ABD Dış Politikasında Yalnızcığın Yükselişi ve NATO'ya Etkileri

Abstract

NATO, komünist bloğun ortadan kalkmasından sonra ortaya çıkan çeşitli güvenlik problemlerine karşı geliştirdiği dönüşüm politikalarıyla dayanıklılığını kanıtlamıştır. Soğuk Savaş sonrasının ilk yirmi yılında meydana gelen Balkan Krizi ve 11 Eylül sonrası teröre karşı ilan edilen savaş sırasında da NATO İttifakı dayanışma ve beraberliğini gösterebilmiştir. Takip eden yıllarda, Çin’in ABD’nin dünya liderliğine karşı alternative bir güç olarak yükselişe geçmesi karşısında ABD “Asya eksenli politika”yı benimseyen yeni bir strateji ilan etti; Rusya önce Kırım ardından Suriye’de askeri gücünü kullanarak daha iddialı bir dış politika izlemeye başladı. Uluslararası ortamda meydana gelen bu önemli değişimler karşısında Trump yönetiminin ABD dış politikasında uluslararasıcılıktan çok yalnızcılığı öngören bir politika tercihini ortaya koyması NATO’nun gerekliliği tartışmalarını yeniden başlattı. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışma ABD’nin yeni dış politika yaklaşımının NATO’nun geleceğini nasıl etkileyecebileceğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, ABD dış politikasının yalnızcı yönleri tarihsel ve güncel çerçevede incelenmektedir. İkinci bölümde ABD’nin yeni-yalnızcı dış politikasının NATO’nun geleceğine olası etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde çalışmanın bulguları sunulmuştur. Çalışmada ABD’nın son dönem yalnızcı politikasının etkileriyle ilgili olarak; NATO’da dayanışma duygusunu azalttığı, Avrupa’nın bağımsız bir savunma kapasitesi geliştirmesine yönelik çabaları güçlendirdiği, atlantik ötesi ülkeler arasındaki liberal karşıtı-otoriter eğilimleri güçlendirdiği, güç mücadelesi ve bu kapsamda ortaya çıkabilecek nükleer silahlanmayı da içeren silahlanma yarışı için uygun ortamı hazırlayabileceği, yeni ortaklıklar için zemin hazırlayabileceği tespitleri yapılmıştır.

Keywords

• Yalnızcılık
• NATO’nun dönüşümü
• ABD Dış Politikası
• Trump dönemi ABD Dış Politikası

Rıse of Isolationism in the USA Foreign Policy and Implications for NATO

Abstract

NATO proved its resilience by adopting transformative policies that enabled it to adapt multiple security challenges arising in aftermath of the dissolution of the communist bloc. In the first two decades of the post-Cold War era, the Alliance was able to maintain its solidarity and cohesion during the crisis in the Balkans and the war on terrorism after the 9/11 attacks. Meanwhile, the USA declared ‘pivot to Asia’ strategy in response to China’s rise against the USA’s supremacy in the World leadership; and Russia was reemerging more assertively first in Crimea, and later in Syria. Amid changes taking place in the international environment, the foreign policy shift set forth by the Trump administration in favor of isolationism rather than internationalism recommenced the discussions regarding the relevance of NATO. In this sense, the study investigates how the new foreign policy approach of the USA administration could affect the future of NATO. In the first part, isolationist aspects of the USA policy is analyzed within the historical and contemporary contexts. In the second part, the study explores the implications of the new isolationist policy of the USA for the future of NATO. In the conclusion part, the findings of the study have been presented. The study has identified that the USA’s recent isolationist policy degrades sentiment of solidarity in NATO, strengthens proponents of developing autonomous Europe defense capability, encourages illiberal-authoritarian trend among transatlantic countries, paves the way for the emergence of power contestation with implications of an arms race and nuclear proliferation, opens space for new alignments.

Keywords

• Isolationism
• NATO's transformation
• The USA's Foreign Policy
• Trump era USA foreign policy

