaeli.Türkiye. google scholar
24. Erdoğan, B. Ü. (2024) Toplumsal Bellekten Medya Belleğe: Hafıza İnşasında Dijital Ortamlar. 4. BOYUT Medya ve Kültürel Çalışmalar Dergisi, (25), 167-187. google scholar
25. Farooqui, M. O., Sharma, B., & Gupta, D. (2022). Inheritance of digital assets: Analyzing the concept of digital inheritance on social media platforms. Novum Jus, 16(3), 413-435.https://doi.org/10.14718/novumjus.2022.16.3.15 google scholar
26. Giaccardi, E. (2012). Heritage and Social Media: Understanding Heritage in a Participatory Culture. Routledge. google scholar
27. Grove, H., Clouse, M., & Schaffner, L. G. (2018). Digitalization impacts on corporate governance. Journal of governance & regulation, (7, Iss. 4), 51-63.https://doi.org/10.22495/JGR_V7_I4_P6 google scholar
28. Gu, Z. Q. (2022). Encrypted Digital Collections, Exotic Art and Metaverse Scenes. Southeast Culture, (3),134-137. https://doi.org/10.3969/ j.issn.1001-179X.2022.03.014. google scholar
29. Harrison, R. (2013). Heritage: Critical approaches. Routledge. google scholar
30. Hatch, J. A. (2002). A special section on personalized instruction accountability shove down: Resisting the standards movement in early childhood education. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(6), 457-462. google scholar
31. Hill, C. W., & Jones, T. M. (1992). Stakeholder‐agency theory. Journal of management studies, 29(2), 131-154. google scholar
32. Ileri C (2020). “Dijital Miras” - Alman Federal Mahkemesi’nin “Facebook” Kararı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, (146), 123 - 152. google scholar
33. İlgar, S. C., & İlgar, M. Z. (2014). Nitel veri analizinde bilgisayar programları kullanılması. İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi/IZU Journal of Social Science. google scholar
34. Jensen, B. (2013). Instagram as cultural heritage: User participation, historical documentation, and curating in Museums and archives through social media. In 2013 digital heritage international congress (Digital Heritage) (Vol. 2, pp. 311-314). IEEE. google scholar
35. Jensen, M. C., &Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360. google scholar
36. Joint, N. (2009). Practical digital asset management and the university library. Library Review, 58(2), 89-96. google scholar
37. Karp, C. (2014). Digital heritage in digital museums. Museum international, 66(1-4), 157-162. google scholar
38. Kharitonova, J. S. (2021). Digital assets and digital inheritance. Law & Digital Technologies, (1), 19-26. google scholar
39. Kıyan, Z., & Kocager, U. (2020). Türkiye’de Twitter’ın kamusal tartışmalardaki rolü üzerine bir araştırma. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (34), 464-489. google scholar
40. Kopaliani, D. N. (2007, May). Digital asset management system for libraries. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (pp. 527-531). IEEE. google scholar
41. Kreiczer-Levy, S., &Donyets-Kedar, R. (2018). Better Left Forgotten: An Argument Against Treating Some Social Media and Digital Assets as Inheritance in an Era of Platform Power. Brook. L. Rev., 84, 703. google scholar
42. Kubera (2023) https://www.kubera.com/blog/digital-asset-investment (date of access: 20.08.2023) google scholar
43. Kuusisto, M. (2017). Organizational effects of digitalization: A literature review. International journal of organization theory and behavior, 20(03), 341-362. google scholar
44. Li, L. (2022). On the development and value of digital collections in museums. Southeast Culture, (3),157-160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j. issn.1001-179X.2022.03.025. google scholar
45. MacDonald, L. (Ed.). (2006). Digital heritage. Routledge. google scholar
46. Maclean, M., Harvey, C., & Clegg, S. R. (2016). Conceptualizing historical organization studies. Academy of Management Review, 41(4), 609-632. google scholar
47. Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, d. (2011). To See and Be Seen: Celebrity Practice on Twitter. Convergence, 17(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10. 1177/1354856510394539 google scholar
48. Meta Inc, 2023 https://about.meta.com/ (date of access:12.07.2022) google scholar
49. Mikk, T., and Sein, K. (2018). Digital Inheritance: Heirs' Right To Claim Access To Online Accounts Under Estonian Law. Juridica Int'l, 27, 117.https://doi.org/10.12697/JI.2018.27.12 google scholar
50. Moncur, W., and Waller, A. (2010, October). Digital İnheritance. In Proceedings Of The Rcuk Digital Futures Conference, Acm, Nottingham, UK. google scholar
51. Mudogo Mutula, S. (2014). Status of digital heritage preservation management in Eastern Africa. The Electronic Library, 32(3), 363-374. google scholar
