EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW-LEVEL LASER THERAPY IN DOGS

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 363 - 378, 30.09.2022

Neyran Altınkaya

https://doi.org/10.52538/iduhes.1101060

Abstract

Low-Level laser therapy (LLLT), known as photobiomodulation therapy, stimulates the mitochondrial respiratory chain and causes changes in cellular adenosine triphosphate or cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels. Lasers are classified according to their power, maximum exposure, and wavelength. The dose required to treat the tissue; it depends on wavelength, power density, tissue type, tissue condition, pigmentation, depth of target tissue and treatment technique. Lasers are a useful treatment in human and veterinary rehabilitation. Studies showing that cartilage properties are preserved with treatment, improvement in peripheral nerve injuries, and that they contribute to pain management in patients with osteoarthritis are promising for their use in veterinary rehabilitation.

Keywords

laser, dog, physiotherapy, therapy

KÖPEKLERDE DÜŞÜK YOĞUNLUKLU LAZER TEDAVİSİNİN ETKİNLİĞİ

Abstract

Fotobiyomodülasyon tedavisi olarak bilinen düşük yoğunluklu lazer tedavisi (Low Level Laser Therapy-LLLT), mitokondriyal solunum zincirini uyarır ve hücresel adenozin trifosfat veya siklik adenozin monofosfat seviyelerinde değişikliklere neden olur. Lazerler güçlerine, maksimum maruz kalma miktarına ve dalga boylarına göre sınıflandırılır. Dokuyu tedavi etmek için gereken doz; dalga boyuna, güç yoğunluğuna, doku tipine, dokunun durumuna, pigmentasyona, hedef dokunun derinliğine ve tedavi tekniğine bağlıdır. Lazerler, hem insan hem de veteriner rehabilitasyonunda yararlı bir tedavidir. Lazerin kıkırdak özelliklerinin koruduğunu, periferik sinir yaralanmalarında düzelmeye yardımcı olduğunu ve osteoartritli köpeklerde ağrı yönetimine katkı sağladığını gösteren çalışmalar veteriner rehabilitasyonunda kullanımları için umut vericidir.

