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Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 167 - 178, 15.12.2025

Ali Osman Tezcan , Merve Armagan Bogatekin

https://doi.org/10.62297/idrak.1714248
https://izlik.org/JA36PK46RF

Abstract

References

  • Abu-Raiya, Hiam – Pargament, Kenneth I. “Empirically Based Psychology of Islam: Summary and Critique of the Literature”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14/2 (2011), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903426482.
  • Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1954.
  • Altemeyer, Bob – Hunsberger, Bruce. Amazing Conversions: Why Some Turn to Faith and Others Abandon Religion. New York: Prometheus Books, 1997.
  • Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. New York: HarperOne, 1997. Batson, C. Daniel vd. Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Berger, Peter L. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
  • Berry, John W. “Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation”. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46/1 (1997), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
  • Braun, Virginia – Clarke, Victoria. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3/2 (2006), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957.
  • Foner, Nancy – Alba, Richard. “Immigrant Religion in the U.S. and Western Europe: Bridge or Barrier to Inclusion?”. International Migration Review 42/2 (2008), 360-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00128.x
  • Heine, Steven J. – Lehman, Darrin R. “The Cultural Construction of Self-Enhancement: An Examination of Group-Serving Biases”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72/6 (1997), 1268-1283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1268
  • Hood, Ralph W. vd. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 4. Basım, 2009.
  • Hunsberger, Bruce – Altemeyer, Bob. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers. New York: Prometheus Books, 2006.
  • Kettell, Steven. Faith in Secular Society: Religious Belief and Public Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Köse, Ali. Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts. London: Routledge, 1996.
  • Lofland, John – Stark, Rodney. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective”. American Sociological Review 30/6 (1965), 862-875. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090965
  • Markus, Hazel R. – Kitayama, Shinobu. “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation”. Psychological Review 98/2 (1991), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Paloutzian, Raymond F. – Park, Crystal L. (ed.). Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. New York: Guilford Publications, 2013.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
  • Pettigrew, Thomas F. – Tropp, Linda R. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90/5 (2006), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage, 1992.
  • Rokeach, Milton. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press, 1973.
  • Silver, Christopher F. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Non-Belief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Type and Narrative. Chattanooga: University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Education, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Smith, Peter B. – Bond, Michael H. Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
  • Stewart, Charles – Shaw, Rosalind (ed.). Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis. London: Routledge, 1994.
  • Streib, Heinz vd. (ed.). Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the USA. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
  • Tajfel, Henri – Turner, John C. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior”. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. ed. Stephen Worchel – William G. Austin. 276-294. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986.
  • Triandis, Harry C. “Individualism-Collectivism and Personality”. Journal of Personality 69/6 (2001), 907-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
  • Voas, David – Chaves, Mark. “Is the United States a Counterexample to the Secularization Thesis?”. American Journal of Sociology 121/5 (2016), 1517-1556. https://doi.org/10.1086/684202
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Faith No More: Why People Reject Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 167 - 178, 15.12.2025

Ali Osman Tezcan , Merve Armagan Bogatekin

https://doi.org/10.62297/idrak.1714248
https://izlik.org/JA36PK46RF

Abstract

References

  • Abu-Raiya, Hiam – Pargament, Kenneth I. “Empirically Based Psychology of Islam: Summary and Critique of the Literature”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14/2 (2011), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903426482.
  • Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1954.
  • Altemeyer, Bob – Hunsberger, Bruce. Amazing Conversions: Why Some Turn to Faith and Others Abandon Religion. New York: Prometheus Books, 1997.
  • Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. New York: HarperOne, 1997. Batson, C. Daniel vd. Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Berger, Peter L. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
  • Berry, John W. “Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation”. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46/1 (1997), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
  • Braun, Virginia – Clarke, Victoria. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3/2 (2006), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957.
  • Foner, Nancy – Alba, Richard. “Immigrant Religion in the U.S. and Western Europe: Bridge or Barrier to Inclusion?”. International Migration Review 42/2 (2008), 360-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00128.x
  • Heine, Steven J. – Lehman, Darrin R. “The Cultural Construction of Self-Enhancement: An Examination of Group-Serving Biases”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72/6 (1997), 1268-1283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1268
  • Hood, Ralph W. vd. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 4. Basım, 2009.
  • Hunsberger, Bruce – Altemeyer, Bob. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers. New York: Prometheus Books, 2006.
  • Kettell, Steven. Faith in Secular Society: Religious Belief and Public Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Köse, Ali. Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts. London: Routledge, 1996.
  • Lofland, John – Stark, Rodney. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective”. American Sociological Review 30/6 (1965), 862-875. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090965
  • Markus, Hazel R. – Kitayama, Shinobu. “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation”. Psychological Review 98/2 (1991), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Paloutzian, Raymond F. – Park, Crystal L. (ed.). Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. New York: Guilford Publications, 2013.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
  • Pettigrew, Thomas F. – Tropp, Linda R. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90/5 (2006), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage, 1992.
  • Rokeach, Milton. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press, 1973.
  • Silver, Christopher F. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Non-Belief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Type and Narrative. Chattanooga: University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Education, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Smith, Peter B. – Bond, Michael H. Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
  • Stewart, Charles – Shaw, Rosalind (ed.). Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis. London: Routledge, 1994.
  • Streib, Heinz vd. (ed.). Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the USA. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
  • Tajfel, Henri – Turner, John C. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior”. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. ed. Stephen Worchel – William G. Austin. 276-294. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986.
  • Triandis, Harry C. “Individualism-Collectivism and Personality”. Journal of Personality 69/6 (2001), 907-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
  • Voas, David – Chaves, Mark. “Is the United States a Counterexample to the Secularization Thesis?”. American Journal of Sociology 121/5 (2016), 1517-1556. https://doi.org/10.1086/684202
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Faith No More: Why People Reject Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

