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EBEVEYNLERİN TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞLARININ ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI OBEZİTESİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 49 - 62, 29.12.2018

Abstract

Çocukluk çağı
obezitesi, 21.yüzyılın en önemli halk sağlığı sorunlarından biridir. Dünya’da
obez olan çocuk ve adölesan sayısı her geçen yıl artış göstermekte ve önemli
bir kısmını beş yaş altı çocuklar oluşturmaktadır. Obezite artışının nedenleri
arasında genetik ve daha çok çevresel etmenler yer almaktadır.

Ailenin yaşam
biçimi ve yeme konusundaki tutumları, çocukluk çağı obezitesi gelişimi
açısından belirleyici olmaktadır. Çocuklar gözlem yoluyla çeşitli davranışları
öğrenmektedirler, dolayısıyla ebeveynlerin fiziksel aktivite ve sağlıklı
beslenme alışkanlıklarına sahip olması çocukların olumlu rol model görmesine
neden olacaktır.

Ebeveyn tutumları,
çocuk yetiştirme davranışlarını karakterize eden özelliklere göre farklı
gruplara ayrılmaktadır. Demokratik Boyut, Otoriter Boyut, İzin Verici Boyut,
Aşırı Koruyucu Boyut olmak üzere 4 temel başlıkta sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu
tutumlar kültürlere özeldir ve bu dört ebeveyn boyutundan üçü kültürümüzle
kesişmektedir. İzin verici boyut ülkemizdeki ebeveyn tutum ölçeğinde genellikle
yer almazken, aşırı koruyucu boyutun sık görüldüğü bildirilmiştir.







Sonuç olarak bu
çalışmada; çocukluk çağı obezitesi, buna sebep olan çevresel etmenler ve aile
yapısı ile ilişkisinden, obezitenin önlenmesi için tavsiyelerden
bahsedilmiştir. Ebeveynlerin genetik özellikleri, beslenme alışkanlıkları, yaşam
tarzları; çocuklarının beslenme alışkanlıklarını da etkilemektedir. Çocukları
sağlıklı vücut ağırlığında olmaları için onları teşvik etmek önemlidir. Çocuğa
yemekleri ödül olarak sunmadan, sağlıklı beslenmeyi yaşam tarzı haline
getirmeleri için uygun aile ortamı sağlanmalıdır. ‘Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesi ile
Mücadele’ konusunun aile eğitim programı kapsamına alınması bu yönde atılacak
önemli bir adım olarak görülmektedir.