52. Mudogo Mutula, S. (2014). Status of digital heritage preservation management in Eastern Africa. The Electronic Library, 32(3), 363-374. google scholar
53. Münster, S. (2019). Digital heritage as a scholarly field—Topics, researchers, and perspectives from a bibliometric point of view. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH), 12(3), 1-27.https://doi.org/10.1145/3310012 google scholar
54. Münster, S., & Terras, M. (2020). The visual side of digital humanities: a survey on topics, researchers, and epistemic cultures. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 35(2), 366-389. google scholar
55. Nakagawa, H., &Orita, A. (2022). Using deceased people’s personal data. AI & SOCIETY, 1-19. google scholar
56. National Library of Australia (2003) Guidelines for the preservation of digital heritage. Available via UNESCO.https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000130071 Accessed at 01.09.2023.(date of access:12.07.2023) google scholar
57. Navarrete, T. (2019). Digital heritage tourism: innovations in museums. World Leisure Journal, 61(3),200214.https://www.tandfonline. com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/16078055.2019.1639920 google scholar
58. Nelson, B. (1974). Max Weber's “author's introduction”(1920): a master clue to his main aims. Sociological Inquiry, 44(4), 269-278. google scholar
59. Niccolucci, F., Felicetti, A., & Hermon, S. (2022). Populating the data space for cultural heritage with heritage digital twins. Data, 7(8), 105.https://doi.org/10.3390/data7080105 google scholar
60. Parrilla, J. A. C. (2021). The Legal Regulation of Digital Wealth: Commerce, Ownership and Inheritance of Data. European Review of Private Law, 29(5).https://doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021042 google scholar
61. Parry, R. (2007). Recoding the museum: Digital heritage and the technologies of change. Routledge. google scholar
62. Patti, F. P., & Bartolini, F. (2019). Digital Inheritance and Post Mortem Data Protection: The Italian Reform. European Review of Private Law (ERPL), Forthcoming, Bocconi Legal Studies Research Paper, (3397974). google scholar
63. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative social work, 1(3), 261-283.https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325002001003636 google scholar
64. Paucar-León, V. J., Molina-Granja, F., Lozada-Yánez, R., &Santillán-Lima, J. C. (2022, July). Model of Long-Term Preservation of Digital Documents in Institutes of Higher Education. In International Conference on Knowledge Management in Organizations (pp. 257-269). Cham: Springer International Publishing. google scholar
65. Pérez-Montoro, M. (2011). Theoretical perspectives on content management. Content management for e-learning, 3-26. google scholar
66. Perrone, M. (2012). What happens when we die: estate planning of digital assets. Comm Law Conspectus, 21, 185. google scholar
67. Petkovic, M., & Li, H. (2007). Digital inheritance of personal and commercial content using DRM. In 4th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2007), January 11-13, 2007, Las Vegas, NV, USA (pp. 950-954). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. google scholar
68. Popescu, A. (2021). Non-Fungible Tokens (Nft)-Innovation Beyond The Craze. In 5th International Conference On Innovation İn Business, Economics And Marketing Research. google scholar
69. Porter, M. E. (1980). Industry structure and competitive strategy: Keys to profitability. Financial analysts journal, 36(4), 30-41. google scholar
70. Re Cecconi, F., Dejaco, M. C., Moretti, N., Mannino, A., & Blanco Cadena, J. D. (2020). Digitalassetmanagement. In DigitalTransformation of the Design, Construction and Management Processes of theBuilt Environment (pp. 243-253). Springer, Cham. google scholar
71. Schubauer, P. (2021). Some Legal Challenges Of Digital Inheritance With Special Regard To Privacy. Pro Futuro, 84. google scholar
72. Seker, S. E.(2015). Dijital Varlık Ve Enformasyon Toplumu (Digital Asset And Information Society), Ybs Ansiklopedi, 2(2), Pp. 12-16. google scholar
73. Shavell, S. (1979). Risk sharing and incentives in the principal and agent relationship. The Bell Journal of Economics, 55-73. google scholar
74. Sheridan, P. (2020). Inheriting digital assets: does the revised uniform fiduciary access to digital assets act fall short?. Ohio St. Tech. LJ, 16, 363. google scholar
75. Soto C. (2023) https://openasset.com/blog/ai-dam/ (date of access: 09.09.2023) google scholar
76. Tan, K. L., Chi, C. H., & Lam, K. Y. (2022). Analysis of digital sovereignty and identity: From digitization to digitalization. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.10069. google scholar