References

1. BBC Internet Homepage, (2019), “Nato summit: Trump blasts Macron 'brain dead' comments as 'nasty'”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50641403, 03 December 2019.
2. Belkin, Paul (2019), Assessing NATO’s Value, USA Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45652.pdf.
3. Brands, Hal (2017), “U.S. Grand Strategy in an Age of Nationalism: Fortress America and its Alternatives”, The Washington Quarterly, XL, no.1, p.73-94.
4. Clarke, Michael, and Anthony Ricketts (2017), “Donald Trump and American Foreign Policy: TheReturn of the Jacksonian Tradition”, Comparative Strategy, 36, no.4, p.366-379.
5. Cha, Taesuh (2016), “The Return of Jacksonianism: the International Implications of the Trump Phenomenon” The Washington Quarterly, 39, no.4, p.83-97.
6. Glenn, Mike (2020), “20,000 U.S. troops deploying to Europe in biggest show of force since Cold War” The Washington Times, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/feb/8/20000-us-troops-deploying-europe-biggest-show-forc/, 08 February 2020.
7. Henley, Jon (2017), “Angela Merkel: EU cannot completely rely on US and Britain any more” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/28/merkel-says-eu-cannot-completely-rely-on-us-and-britain-any-more-g7-talks, 28 May 2017.
8. Hillison, Joel R. (2018), The Relevance of the European Union and the North Atlantıc Treaty Organization for the United States in the 21st Century, Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) and U.S. Army War College (USAWC) Press. http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/.

9. Kupchan, Charles A. (2003), “The Rise of Europe, America's Changing Internationalism, and the End of U.S. Primacy”, Political Science Quarterly, 118, no:2 (Summer), p.205-231.
10. Lai, Rebecca K.K., Troy Griggs, Max Fisher And Audrey Carlsen (2017), “Is America’s Military Big Enough?”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/22/us/is-americas-military-big-enough.html, 22 March 2017.
11. Larison, Daniel (2015), “No, Trump Isn’t an “Isolationist”, The American Conservative, https://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/no-trump-isnt-an-isolationist/, 05 November 2015.
12. Latici, Tania (2018), “European Deterrence Initiative: the transatlantic security guarantee”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/625117/EPRS_BRI(2018)625117_EN.pdf, 17 July 2018. Lazarou, Elena, and Alexandra M. Friede (2018), “Permanent structured cooperation (PESCO): Beyond establishment”, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2018)614739, March 2018.
13. Lee, Dong Sun (2017), “America's International Leadership in Transition: From Global Hegemony towards Offshore Leadership,” Journal of International and Area Studies, 24, no: 1 (June), p.1-19.
14. Menon, Anand (2013), “Time for Tough Love in Transatlantic Relations.” International Spectator, 48, no.3 (September), p.7-14.
15. National Security Strategy of USA (2017), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.
16. NATO Press Release, (2019), Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2013-2019), NATO Public Diplomacy Division, 29 November 2019.
17. Obama, Barack (2014), (Remarks by the President of USA at the United States Military Academy Commencement Ceremony), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/28/remarks-president-united-states-military-academy-commencement-ceremony, 28 Janury 2014.
18. Pramuk, Jacob (2017), “Trump endorses NATO’s mutual defense pact in Poland, after failing to do so on first Europe trip”, CNBC Internet Page, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/06/trump-us-stands-firmly-behind-nato-article-5.html, 06 July 2017.
19. Pompeo, Michael R (2018), (“Crimea Declaration”, Press Statement by Secretary of State), Washington, DC, https://www.state.gov/crimea-declaration/, 25 July 2018.
20. Samp, Lisa Sawyer (2017), “How To Deal With Authoritarianism Inside Nato”, War on the Rocks, https://warontherocks.com/2017/08/how-to-deal-with-authoritarianism-inside-nato/, 25 August 2017.
21. Stein, Jeff, and Aaron Gregg (2019), “U.S. military spending set to increase for fifth consecutive year, nearing levels during height of Iraq war”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2019/04/18/us-military-spending-set-increase-fifth-consecutive-year-nearing-levels-during-height-iraq-war/, 18 April 2019.
22. Wright, Thomas (2020), “The Folly of Retrenchment”, Foreign Affairs, 99, no. 2 (March-April), p.10-18.
23. US Department of State Official Home Page, (2020), “Shaping of a Common Security and Defence Policy”, https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/jd/16321.htm, last accesed 07 February 2020.
24. Tharoor, Ishaan (2020), “Trump’s authoritarian style is remaking America”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/02/14/trumps-authoritarian-style-is-remaking-america/, 14 February 2020.
25. The Economist Internet Homepage, (2019), “Emmanuel Macron warns Europe: NATO is becoming brain-dead”, https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/11/07/emmanuel-macron-warns-europe-nato-is-becoming-brain-dead, 07 November 2019.
26. Trump, Donald (2016), (Speech delivered by Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump on foreign policy at an event hosted by the National Interest), https://nationalinterest.org/feature/trump-foreign-policy-15960, 27 April 2016.
27. Trump, Donald (2017), (Remarks of president of USA Donald J. Trump – as prepared for delivery inaugural address), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/the-inaugural-address/, 20 Janury 2017.