To Be Rated or To Be Indexed: Corporate Governance Rating Experience in Borsa Istanbul
Year 2020,
, 271 - 300, 30.11.2020
Burak Pirgaip
Mehmet Berktay Akyüz
Abstract
We aim at answering whether it is more noteworthy for investors to attain or sustain corporate governance goals by examining how the market reacts towards announcements regarding corporate governance ratings (CGR) and corporate governance index (XCORP) including the firms listed in Borsa Istanbul within the sample period of 2007-2018 using a standard event study methodology. We found that, although both announcements produce relatively weak signals, joint announcements made upon XCORP inclusions along with first ever CGR (attainment) have more significance when compared to single announcements of subsequent CGR (sustainment) in the pre-event period. However, we also determined that the impact of subsequent CGR announcements in the post-event period was more profound. Our results revealed that the market anticipates XCORP inclusions whereas subsequent CGR are unexpected. Besides, the weak support for signaling hypothesis was considered to result from the obscuring effects of current legislation and market practices.
Supporting Institution
The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
References
- Al-ahdal, W. M., Alsamhi, M. H., Tabash, M. I., & Farhan, N. H. (2020). The impact of corporate governance on financial performance of Indian and GCC listed firms: An empirical investigation. Research in International Business and Finance, 51, 101083.
- Al-Yahyaee, K. H., Pham, T. M., & Walter, T. S. (2011). The information content of cash dividend announcements in a unique environment. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(3), 606-612.
- Anand, A. (2006). An Analysis of Enabling vs. Mandatory Corporate Governance Structures Post-Sarbanes-Oxley. Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, 31(1), 229-252.
- Anderson, W. (2009). Alternative event study methodology for detecting dividend signals in the context of joint dividend and earnings announcements. Accounting & Finance, 49(2), 247-265.
- Ararat, M., Black, B. S., & Yurtoglu, B. B. (2017). The effect of corporate governance on firm value and profitability: Time-series evidence from Turkey. Emerging Markets Review, 30, 113-132.
- Armitage, S. (1995). Event study methods and evidence on their performance. Journal of Economic Surveys, 9, 25-52.
- Arora, A., & Bodhanwala, S. (2018). Relationship between Corporate Governance Index and Firm Performance: Indian Evidence. Global Business Review, 19(3), 675-689.
- Arora, A., & Sharma, C. (2016). Corporate governance and firm performance in developing countries: evidence from India. Corporate governance.
- Ataman, B., Gökçen, G., Cavlak, H., & Cebeci, Y. (2017). Analysis of the Relationship Between Corporate Governance Perception and Corporate Governance Rating. Journal of Finance Letters, 31(107), 161-185.
- Basdas, U., & Oran, A. (2014). Event studies in Turkey. Borsa Istanbul Review, 14(3), 167-188.
- Bauer, R., Guenster, N., & Otten, R. (2004). Empirical evidence on corporate governance in Europe: the effect on stock returns, firm value and performance. Journal of Asset Management, 5(2), 91-104.
- Bebchuk, L., Cohen, A., & Ferrell, A. (2009). What matters in corporate governance?. The Review of financial studies, 22(2), 783-827.
- Bhagat, S., Bolton, B., & Romano, R. (2008). The promise and peril of corporate governance indices. Colum. L. Rev., 108, 1803-1882.
- Bhatt, P. R., & Bhatt, R. R. (2017). Corporate governance and firm performance in Malaysia. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society.
- Bhattacharya, S. (1979). Imperfect information, dividend policy and "the bird in hand" fallacy. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 259-270.
- Bildik, R., & Gülay, G. (2008). The effects of changes in index composition on stock prices and volume: Evidence from the Istanbul stock exchange. International Review of Financial Analysis, 17(1), 178-197.
- Binder, J. (1998). The event study methodology since 1969. Review of quantitative Finance and Accounting, 11(2), 111-137.
- Black, B., De Carvalho, A. G., Khanna, V., Kim, W., & Yurtoglu, B. (2014). Methods for multicountry studies of corporate governance: Evidence from the BRIKT countries. Journal of Econometrics, 183(2), 230-240.