İnancı Terk Etme veya Yeniden Yapılandırma İkileminde Bilişsel Çelişkinin Rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 167 - 178, 15.12.2025

Ali Osman Tezcan , Merve Armagan Bogatekin

https://doi.org/10.62297/idrak.1714248
https://izlik.org/JA36PK46RF

Abstract

Bu makale, dini dönüşüm sürecinde bilişsel uyumsuzluğun rolünü incelemektedir. Bilişsel uyumsuzluk, bir kişinin inançları, değerleri veya eylemleri birbiriyle uyuşmadığında ve rahatsızlık yarattığında ortaya çıkar (Festinger, 1957). Bu rahatsızlık, inançlarda veya eylemlerde bir değişikliğe yol açabilir. Çalışma, bilişsel uyumsuzluğun dini nasıl etkilediğini anlamak için kitaplar, makaleler ve araştırmalar dahil olmak üzere birçok kaynağı incelemektedir. Tartışılan temel alanlar arasında dini öğretiler ve yaşam deneyimleri arasındaki çatışmalar, liderlik başarısızlıkları ve din ile bilim arasındaki çatışma yer almaktadır. Makale ayrıca, bazı insanların inançlarını nasıl güçlendirdiğini, diğerlerinin ise bu rahatsızlığı azaltmak için dini terk ettiğini açıklamaktadır. Sonuçlar, bilişsel uyumsuzluğun insanların dini neden terk ettiklerini ve yeni inançlara nasıl uyum sağladıklarını anlamada önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, uyumsuzluk ile kişisel, sosyal ve kültürel faktörler arasındaki ilişki hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinebilir.

Keywords

Bilişsel Çelişki Dini Dönüşüm Dini Terk İnanç Krizi Dini Kimlik Sekülerleşme

References

  • Abu-Raiya, Hiam – Pargament, Kenneth I. “Empirically Based Psychology of Islam: Summary and Critique of the Literature”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14/2 (2011), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903426482.
  • Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1954.
  • Altemeyer, Bob – Hunsberger, Bruce. Amazing Conversions: Why Some Turn to Faith and Others Abandon Religion. New York: Prometheus Books, 1997.
  • Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. New York: HarperOne, 1997. Batson, C. Daniel vd. Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Berger, Peter L. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
  • Berry, John W. “Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation”. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46/1 (1997), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
  • Braun, Virginia – Clarke, Victoria. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3/2 (2006), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957.
  • Foner, Nancy – Alba, Richard. “Immigrant Religion in the U.S. and Western Europe: Bridge or Barrier to Inclusion?”. International Migration Review 42/2 (2008), 360-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00128.x
  • Heine, Steven J. – Lehman, Darrin R. “The Cultural Construction of Self-Enhancement: An Examination of Group-Serving Biases”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72/6 (1997), 1268-1283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1268
  • Hood, Ralph W. vd. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 4. Basım, 2009.
  • Hunsberger, Bruce – Altemeyer, Bob. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers. New York: Prometheus Books, 2006.
  • Kettell, Steven. Faith in Secular Society: Religious Belief and Public Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Köse, Ali. Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts. London: Routledge, 1996.
  • Lofland, John – Stark, Rodney. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective”. American Sociological Review 30/6 (1965), 862-875. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090965
  • Markus, Hazel R. – Kitayama, Shinobu. “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation”. Psychological Review 98/2 (1991), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Paloutzian, Raymond F. – Park, Crystal L. (ed.). Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. New York: Guilford Publications, 2013.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
  • Pettigrew, Thomas F. – Tropp, Linda R. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90/5 (2006), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage, 1992.
  • Rokeach, Milton. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press, 1973.
  • Silver, Christopher F. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Non-Belief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Type and Narrative. Chattanooga: University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Education, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Smith, Peter B. – Bond, Michael H. Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
  • Stewart, Charles – Shaw, Rosalind (ed.). Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis. London: Routledge, 1994.
  • Streib, Heinz vd. (ed.). Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the USA. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
  • Tajfel, Henri – Turner, John C. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior”. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. ed. Stephen Worchel – William G. Austin. 276-294. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986.
  • Triandis, Harry C. “Individualism-Collectivism and Personality”. Journal of Personality 69/6 (2001), 907-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
  • Voas, David – Chaves, Mark. “Is the United States a Counterexample to the Secularization Thesis?”. American Journal of Sociology 121/5 (2016), 1517-1556. https://doi.org/10.1086/684202
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Faith No More: Why People Reject Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in the Dilemma of Abandoning or Reconstructing Faith

