ABD Dış Politikasında Yalnızcığın Yükselişi ve NATO'ya Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 15 - 28, 31.12.2020

Adem Çakır

https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2020.6.3.08

Öz

NATO, komünist bloğun ortadan kalkmasından sonra ortaya çıkan çeşitli güvenlik problemlerine karşı geliştirdiği dönüşüm politikalarıyla dayanıklılığını kanıtlamıştır. Soğuk Savaş sonrasının ilk yirmi yılında meydana gelen Balkan Krizi ve 11 Eylül sonrası teröre karşı ilan edilen savaş sırasında da NATO İttifakı dayanışma ve beraberliğini gösterebilmiştir. Takip eden yıllarda, Çin’in ABD’nin dünya liderliğine karşı alternative bir güç olarak yükselişe geçmesi karşısında ABD “Asya eksenli politika”yı benimseyen yeni bir strateji ilan etti; Rusya önce Kırım ardından Suriye’de askeri gücünü kullanarak daha iddialı bir dış politika izlemeye başladı. Uluslararası ortamda meydana gelen bu önemli değişimler karşısında Trump yönetiminin ABD dış politikasında uluslararasıcılıktan çok yalnızcılığı öngören bir politika tercihini ortaya koyması NATO’nun gerekliliği tartışmalarını yeniden başlattı. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışma ABD’nin yeni dış politika yaklaşımının NATO’nun geleceğini nasıl etkileyecebileceğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, ABD dış politikasının yalnızcı yönleri tarihsel ve güncel çerçevede incelenmektedir. İkinci bölümde ABD’nin yeni-yalnızcı dış politikasının NATO’nun geleceğine olası etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde çalışmanın bulguları sunulmuştur. Çalışmada ABD’nın son dönem yalnızcı politikasının etkileriyle ilgili olarak; NATO’da dayanışma duygusunu azalttığı, Avrupa’nın bağımsız bir savunma kapasitesi geliştirmesine yönelik çabaları güçlendirdiği, atlantik ötesi ülkeler arasındaki liberal karşıtı-otoriter eğilimleri güçlendirdiği, güç mücadelesi ve bu kapsamda ortaya çıkabilecek nükleer silahlanmayı da içeren silahlanma yarışı için uygun ortamı hazırlayabileceği, yeni ortaklıklar için zemin hazırlayabileceği tespitleri yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yalnızcılık, NATO’nun dönüşümü, ABD Dış Politikası, Trump dönemi ABD Dış Politikası

Rıse of Isolationism in the USA Foreign Policy and Implications for NATO

Öz

NATO proved its resilience by adopting transformative policies that enabled it to adapt multiple security challenges arising in aftermath of the dissolution of the communist bloc. In the first two decades of the post-Cold War era, the Alliance was able to maintain its solidarity and cohesion during the crisis in the Balkans and the war on terrorism after the 9/11 attacks. Meanwhile, the USA declared ‘pivot to Asia’ strategy in response to China’s rise against the USA’s supremacy in the World leadership; and Russia was reemerging more assertively first in Crimea, and later in Syria. Amid changes taking place in the international environment, the foreign policy shift set forth by the Trump administration in favor of isolationism rather than internationalism recommenced the discussions regarding the relevance of NATO. In this sense, the study investigates how the new foreign policy approach of the USA administration could affect the future of NATO. In the first part, isolationist aspects of the USA policy is analyzed within the historical and contemporary contexts. In the second part, the study explores the implications of the new isolationist policy of the USA for the future of NATO. In the conclusion part, the findings of the study have been presented. The study has identified that the USA’s recent isolationist policy degrades sentiment of solidarity in NATO, strengthens proponents of developing autonomous Europe defense capability, encourages illiberal-authoritarian trend among transatlantic countries, paves the way for the emergence of power contestation with implications of an arms race and nuclear proliferation, opens space for new alignments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Isolationism, NATO's transformation, The USA's Foreign Policy, Trump era USA foreign policy

Kaynakça

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