- Black, B., & Khanna, V. (2007). Can Corporate Governance Reforms Increase Firm Market Values? Event Study Evidence from India. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4(4), 749-796.
- Black, B., Love, I., & Rachinsky, A. (2006). Corporate governance indices and firms' market values: Time series evidence from Russia. Emerging Markets Review, 7(4), 361-379.
- Bozcuk, A. (2010). Price reaction to corporate governance rating announcements at the Istanbul Stock Exchange. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 2(1), 1-6.
- Certo, S., Daily, C., & Dalton, D. (2001). Signaling firm value through board structure: An investigation of initial public offerings. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 33-50.
- Chang, R.-D., & Wei, J.-T. (2011). Effects of governance on investment decisions and perceptions of reporting credibility: Investment experience of Taiwanese individual investors. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(1), 139-155.
- Chan-Lau, J. (2002). Corporate restructuring in Japan: an event-study analysis. Japan and the World Economy, 14(4), 367-377.
- Cheung, Y., Connelly, J., Jiang, P., & Limpaphayom, P. (2011). Does corporate governance predict future performance? Evidence from Hong Kong. Financial Management, 40(1), 159-197.
- Cohen, B. D., & Dean, T. J. (2005). Information asymmetry and investor valuation of IPOs: top management team legitimacy as a capital market signal. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 683-690.
- Connelly, B., Certo, S., Ireland, R., & Reutzel, C. (2011). Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39-67.
- Da Silva, A., & Leal, R. (2005). Corporate governance index, firm valuation and performance in Brazil. Brazilian Review of Finance, 3(1), 1-18.
- Daines, R., Gow, I., & Larcker, D. (2010). Rating the ratings: How good are commercial governance ratings? Journal of Financial Economics, 98(3), 439-461.
- Dasilas, A., Lyroudi, K., & Ginoglou, D. (2008). Joint effects of interim dividend and earnings announcements in Greece. Studies in Economics and Finance, 25(4), 212-232.
- Diamond, D. (1985). Optimal release of information by firms. Journal of Finance, 40(4), 1071-1094.
- Donker, H., & Zahir, S. (2008). Towards an impartial and effective corporate governance rating system. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 8(1), 83-93.
- Drobetz, W., Schillhofer, A., & Zimmermann, H. (2004). Corporate governance and expected stock returns: Evidence from Germany. European financial management, 10(2), 267-293.
- Easton, S. (1991). Earnings and dividends: Is there an interaction effect? Journal of Business, Finance and Accounting, 18, 255-266.
- Eddy, A., & Seifert, B. (1992). Stock price reactions to dividend and earnings announcements: contemporaneous versus noncontemporaneous announcements. Journal of Financial Research, 15(3), 201-217.
- Epps, R., & Cereola, S. (2008). Do institutional shareholder services (ISS) corporate governance ratings reflect a company's operating performance? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(8), 1135-1148.
- Ernst&Young. (2016). Corporate Governance Challenges in Peru towards the Pacific Alliance. Lima: Ernst&Young.
- Ertugrul, M., & Hegde, S. (2009). Corporate governance ratings and firm performance. Financial Management, 38(1), 139-160.
- Fama, E. (1965). The behavior of stock market prices. Journal of Business, 38, 34-105.
- Foerster, S., & Huen, B. (2004). Does corporate governance matter to Canadian investors? Canadian Investment Review, Fall, 19-25.
- Fuenzalida, D., Mongrut, S., Arteaga, J., & Erausquin, A. (2013). Good corporate governance: Does it pay in Peru? Journal of Business Research, 66, 1759-1770.
- Garay, U., & Gonzalez, M. (2008). Corporate Governance and Firm Value: The Case of Venezuela. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16(3), 194-209.
- George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2000). The Role of Time in Theory and Theory Building. Journal of Management, 26(4), 657-684.
- Ghosh, S. (2018). Governance reforms and performance of MENA banks: Are disclosures effective?. Global Finance Journal, 36, 78-95.
- Gillan, S. L. (2006). Recent Developments in Corporate Governance: An Overview. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12(3), 381-402.