77. Tekelioğlu, N. (2022). Eşya Kavramını Yeniden Düşünmek: NFT’lerin Eşya Niteliği Ve Eşya Hukuku Bakımından Geleceği Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(3), 1301-1329. google scholar
78. Tohanean, D., Sorin-George, T. O. M. A., & Dumitru, I. (2018). Organizational performance and digitalization in industry 4.0. Journal of Emerging Trends in Marketing and Management, 1(1), 282-288. google scholar
79. Toygar, A., Rohm Jr, C. E., & Zhu, J. (2013). A New Asset Type: Digital Assets. Journal Of International Technology And Information Management, 22(4), 7. https://doi.org/10.58729/1941-6679.1024 google scholar
80. Truong, V. T., Le, L. B., &Niyato, D. (2023). Blockchain meets metaverse and digital asset management: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access. google scholar
81. Tureby, M. T., & Johansson, J. (2022). Migrant Life Stories as Digital Heritage. Culture Unbound, 14(2), 202-224. google scholar
82. Ucak, M. (2021) Kişisel Verilerin Ölümden Sonra Korunması. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(10), 97-123. google scholar
83. UNESCO. (2003). Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage. https://unesdoc.unesco.org google scholar
84. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. google scholar
85. Viola, L., &Fiscarelli, A. M. (2020). From Digitized Sources to Digital Data: Behind the Scences of (Critically) Enriching a Digital Heritage Collection. In COLCO (pp. 51-64). google scholar
86. Vučković, R. M., & Kanceljak, I. (2019). Does the Right to Use Digital Content Affect Our Digital Inheritance?. EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), 3, 724-746. google scholar
87. Wadhwani, R. D., & Bucheli, M. (2014). The future of the past in management and organization studies. Organizations in time: History, theory, methods, 3-32. google scholar
88. Walker, M. D. (2017). The new uniform digital assets law: estate planning and administration in theinformation age. Real Prop. Tr. &Est. LJ, 52, 51. google scholar
89. Walsh, J. P., & Ungson, G. R. (1991). Organizational memory. Academy of management review, 16(1), 57-91. google scholar
90. Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-Fungible Token (Nft): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities And Challenges. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:2105.07447. google scholar
91. Wang, Q., Li, R., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2021). Non-Fungible Token (Nft): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities And Challenges. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:2105.07447. google scholar
92. Wang, X., Lasaponara, R., Luo, L., Chen, F., Wan, H., Yang, R., & Zhen, J. (2020). Digital heritage. In Manual of Digital Earth (pp. 565-591). Springer, Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3 google scholar
93. Waterton, E., & Smith, L. (2010). The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1–2), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441671 google scholar
94. Watkins, I. (2021). Non-Fungible Tokens (Nft) And The Evolution Of Art. Available At: https://Rep.Vsu.By/Bitstream/123456789/30743/1/ 278-280.Pdf. google scholar
95. Weber, M. (2019). Economy and society: A new translation. Harvard University Press. google scholar
96. White, M., Patoli, Z., &Pascu, T. (2013, October). Knowledge networking through social media for a digital heritage resource. In 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage) (Vol. 2, pp. 389-392). IEEE. google scholar
97. Williamson, O. E. (1981). The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach. American journal of sociology, 87(3), 548-577. google scholar
98. Yang, Y., Yang, X., Xiao, Z., & Liu, Z. (2023). Digitalization and environmental performance: An empirical analysis of Chinese textile and apparel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 382, 135338. google scholar
99. Yasseri, T., Gildersleve, P., & David, L. (2022). Collective memory in the digital age. Progress in brain research, 274(1), 203-226. google scholar
100. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research Design And Methods (3. Baskı). London: Sage Publications. google scholar
101. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (12. baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. google scholar
102. Zhang, J. F., Xu, Z., Peng, Y., Yang, W., & Zhao, H. (2022). Culture, Digital Assets, and the Economy: A Trans-National Perspective. In Big Data in Finance: Opportunities and Challenges of Financial Digitalization (pp. 159-184). Cham: Springer International Publishing. google scholar