References

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  • Body mass index - BMI. (2018, Kasım 12). Geliş tarihi 12 Kasım 2018, gönderen http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi
  • Braet, C., Mervielde, I., & Vandereycken, W. (1997). Psychological Aspects of Childhood Obesity: A Controlled Study in a Clinical and Nonclinical Sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(1), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/22.1.59
  • Brown, C. L., Halvorson, E. E., Cohen, G. M., Lazorick, S., & Skelton, J. A. (2015). Addressing Childhood Obesity: Opportunities for Prevention. Pediatric clinics of North America, 62(5), 1241-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2015.05.013
  • Clowtis, L. M., Kang, D.-H., Padhye, N. S., Rozmus, C., & Barratt, M. S. (2016). Biobehavioral Factors in Child Health Outcomes: The Roles of Maternal Stress, Maternal–Child Engagement, Salivary Cortisol, and Salivary Testosterone. Nursing Research, 65(5), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000172
  • Cummins, S., & Macintyre, S. (2006). Food environments and obesity—neighbourhood or nation? International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi276
  • Demir, E. K., & Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (ETÖ), 13.
  • Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J. A., & Seidell, J. C. (1991). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(02), 105. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19910073
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  • Frankel, L. A., O’Connor, T. M., Chen, T.-A., Nicklas, T., Power, T. G., & Hughes, S. O. (2014). Parents’ perceptions of preschool children’s ability to regulate eating. Feeding style differences. Appetite, 76, 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.077
  • Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S. B., Heo, M., Jebb, S. A., Murgatroyd, P. R., & Sakamoto, Y. (2000). Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 694-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694
  • Gauthier, K. I., & Krajicek, M. J. (2013). Obesogenic environment: A concept analysis and pediatric perspective. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 18(3), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12027
  • Hancock, K. J., Lawrence, D., & Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Higher Maternal Protectiveness Is Associated with Higher Odds of Child Overweight and Obesity: A Longitudinal Australian Study. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e100686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100686
  • Jayawardene, W., Dickinson, S., Lohrmann, D., & Agley, J. (2018). Arm Circumference-to-Height Ratio as a Situational Alternative to BMI Percentile in Assessing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents. Journal of Obesity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7456461
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  • Langer, S. L., Crain, A. L., Senso, M. M., Levy, R. L., & Sherwood, N. E. (2014). Predicting Child Physical Activity and Screen Time: Parental Support for Physical Activity and General Parenting Styles. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(6), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu021
  • Larsen, J. K., Sleddens, E. F. C., Vink, J. M., Fisher, J. O., & Kremers, S. P. J. (2018). General Parenting Styles and Children’s Obesity Risk: Changing Focus. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02119
  • Neyzi, O., Günöz, H., Furman, A., Bundak, R., Gökçay, G., Darendeliler, F., & Baş, F. (2008). Türk çocuklarında vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, baş çevresi ve vücut kitle indeksi referans değerleri, 14.
  • Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., … Gakidou, E. (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease
  • Study 2013. The Lancet, 384(9945), 766-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
  • Noor, A. M., Leelavathi, M., Shamsul, A. S., Hizlinda, T., Khairani, O., & Fatimah, A. (2012). Parental concerns and control in feeding of 9 to 12-year-old children in a primary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(1), 47-55.
  • Norris, T., & Pittman, M. (2000). The healthy communities movement and the coalition for healthier cities and communities. Public Health Reports, 115(2-3), 118-124.
  • Noser, A. E., Majidi, S., Finch, J., Clements, M. A., Youngkin, E. M., & Patton, S. R. (2018). Authoritarian parenting style predicts poorer glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(7), 1315-1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12726
  • Obesity and overweight. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 12 Kasım 2018, gönderen http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  • Oken, E., Levitan, E., & Gillman, M. (2008). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight. International journal of obesity (2005), 32(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803760
  • Olvera, N., & Power, T. G. (2010). Brief Report: Parenting Styles and Obesity in Mexican American Children: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp071
  • Özcebe, H., Bosı, T., & Yardım, N. (2017). Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (İlkokul İkinci Sınıf Öğrencileri) Şişmanlık Araştırması: COSI-TUR 2016. Ankara: Efe Matbaacılık.
  • Parsons, T., Power, C., Logan, S., & Summerbell, C. (1999). Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review, 107.
  • Podlesak, A. K., Mozer, M. E., Smith-Simpson, S., Lee, S.-Y., & Donovan, S. M. (2017). Associations between Parenting Style and Parent and Toddler Mealtime Behaviors. Current Developments in Nutrition, 1(6). https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.000570