- Gompers, P., Ishii, J., & Metrick, A. (2003). Corporate governance and equity prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 107-155.
- Guest, P. M., & Nerino, M. (2020). Do Corporate Governance Ratings Change Investor Expectations? Evidence from Announcements by Institutional Shareholder Services. Review of Finance, 24(4), 891-928.
- Gupta, M., & Fields, L. P. (2009). Board Independence and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Director Resignations. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 36(1-2), 161-184.
- Harris, L., & Gürel, E. (1986). Price and volume effects associated with changes in the S&P 500 list: New evidence for the existence of price pressures. The Journal of Finance, 41(4), 815-829.
- Heil, O., & Robertson, T. (1991). Toward a theory of competitive market signalling: A research agenda. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 403-418.
- Hodgson, A., Lhaopadchan, S., & Buakes, S. (2011). How informative is the Thai corporate governance index? A financial approach. International Journal of Accounting &
Information Management, 19(1), 53-79.
- Jensen, M. (1978). Some anomalous evidence regarding market efficiency. Journal of Financial Economics, 6, 95-101.
- Kalaignanam, K., & Bahadir, S. C. (2013). Corporate brand name changes and business restructuring: is the relationship complementary or substitutive?. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(4), 456-472.
- Kane, A., Lee, Y., & Marcus, A. (1984). Earnings and dividend announcements: is there a corroboration effect? The Journal of Finance, 39(4), 1091-1099.
- Kang, E., Ding, D. K., & Charoenwong, C. (2009). Investor reaction to women directors. Journal of Business Research, 63(8), 888-894.
- Kaur, M., & Vij, M. (2018). Corporate governance index and firm performance: empirical evidence from Indian banking. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(2), 190-207.
- Kavcar, B., & Gümrah, Ü. (2017). Corporate Governance Principles Compliance and Firm Value in Istanbul Stock Exchange: Case study. International Journal of Economic & Social Research, 13(1).
- Kılıç, S. (2011), Measuring the Return Performances of the Companies Included in ISE Corporate Governance Index. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 48(552).
- Koehn, D., & Ueng, J. (2005). Evaluating the evaluators: should investors trust corporate governance metrics ratings? Journal of Management & Governance, 9(2), 111-128.
- Korent, D., Đunđek, I., & Klačmer Čalopa, M. (2014). Corporate governance practices and firm performance measured by Croatian Corporate Governance Index (CCGI®). Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 27(1), 221-231.
- Kothari, S. P., & Warner, J. B. (2007). Econometrics of event studies. In Handbook of empirical corporate finance (pp. 3-36). Elsevier.
- Kouwenberg, R., & Phunnarungsi, V. (2013). Corporate governance, violations and market reactions. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 21(1), 881-898.
- Lee, P. M. (2001). What’s in a name .com? The effects of “.com” name changes on stock prices and trading activity. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 793-804.
- Lehn, K., Patro, S., & Zhao, M. (2007). Governance indexes and valuation: which causes which?. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13(5), 907-928.
- Litvak, K. (2007). The effect of the Sarbanes-Oxley act on non-US companies cross-listed in the US. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13(2-3), 195-228.
- Lonie, A., Abeyratna, G., Power, D., & Sinclair, C. (1996). The stock market reaction to dividend announcements. Journal of Economic Studies, 23(1), 32-52.
- MacKinlay, A. (1997). Event Studies in Economics and Finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 13-39.
- McCluskey, T., Burton, B., Power, D., & Sinclair, C. (2006). Evidence on the Irish stock market's reaction to dividend announcements. Applied Financial Economics, 16(8), 617-628.
- McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (1997). Event Studies in Management Research: Theoretical and Empirical Issues. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 626-657.
- Miller, M., & Rock, K. (1985). Dividend policy under asymmetric information. The Journal of finance, 40(4), 1031-1051.
- Morey, M., Gottesman, A., Baker, E., & Godridge, B. (2009). Does better corporate governance result in higher valuations in emerging markets? Another examination using a new data set. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33(2), 254-262.