Keywords

lazer, köpek, fizyoterapi, terapi

References

• Referans1 Al Rashoud, A. S., Abboud, R. J., Wang, W., & Wigderowitz, C. (2014). Efficacy of low-level laser therapy applied at acupuncture points in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised double-blind comparative trial. Physiotherapy, 100(3), ss.242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2013.09.007 .
• Referans2 Alves, A. C., Albertini, R., dos Santos, S. A., Leal-Junior, E. C., Santana, E., Serra, A. J., Silva, J. A., Jr, & de Carvalho, P. (2014). Effect of low-level laser therapy on metalloproteinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 production and percentage of collagen types I and III in a papain cartilage injury model. Lasers in medical science, 29(3), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1427-x.
• Referans3 Alves, A. C., de Carvalho, P. T., Parente, M., Xavier, M., Frigo, L., Aimbire, F., Leal Junior, E. C., & Albertini, R. (2013). Low-level laser therapy in different stages of rheumatoid arthritis: a histological study. Lasers in medical science, 28(2), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-012-1102-7.
• Referans4 Assis, L., Almeida, T., Milares, L. P., dos Passos, N., Araújo, B., Bublitz, C., Veronez, S., & Renno, A. C. (2015). Musculoskeletal Atrophy in an Experimental Model of Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Exercise Training and Low-Level Laser Therapy. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 94(8), 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000219
• Referans5 Assis, L., Manis, C., Fernandes, K. R., Cabral, D., Magri, A., Veronez, S., & Renno, A. C. (2016). Investigation of the Comparative Effects of Red and Infrared Laser Therapy on Skeletal Muscle Repair in Diabetic Rats. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 95(7), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.000000000000043
• Referans6 Baltzer, A. W., Ostapczuk, M. S., & Stosch, D. (2016). Positive effects of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on Bouchard's and Heberden's osteoarthritis. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 48(5), 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22480
• Referans7 Bjordal, J. M., Couppé, C., Chow, R. T., Tunér, J., & Ljunggren, E. A. (2003). A systematic review of low level laser therapy with location-specific doses for pain from chronic joint disorders. The Australian journal of physiotherapy, 49(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60127-6
• Referans8 Bublitz, C., Medalha, C., Oliveira, P., Assis, L., Milares, L. P., Fernandes, K. R., Tim, C. R., Vasilceac, F. A., Mattiello, S. M., & Renno, A. C. (2014). Low-level laser therapy prevents degenerative morphological changes in an experimental model of anterior cruciate ligament transection in rats. Lasers in medical science, 29(5), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-014-1546-z
• Referans9 Cavalcanti, M. F., Silva, U. H., Leal-Junior, E. C., Lopes-Martins, R. A., Marcos, R. L., Pallotta, R. C., Diomede, F., Trubiani, O., De Isla, N., & Frigo, L. (2016). Comparative Study of the Physiotherapeutic and Drug Protocol and Low-Level Laser Irradiation in the Treatment of Pain Associated with Temporomandibular Dysfunction. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 34(12), 652–656. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2016.4195
• Referans10 Chow, R. T., Johnson, M. I., Lopes-Martins, R. A., & Bjordal, J. M. (2009). Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet (London, England), 374(9705), 1897–1908. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61522-1
• Referans11 Chung, H., Dai, T., Sharma, S. K., Huang, Y. Y., Carroll, J. D., & Hamblin, M. R. (2012). The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy. Annals of biomedical engineering, 40(2), 516–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-011-0454-7
• Referans12 Corazza, A. V., Jorge, J., Kurachi, C., & Bagnato, V. S. (2007). Photobiomodulation on the angiogenesis of skin wounds in rats using different light sources. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 25(2), 102–106. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2006.2011
• Referans13 Cotler, H. B., Chow, R. T., Hamblin, M. R., & Carroll, J. (2015). The Use of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) For Musculoskeletal Pain. MOJ orthopedics & rheumatology, 2(5), 188-194. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojor.2015.02.00068
• Referans14 da Silva, J. P., da Silva, M. A., Almeida, A. P., Lombardi Junior, I., & Matos, A. P. (2010). Laser therapy in the tissue repair process: a literature review. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 28(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2008.2372
• Referans15 de Almeida, J. M., de Moraes, R. O., Gusman, D. J., Faleiros, P. L., Nagata, M. J., Garcia, V. G., Theodoro, L. H., & Bosco, A. F. (2017). Influence of low-level laser therapy on the healing process of autogenous bone block grafts in the jaws of systemically nicotine-modified rats: A histomorphometric study. Archives of oral biology, 75, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.003
• Referans16 de Andrade, A. L., Bossini, P. S., & Parizotto, N. A. (2016). Use of low level laser therapy to control neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 164, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.025
• Referans17 de Jesus, J. F., Spadacci-Morena, D. D., Rabelo, N. D., Pinfildi, C. E., Fukuda, T. Y., & Plapler, H. (2014). Low-level laser therapy on tissue repair of partially injured achilles tendon in rats. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 32(6), 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2013.3694