  • Robinson, T. N. (1999). Reducing Children’s Television Viewing to Prevent Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 282(16), 1561. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.16.1561
  • Rodenburg, G., Kremers, S. P. J., Oenema, A., & van de Mheen, D. (2012). Associations of Children’s Appetitive Traits with Weight and Dietary Behaviours in the Context of General Parenting. PLoS ONE, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050642
  • Satman, I., Omer, B., Tutuncu, Y., Kalaca, S., Gedik, S., Dinccag, N., … Tuomilehto, J. (2013). Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9771-5
  • Schienkiewitz, A., Mensink, G. B. M., & Scheidt-Nave, C. (2012). Comorbidity of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults aged 18-79 years. BMC Public Health, 12, 658. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-658
  • Sleddens, E. F. C., Gerards, S. M. P. L., Thijs, C., de Vries, N. K., & Kremers, S. P. J. (2011). General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: a review. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6(2-2), e12-e27. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2011.566339
  • Sokol, R. L., Qin, B., & Poti, J. M. (2017). Parenting styles and body mass index: a systematic review of prospective studies among children: Parenting styles and body mass index. Obesity Reviews, 18(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12497
  • Soygüt, G., Çak, Z., & Karaosmano, A. (2008). Ebeveynlik Biçimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Young Ebeveynlik Ölçeği’nin Psikometrik Özelliklerine İlişkin Bir İnceleme, 17.
  • Swinburn, B., Egger, G., & Raza, F. (1999). Dissecting Obesogenic Environments: The Development and Application of a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Environmental Interventions for Obesity. Preventive Medicine, 29(6), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0585
  • Tataranni, P. A., Larson, D. E., Snitker, S., Young, J. B., Flatt, J. P., & Ravussin, E. (1996). Effects of glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 271(2), E317-E325. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.2.E317
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Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 49 - 62, 29.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • Bakanligi, T. C. S. (t.y.). Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması 2010 Yayınlandı. Geliş tarihi 12 Kasım 2018, gönderen /TR,4736/turkiye-beslenme-ve-saglik-arastirmasi-2010-yayinlandi.html
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 22.
  • Body mass index - BMI. (2018, Kasım 12). Geliş tarihi 12 Kasım 2018, gönderen http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi
  • Braet, C., Mervielde, I., & Vandereycken, W. (1997). Psychological Aspects of Childhood Obesity: A Controlled Study in a Clinical and Nonclinical Sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(1), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/22.1.59
  • Brown, C. L., Halvorson, E. E., Cohen, G. M., Lazorick, S., & Skelton, J. A. (2015). Addressing Childhood Obesity: Opportunities for Prevention. Pediatric clinics of North America, 62(5), 1241-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2015.05.013
  • Clowtis, L. M., Kang, D.-H., Padhye, N. S., Rozmus, C., & Barratt, M. S. (2016). Biobehavioral Factors in Child Health Outcomes: The Roles of Maternal Stress, Maternal–Child Engagement, Salivary Cortisol, and Salivary Testosterone. Nursing Research, 65(5), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000172
  • Cummins, S., & Macintyre, S. (2006). Food environments and obesity—neighbourhood or nation? International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 100-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi276
  • Demir, E. K., & Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (ETÖ), 13.
  • Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J. A., & Seidell, J. C. (1991). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(02), 105. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19910073
  • Ergul, S., & Kalkim, A. (2011). A Major Chronic Disease: Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 10(2), 223. https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.20110119104521
  • Frankel, L. A., O’Connor, T. M., Chen, T.-A., Nicklas, T., Power, T. G., & Hughes, S. O. (2014). Parents’ perceptions of preschool children’s ability to regulate eating. Feeding style differences. Appetite, 76, 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.077
  • Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S. B., Heo, M., Jebb, S. A., Murgatroyd, P. R., & Sakamoto, Y. (2000). Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), 694-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694
  • Gauthier, K. I., & Krajicek, M. J. (2013). Obesogenic environment: A concept analysis and pediatric perspective. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 18(3), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12027
  • Hancock, K. J., Lawrence, D., & Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Higher Maternal Protectiveness Is Associated with Higher Odds of Child Overweight and Obesity: A Longitudinal Australian Study. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e100686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100686
  • Jayawardene, W., Dickinson, S., Lohrmann, D., & Agley, J. (2018). Arm Circumference-to-Height Ratio as a Situational Alternative to BMI Percentile in Assessing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adolescents. Journal of Obesity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7456461
  • Kakinami, L., Barnett, T. A., Séguin, L., & Paradis, G. (2015). Parenting style and obesity risk in children. Preventive Medicine, 75, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.005