- Musteen, M., Datta, D., & Kemmerer, B. (2010). Corporate reputation: do board characteristics matter? British Journal of Management, 21(2), 498-510.
- Nayak, S., & Prabhala, N. (2001). Disentangling the Dividend Information in Splits: A Decomposition Using Conditional Event-Study Methods. The Review of Financial Studies, 14(4), 1083-1116.
- OECD. (2006). Corporate Governance in Turkey: A Pilot Study. OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2013). Supervision and Enforcement in Corporate Governance. OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2015). G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2017). OECD Corporate Governance Factbook 2017. OECD.
- Ozo, F. K., & Arun, T. G. (2019). Stock market reaction to cash dividends: evidence from the Nigerian stock market. Managerial Finance, 45(3), 366-380.
- Park, N. K., & Mezias, J. M. (2005). Before and after the technology sector crash: the effect of environmental munificence on stock market response to alliances to e-commerce firms. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 987-1007.
- Peterson, P. (1989). Event studies: A review of issues and method. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 28(3), 36-66.
- Picou, A., & Rubach, M. J. (2006). Does Good Governance Matter to Institutional Investors? Evidence from the Enactment of Corporate Governance Guidelines. Journal of Business Ethics, 65, 55-67.
- Rahaman, M., & Al Zaman, A. (2013). Management quality and the cost of debt: Does management matter to lenders? Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(3), 854-874.
- Renders, A., Ann, G., & Piet, S. (2010). Corporate-Governance Ratings and Company Performance: A Cross-European Study. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(2), 87-106.
- Ross, S. (1977). The determination of financial structure: The incentive signalling approach. The Bell Journal of Economics, 8(1), 23-40.
- Rubach, M., & Picou, A. (2005). The enactment of corporate governance guidelines: an empirical examination. Corporate Governance, 5(5), 30-38.
- Sakarya, Ş. (2011). The Rating Scores of The Enterprises in Scope Of The ISE Corporate Governance Index and the Analysis of Relations Between the Stock Returns with the Event Study Method, ZKU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(13), 147-162.
- Sakarya, Ş., Yazgan, K. F., & Yildirim, H. H. (2017). The Effect of Corporate Governance Ratings on The Share Performance: An Investigation from BIST Corporate Governance Index. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Researches, 19(40), 55-76.
- Singh, M., & Davidson III, W. N. (2003). Agency costs, ownership structure and corporate governance mechanisms. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27(5), 793-816.
- Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374.
- TKYD. (2015). Kurumsal Yönetim Algı Araştırması (in Turkish), TKYD & StratejiCo., Retrieved from https://www.kobirate.com.tr/content/KURUMSAL-YONETIM-ALGI-ARASTIRMASI.pdf.
- Toms, J. (2002). Firm resources, quality signals and the determinants of corporate environmental reputation: some UK evidence. The British Accounting Review, 34(3), 257-282.
- Tsipouri, L., & Xanthakis, M. (2004). Can corporate governance be rated? Ideas based on the Greek experience. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 12(1), 16-28.
- Tuan, K., & Borak, M. (2019). Market Reactions Following Corporate Governance Rating Changes: Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 33(3).
- Utrero-González, N., & J. Callado-Muñoz, F. (2016). Do investors react to corporate governance news? An empirical analysis for the Spanish market. BRQ Business
Research Quarterly, 19(1), 13-25.
- Venkatesh, P., & Chiang, R. (1986). Information Asymmetry and the Dealer's Bid-Ask Spread: A Case Study of Earnings and Dividend Announcements. The Journal of Finance, 41(5), 1089-1102.
- Westphal, J., & Zajac, E. (1998). The Symbolic Management of Stockholders: Corporate Governance Reforms and Shareholder Reactions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(1), 127-153.
- Yapa, K. (2017). The Effect of the Corporate Governance Rating’s Announcement on the Stock Returns of Firms in BIST Corporate Governance Index. Uşak University Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 437-458.
- Yavuz, S., Yildirim, S., & Elmas, B. (2015). The Relation Between the Corporate Governance Index and the Profit of Companies’ Stocks: An Application in BIST. Erzincan University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 8(2), 73-82.