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 167 - 178, 15.12.2025

Ali Osman Tezcan , Merve Armagan Bogatekin

https://doi.org/10.62297/idrak.1714248
https://izlik.org/JA36PK46RF

Abstract

This article explores the role of cognitive dissonance in the process of religious conversion. Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person's beliefs, values, or actions do not match and cause discomfort (Festinger, 1957). This discomfort can lead to a change in beliefs or actions. The study examines many sources, including books, articles and research, to understand how cognitive dissonance affects religion. Key areas discussed include conflicts between religious teachings and life experiences, leadership failures, and the conflict between religion and science. The article also describes how some people strengthen their faith, while others abandon religion to reduce this discomfort. The results suggest that cognitive dissonance is important in understanding why people leave religion and how they adapt to new beliefs. Future research could learn more about the relationship between dissonance and personal, social and cultural factors.

Keywords

Cognitive Dissonance Religious Conversion Deconversion (Apostasy) Crisis of Faith Religious Identity Secularization

References

  • Abu-Raiya, Hiam – Pargament, Kenneth I. “Empirically Based Psychology of Islam: Summary and Critique of the Literature”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14/2 (2011), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903426482.
  • Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1954.
  • Altemeyer, Bob – Hunsberger, Bruce. Amazing Conversions: Why Some Turn to Faith and Others Abandon Religion. New York: Prometheus Books, 1997.
  • Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. New York: HarperOne, 1997. Batson, C. Daniel vd. Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Berger, Peter L. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
  • Berry, John W. “Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation”. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46/1 (1997), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
  • Braun, Virginia – Clarke, Victoria. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology”. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3/2 (2006), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Festinger, Leon. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957.
  • Foner, Nancy – Alba, Richard. “Immigrant Religion in the U.S. and Western Europe: Bridge or Barrier to Inclusion?”. International Migration Review 42/2 (2008), 360-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00128.x
  • Heine, Steven J. – Lehman, Darrin R. “The Cultural Construction of Self-Enhancement: An Examination of Group-Serving Biases”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72/6 (1997), 1268-1283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1268
  • Hood, Ralph W. vd. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: Guilford Press, 4. Basım, 2009.
  • Hunsberger, Bruce – Altemeyer, Bob. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers. New York: Prometheus Books, 2006.
  • Kettell, Steven. Faith in Secular Society: Religious Belief and Public Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Köse, Ali. Conversion to Islam: A Study of Native British Converts. London: Routledge, 1996.
  • Lofland, John – Stark, Rodney. “Becoming a World-Saver: A Theory of Conversion to a Deviant Perspective”. American Sociological Review 30/6 (1965), 862-875. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090965
  • Markus, Hazel R. – Kitayama, Shinobu. “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation”. Psychological Review 98/2 (1991), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Paloutzian, Raymond F. – Park, Crystal L. (ed.). Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. New York: Guilford Publications, 2013.
  • Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
  • Pettigrew, Thomas F. – Tropp, Linda R. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90/5 (2006), 751-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage, 1992.
  • Rokeach, Milton. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press, 1973.
  • Silver, Christopher F. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Non-Belief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Type and Narrative. Chattanooga: University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Department of Education, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Smith, Peter B. – Bond, Michael H. Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and Perspectives. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
  • Stewart, Charles – Shaw, Rosalind (ed.). Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis. London: Routledge, 1994.
  • Streib, Heinz vd. (ed.). Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the USA. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.
  • Tajfel, Henri – Turner, John C. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior”. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. ed. Stephen Worchel – William G. Austin. 276-294. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986.
  • Triandis, Harry C. “Individualism-Collectivism and Personality”. Journal of Personality 69/6 (2001), 907-924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
  • Voas, David – Chaves, Mark. “Is the United States a Counterexample to the Secularization Thesis?”. American Journal of Sociology 121/5 (2016), 1517-1556. https://doi.org/10.1086/684202
  • Zuckerman, Phil. Faith No More: Why People Reject Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology of Religion
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ali Osman Tezcan 0009-0000-5027-8738

Merve Armagan Bogatekin 0000-0002-3660-9227

Submission Date June 4, 2025
Acceptance Date December 4, 2025
Publication Date December 15, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.62297/idrak.1714248
IZ https://izlik.org/JA36PK46RF
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

ISNAD Tezcan, Ali Osman - Armagan Bogatekin, Merve. “The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in the Dilemma of Abandoning or Reconstructing Faith”. İdrak Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 5/3 (December 1, 2025): 167-178. https://doi.org/10.62297/idrak.1714248.

İdrak, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).