  • King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2016). Authoritarian parenting and youth depression: Results from a national study. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 44(2), 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1132870
  • Koyuncuoğlu Güngör, N. (2014). Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 6(3), 129-143. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1471
  • Langer, S. L., Crain, A. L., Senso, M. M., Levy, R. L., & Sherwood, N. E. (2014). Predicting Child Physical Activity and Screen Time: Parental Support for Physical Activity and General Parenting Styles. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(6), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu021
  • Larsen, J. K., Sleddens, E. F. C., Vink, J. M., Fisher, J. O., & Kremers, S. P. J. (2018). General Parenting Styles and Children’s Obesity Risk: Changing Focus. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02119
  • Neyzi, O., Günöz, H., Furman, A., Bundak, R., Gökçay, G., Darendeliler, F., & Baş, F. (2008). Türk çocuklarında vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, baş çevresi ve vücut kitle indeksi referans değerleri, 14.
  • Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., … Gakidou, E. (2014). Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease
  • Study 2013. The Lancet, 384(9945), 766-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
  • Noor, A. M., Leelavathi, M., Shamsul, A. S., Hizlinda, T., Khairani, O., & Fatimah, A. (2012). Parental concerns and control in feeding of 9 to 12-year-old children in a primary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(1), 47-55.
  • Norris, T., & Pittman, M. (2000). The healthy communities movement and the coalition for healthier cities and communities. Public Health Reports, 115(2-3), 118-124.
  • Noser, A. E., Majidi, S., Finch, J., Clements, M. A., Youngkin, E. M., & Patton, S. R. (2018). Authoritarian parenting style predicts poorer glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 19(7), 1315-1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12726
  • Obesity and overweight. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 12 Kasım 2018, gönderen http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
  • Oken, E., Levitan, E., & Gillman, M. (2008). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight. International journal of obesity (2005), 32(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803760
  • Olvera, N., & Power, T. G. (2010). Brief Report: Parenting Styles and Obesity in Mexican American Children: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp071
  • Özcebe, H., Bosı, T., & Yardım, N. (2017). Türkiye Çocukluk Çağı (İlkokul İkinci Sınıf Öğrencileri) Şişmanlık Araştırması: COSI-TUR 2016. Ankara: Efe Matbaacılık.
  • Parsons, T., Power, C., Logan, S., & Summerbell, C. (1999). Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review, 107.
  • Podlesak, A. K., Mozer, M. E., Smith-Simpson, S., Lee, S.-Y., & Donovan, S. M. (2017). Associations between Parenting Style and Parent and Toddler Mealtime Behaviors. Current Developments in Nutrition, 1(6). https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.000570
  • Robinson, T. N. (1999). Reducing Children’s Television Viewing to Prevent Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 282(16), 1561. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.16.1561
  • Rodenburg, G., Kremers, S. P. J., Oenema, A., & van de Mheen, D. (2012). Associations of Children’s Appetitive Traits with Weight and Dietary Behaviours in the Context of General Parenting. PLoS ONE, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050642
  • Satman, I., Omer, B., Tutuncu, Y., Kalaca, S., Gedik, S., Dinccag, N., … Tuomilehto, J. (2013). Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9771-5
  • Schienkiewitz, A., Mensink, G. B. M., & Scheidt-Nave, C. (2012). Comorbidity of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults aged 18-79 years. BMC Public Health, 12, 658. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-658
  • Sleddens, E. F. C., Gerards, S. M. P. L., Thijs, C., de Vries, N. K., & Kremers, S. P. J. (2011). General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: a review. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6(2-2), e12-e27. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2011.566339
  • Sokol, R. L., Qin, B., & Poti, J. M. (2017). Parenting styles and body mass index: a systematic review of prospective studies among children: Parenting styles and body mass index. Obesity Reviews, 18(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12497
  • Soygüt, G., Çak, Z., & Karaosmano, A. (2008). Ebeveynlik Biçimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Young Ebeveynlik Ölçeği’nin Psikometrik Özelliklerine İlişkin Bir İnceleme, 17.
  • Swinburn, B., Egger, G., & Raza, F. (1999). Dissecting Obesogenic Environments: The Development and Application of a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Environmental Interventions for Obesity. Preventive Medicine, 29(6), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0585
  • Tataranni, P. A., Larson, D. E., Snitker, S., Young, J. B., Flatt, J. P., & Ravussin, E. (1996). Effects of glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 271(2), E317-E325. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.2.E317
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutrition and Dietetics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sumeyra Akalın

Reyhan İrkin

Publication Date December 29, 2018
Submission Date November 16, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akalın, S., & İrkin, R. (2018). EBEVEYNLERİN TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞLARININ ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI OBEZİTESİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 1(3), 49-62.

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