- Yıldız, Y., Karan, M. B., & Pirgaip, B. (2017). Market reaction to grouping equities in stock markets: An empirical analysis on Borsa Istanbul. Borsa Istanbul Review, 17(4), 216-227.
- Zhang, H. (2005). Share price performance following actual share repurchases. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29(7), 1887-1901.
- Zhang, I. X. (2007). Economic consequences of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. Journal of accounting and economics, 44(1-2), 74-115.
Year 2020,
, 271 - 300, 30.11.2020
Burak Pirgaip
Mehmet Berktay Akyüz
References
- Al-ahdal, W. M., Alsamhi, M. H., Tabash, M. I., & Farhan, N. H. (2020). The impact of corporate governance on financial performance of Indian and GCC listed firms: An empirical investigation. Research in International Business and Finance, 51, 101083.
- Al-Yahyaee, K. H., Pham, T. M., & Walter, T. S. (2011). The information content of cash dividend announcements in a unique environment. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(3), 606-612.
- Anand, A. (2006). An Analysis of Enabling vs. Mandatory Corporate Governance Structures Post-Sarbanes-Oxley. Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, 31(1), 229-252.
- Anderson, W. (2009). Alternative event study methodology for detecting dividend signals in the context of joint dividend and earnings announcements. Accounting & Finance, 49(2), 247-265.
- Ararat, M., Black, B. S., & Yurtoglu, B. B. (2017). The effect of corporate governance on firm value and profitability: Time-series evidence from Turkey. Emerging Markets Review, 30, 113-132.
- Armitage, S. (1995). Event study methods and evidence on their performance. Journal of Economic Surveys, 9, 25-52.
- Arora, A., & Bodhanwala, S. (2018). Relationship between Corporate Governance Index and Firm Performance: Indian Evidence. Global Business Review, 19(3), 675-689.
- Arora, A., & Sharma, C. (2016). Corporate governance and firm performance in developing countries: evidence from India. Corporate governance.
- Ataman, B., Gökçen, G., Cavlak, H., & Cebeci, Y. (2017). Analysis of the Relationship Between Corporate Governance Perception and Corporate Governance Rating. Journal of Finance Letters, 31(107), 161-185.
- Basdas, U., & Oran, A. (2014). Event studies in Turkey. Borsa Istanbul Review, 14(3), 167-188.
- Bauer, R., Guenster, N., & Otten, R. (2004). Empirical evidence on corporate governance in Europe: the effect on stock returns, firm value and performance. Journal of Asset Management, 5(2), 91-104.
- Bebchuk, L., Cohen, A., & Ferrell, A. (2009). What matters in corporate governance?. The Review of financial studies, 22(2), 783-827.
- Bhagat, S., Bolton, B., & Romano, R. (2008). The promise and peril of corporate governance indices. Colum. L. Rev., 108, 1803-1882.
- Bhatt, P. R., & Bhatt, R. R. (2017). Corporate governance and firm performance in Malaysia. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society.
- Bhattacharya, S. (1979). Imperfect information, dividend policy and "the bird in hand" fallacy. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 259-270.
- Bildik, R., & Gülay, G. (2008). The effects of changes in index composition on stock prices and volume: Evidence from the Istanbul stock exchange. International Review of Financial Analysis, 17(1), 178-197.
- Binder, J. (1998). The event study methodology since 1969. Review of quantitative Finance and Accounting, 11(2), 111-137.
- Black, B., De Carvalho, A. G., Khanna, V., Kim, W., & Yurtoglu, B. (2014). Methods for multicountry studies of corporate governance: Evidence from the BRIKT countries. Journal of Econometrics, 183(2), 230-240.
- Black, B., & Khanna, V. (2007). Can Corporate Governance Reforms Increase Firm Market Values? Event Study Evidence from India. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4(4), 749-796.
- Black, B., Love, I., & Rachinsky, A. (2006). Corporate governance indices and firms' market values: Time series evidence from Russia. Emerging Markets Review, 7(4), 361-379.
- Bozcuk, A. (2010). Price reaction to corporate governance rating announcements at the Istanbul Stock Exchange. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 2(1), 1-6.
- Certo, S., Daily, C., & Dalton, D. (2001). Signaling firm value through board structure: An investigation of initial public offerings. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 33-50.
- Chang, R.-D., & Wei, J.-T. (2011). Effects of governance on investment decisions and perceptions of reporting credibility: Investment experience of Taiwanese individual investors. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(1), 139-155.
- Chan-Lau, J. (2002). Corporate restructuring in Japan: an event-study analysis. Japan and the World Economy, 14(4), 367-377.
- Cheung, Y., Connelly, J., Jiang, P., & Limpaphayom, P. (2011). Does corporate governance predict future performance? Evidence from Hong Kong. Financial Management, 40(1), 159-197.
- Cohen, B. D., & Dean, T. J. (2005). Information asymmetry and investor valuation of IPOs: top management team legitimacy as a capital market signal. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 683-690.
- Connelly, B., Certo, S., Ireland, R., & Reutzel, C. (2011). Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39-67.
- Da Silva, A., & Leal, R. (2005). Corporate governance index, firm valuation and performance in Brazil. Brazilian Review of Finance, 3(1), 1-18.
- Daines, R., Gow, I., & Larcker, D. (2010). Rating the ratings: How good are commercial governance ratings? Journal of Financial Economics, 98(3), 439-461.
- Dasilas, A., Lyroudi, K., & Ginoglou, D. (2008). Joint effects of interim dividend and earnings announcements in Greece. Studies in Economics and Finance, 25(4), 212-232.
- Diamond, D. (1985). Optimal release of information by firms. Journal of Finance, 40(4), 1071-1094.
- Donker, H., & Zahir, S. (2008). Towards an impartial and effective corporate governance rating system. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 8(1), 83-93.
- Drobetz, W., Schillhofer, A., & Zimmermann, H. (2004). Corporate governance and expected stock returns: Evidence from Germany. European financial management, 10(2), 267-293.
- Easton, S. (1991). Earnings and dividends: Is there an interaction effect? Journal of Business, Finance and Accounting, 18, 255-266.
- Eddy, A., & Seifert, B. (1992). Stock price reactions to dividend and earnings announcements: contemporaneous versus noncontemporaneous announcements. Journal of Financial Research, 15(3), 201-217.
- Epps, R., & Cereola, S. (2008). Do institutional shareholder services (ISS) corporate governance ratings reflect a company's operating performance? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(8), 1135-1148.
- Ernst&Young. (2016). Corporate Governance Challenges in Peru towards the Pacific Alliance. Lima: Ernst&Young.
- Ertugrul, M., & Hegde, S. (2009). Corporate governance ratings and firm performance. Financial Management, 38(1), 139-160.
- Fama, E. (1965). The behavior of stock market prices. Journal of Business, 38, 34-105.
- Foerster, S., & Huen, B. (2004). Does corporate governance matter to Canadian investors? Canadian Investment Review, Fall, 19-25.
- Fuenzalida, D., Mongrut, S., Arteaga, J., & Erausquin, A. (2013). Good corporate governance: Does it pay in Peru? Journal of Business Research, 66, 1759-1770.
- Garay, U., & Gonzalez, M. (2008). Corporate Governance and Firm Value: The Case of Venezuela. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16(3), 194-209.
- George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2000). The Role of Time in Theory and Theory Building. Journal of Management, 26(4), 657-684.
- Ghosh, S. (2018). Governance reforms and performance of MENA banks: Are disclosures effective?. Global Finance Journal, 36, 78-95.
- Gillan, S. L. (2006). Recent Developments in Corporate Governance: An Overview. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12(3), 381-402.
- Gompers, P., Ishii, J., & Metrick, A. (2003). Corporate governance and equity prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 107-155.
- Guest, P. M., & Nerino, M. (2020). Do Corporate Governance Ratings Change Investor Expectations? Evidence from Announcements by Institutional Shareholder Services. Review of Finance, 24(4), 891-928.
- Gupta, M., & Fields, L. P. (2009). Board Independence and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Director Resignations. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 36(1-2), 161-184.
- Harris, L., & Gürel, E. (1986). Price and volume effects associated with changes in the S&P 500 list: New evidence for the existence of price pressures. The Journal of Finance, 41(4), 815-829.
- Heil, O., & Robertson, T. (1991). Toward a theory of competitive market signalling: A research agenda. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 403-418.
- Hodgson, A., Lhaopadchan, S., & Buakes, S. (2011). How informative is the Thai corporate governance index? A financial approach. International Journal of Accounting &
Information Management, 19(1), 53-79.
- Jensen, M. (1978). Some anomalous evidence regarding market efficiency. Journal of Financial Economics, 6, 95-101.
- Kalaignanam, K., & Bahadir, S. C. (2013). Corporate brand name changes and business restructuring: is the relationship complementary or substitutive?. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(4), 456-472.
- Kane, A., Lee, Y., & Marcus, A. (1984). Earnings and dividend announcements: is there a corroboration effect? The Journal of Finance, 39(4), 1091-1099.
- Kang, E., Ding, D. K., & Charoenwong, C. (2009). Investor reaction to women directors. Journal of Business Research, 63(8), 888-894.
- Kaur, M., & Vij, M. (2018). Corporate governance index and firm performance: empirical evidence from Indian banking. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(2), 190-207.
- Kavcar, B., & Gümrah, Ü. (2017). Corporate Governance Principles Compliance and Firm Value in Istanbul Stock Exchange: Case study. International Journal of Economic & Social Research, 13(1).
- Kılıç, S. (2011), Measuring the Return Performances of the Companies Included in ISE Corporate Governance Index. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 48(552).
- Koehn, D., & Ueng, J. (2005). Evaluating the evaluators: should investors trust corporate governance metrics ratings? Journal of Management & Governance, 9(2), 111-128.
- Korent, D., Đunđek, I., & Klačmer Čalopa, M. (2014). Corporate governance practices and firm performance measured by Croatian Corporate Governance Index (CCGI®). Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 27(1), 221-231.
- Kothari, S. P., & Warner, J. B. (2007). Econometrics of event studies. In Handbook of empirical corporate finance (pp. 3-36). Elsevier.
- Kouwenberg, R., & Phunnarungsi, V. (2013). Corporate governance, violations and market reactions. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 21(1), 881-898.
- Lee, P. M. (2001). What’s in a name .com? The effects of “.com” name changes on stock prices and trading activity. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 793-804.
- Lehn, K., Patro, S., & Zhao, M. (2007). Governance indexes and valuation: which causes which?. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13(5), 907-928.
- Litvak, K. (2007). The effect of the Sarbanes-Oxley act on non-US companies cross-listed in the US. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13(2-3), 195-228.
- Lonie, A., Abeyratna, G., Power, D., & Sinclair, C. (1996). The stock market reaction to dividend announcements. Journal of Economic Studies, 23(1), 32-52.
- MacKinlay, A. (1997). Event Studies in Economics and Finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 13-39.
- McCluskey, T., Burton, B., Power, D., & Sinclair, C. (2006). Evidence on the Irish stock market's reaction to dividend announcements. Applied Financial Economics, 16(8), 617-628.
- McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (1997). Event Studies in Management Research: Theoretical and Empirical Issues. The Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 626-657.
- Miller, M., & Rock, K. (1985). Dividend policy under asymmetric information. The Journal of finance, 40(4), 1031-1051.
- Morey, M., Gottesman, A., Baker, E., & Godridge, B. (2009). Does better corporate governance result in higher valuations in emerging markets? Another examination using a new data set. Journal of Banking & Finance, 33(2), 254-262.
- Musteen, M., Datta, D., & Kemmerer, B. (2010). Corporate reputation: do board characteristics matter? British Journal of Management, 21(2), 498-510.
- Nayak, S., & Prabhala, N. (2001). Disentangling the Dividend Information in Splits: A Decomposition Using Conditional Event-Study Methods. The Review of Financial Studies, 14(4), 1083-1116.
- OECD. (2006). Corporate Governance in Turkey: A Pilot Study. OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2013). Supervision and Enforcement in Corporate Governance. OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2015). G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2017). OECD Corporate Governance Factbook 2017. OECD.
- Ozo, F. K., & Arun, T. G. (2019). Stock market reaction to cash dividends: evidence from the Nigerian stock market. Managerial Finance, 45(3), 366-380.
- Park, N. K., & Mezias, J. M. (2005). Before and after the technology sector crash: the effect of environmental munificence on stock market response to alliances to e-commerce firms. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 987-1007.
- Peterson, P. (1989). Event studies: A review of issues and method. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 28(3), 36-66.
- Picou, A., & Rubach, M. J. (2006). Does Good Governance Matter to Institutional Investors? Evidence from the Enactment of Corporate Governance Guidelines. Journal of Business Ethics, 65, 55-67.
- Rahaman, M., & Al Zaman, A. (2013). Management quality and the cost of debt: Does management matter to lenders? Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(3), 854-874.
- Renders, A., Ann, G., & Piet, S. (2010). Corporate-Governance Ratings and Company Performance: A Cross-European Study. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(2), 87-106.
- Ross, S. (1977). The determination of financial structure: The incentive signalling approach. The Bell Journal of Economics, 8(1), 23-40.
- Rubach, M., & Picou, A. (2005). The enactment of corporate governance guidelines: an empirical examination. Corporate Governance, 5(5), 30-38.
- Sakarya, Ş. (2011). The Rating Scores of The Enterprises in Scope Of The ISE Corporate Governance Index and the Analysis of Relations Between the Stock Returns with the Event Study Method, ZKU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(13), 147-162.
- Sakarya, Ş., Yazgan, K. F., & Yildirim, H. H. (2017). The Effect of Corporate Governance Ratings on The Share Performance: An Investigation from BIST Corporate Governance Index. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Researches, 19(40), 55-76.
- Singh, M., & Davidson III, W. N. (2003). Agency costs, ownership structure and corporate governance mechanisms. Journal of Banking & Finance, 27(5), 793-816.
- Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374.
- TKYD. (2015). Kurumsal Yönetim Algı Araştırması (in Turkish), TKYD & StratejiCo., Retrieved from https://www.kobirate.com.tr/content/KURUMSAL-YONETIM-ALGI-ARASTIRMASI.pdf.
- Toms, J. (2002). Firm resources, quality signals and the determinants of corporate environmental reputation: some UK evidence. The British Accounting Review, 34(3), 257-282.
- Tsipouri, L., & Xanthakis, M. (2004). Can corporate governance be rated? Ideas based on the Greek experience. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 12(1), 16-28.
- Tuan, K., & Borak, M. (2019). Market Reactions Following Corporate Governance Rating Changes: Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 33(3).
- Utrero-González, N., & J. Callado-Muñoz, F. (2016). Do investors react to corporate governance news? An empirical analysis for the Spanish market. BRQ Business
Research Quarterly, 19(1), 13-25.
- Venkatesh, P., & Chiang, R. (1986). Information Asymmetry and the Dealer's Bid-Ask Spread: A Case Study of Earnings and Dividend Announcements. The Journal of Finance, 41(5), 1089-1102.
- Westphal, J., & Zajac, E. (1998). The Symbolic Management of Stockholders: Corporate Governance Reforms and Shareholder Reactions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(1), 127-153.
- Yapa, K. (2017). The Effect of the Corporate Governance Rating’s Announcement on the Stock Returns of Firms in BIST Corporate Governance Index. Uşak University Journal of Social Sciences, 10(3), 437-458.
- Yavuz, S., Yildirim, S., & Elmas, B. (2015). The Relation Between the Corporate Governance Index and the Profit of Companies’ Stocks: An Application in BIST. Erzincan University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 8(2), 73-82.
- Yıldız, Y., Karan, M. B., & Pirgaip, B. (2017). Market reaction to grouping equities in stock markets: An empirical analysis on Borsa Istanbul. Borsa Istanbul Review, 17(4), 216-227.
- Zhang, H. (2005). Share price performance following actual share repurchases. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29(7), 1887-1901.
- Zhang, I. X. (2007). Economic consequences of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. Journal of accounting and economics, 44(1-2), 74-115.