• Referans18 De Marchi, T., Leal Junior, E. C., Bortoli, C., Tomazoni, S. S., Lopes-Martins, R. A., & Salvador, M. (2012). Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in human progressive-intensity running: effects on exercise performance, skeletal muscle status, and oxidative stress. Lasers in medical science, 27(1), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-011-0955-5
• Referans19 De Marchi, T., Schmitt, V. M., Machado, G. P., de Sene, J. S., de Col, C. D., Tairova, O., Salvador, M., & Leal-Junior, E. C. (2017). Does photobiomodulation therapy is better than cryotherapy in muscle recovery after a high-intensity exercise? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers in medical science, 32(2), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2139-9
• Referans20 de Medeiros, M. L., Araújo-Filho, I., da Silva, E. M., de Sousa Queiroz, W. S., Soares, C. D., de Carvalho, M. G., & Maciel, M. A. (2017). Effect of low-level laser therapy on angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase-2 immunoexpression in wound repair. Lasers in medical science, 32(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2080-y
• Referans21 de Oliveira Martins, D., Martinez dos Santos, F., Evany de Oliveira, M., de Britto, L. R., Benedito Dias Lemos, J., & Chacur, M. (2013). Laser therapy and pain-related behavior after injury of the inferior alveolar nerve: possible involvement of neurotrophins. Journal of neurotrauma, 30(6), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2603
• Referans22 Draper, W. E., Schubert, T. A., Clemmons, R. M., & Miles, S. A. (2012). Low-level laser therapy reduces time to ambulation in dogs after hemilaminectomy: a preliminary study. The Journal of small animal practice, 53(8), 465–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01242.x
• Referans23 Erthal, V., Maria-Ferreira, D., Werner, M. F., Baggio, C. H., & Nohama, P. (2016). Anti-inflammatory effect of laser acupuncture in ST36 (Zusanli) acupoint in mouse paw edema. Lasers in medical science, 31(2), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1845-z
• Referans24 Frozanfar, A., Ramezani, M., Rahpeyma, A., Khajehahmadi, S., & Arbab, H. R. (2013). The Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on the Expression of Collagen Type I Gene and Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts (Hgf3-Pi 53): in vitro Study. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 16(10), 1071–1074.
• Referans25 Fung, D. T., Ng, G. Y., Leung, M. C., & Tay, D. K. (2002). Therapeutic low energy laser improves the mechanical strength of repairing medial collateral ligament. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 31(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.10083
• Referans26 Gigo-Benato, D., Geuna, S., de Castro Rodrigues, A., Tos, P., Fornaro, M., Boux, E., Battiston, B., & Giacobini-Robecchi, M. G. (2004). Low-power laser biostimulation enhances nerve repair after end-to-side neurorrhaphy: a double-blind randomized study in the rat median nerve model. Lasers in medical science, 19(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-004-0300-3
• Referans27 Gupta, A., Keshri, G. K., Yadav, A., Gola, S., Chauhan, S., Salhan, A. K., & Bala Singh, S. (2015). Superpulsed (Ga-As, 904 nm) low-level laser therapy (LLLT) attenuates inflammatory response and enhances healing of burn wounds. Journal of biophotonics, 8(6), 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201400058
• Referans28 Hagiwara, S., Iwasaka, H., Okuda, K., & Noguchi, T. (2007). GaAlAs (830 nm) low-level laser enhances peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia in rats. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 39(10), 797–802. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20583
• Referans29 Haslerud, S., Lopes-Martins, R. A., Frigo, L., Bjordal, J. M., Marcos, R. L., Naterstad, I. F., Magnussen, L. H., & Joensen, J. (2017). Low-Level Laser Therapy and Cryotherapy as Mono- and Adjunctive Therapies for Achilles Tendinopathy in Rats. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 35(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2016.4150
• Referans30 Hopkins, J. T., McLoda, T. A., Seegmiller, J. G., & David Baxter, G. (2004). Low-Level Laser Therapy Facilitates Superficial Wound Healing in Humans: A Triple-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study. Journal of athletic training, 39(3), 223–229.
• Referans31 Huang, Z., Ma, J., Chen, J., Shen, B., Pei, F., & Kraus, V. B. (2015). The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis research & therapy, 17, 360. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-015-0882-0
• Referans32 Hudson, D. E., Hudson, D. O., Wininger, J. M., & Richardson, B. D. (2013). Penetration of laser light at 808 and 980 nm in bovine tissue samples. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 31(4), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2012.3284
• Referans33 Ihsan F. R. (2005). Low-level laser therapy accelerates collateral circulation and enhances microcirculation. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 23(3), 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2005.23.289
• Referans34 Ip D. (2015). Does addition of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in conservative care of knee arthritis successfully postpone the need for joint replacement?. Lasers in medical science, 30(9), 2335–2339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1814-6
• Referans35 Janzadeh, A., Nasirinezhad, F., Masoumipoor, M., Jameie, S. B., & Hayat, P. (2016). Photobiomodulation therapy reduces apoptotic factors and increases glutathione levels in a neuropathic pain model. Lasers in medical science, 31(9), 1863–1869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2062-0
• Referans36 Karu, T. (1988). Molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effects of low intensity laser radiation. Lasers in the Life Sciences, 2, 53–74.
• Referans37 Karu, T., Pyatibrat, L., & Kalendo, G. (1995). Irradiation with He-Ne laser increases ATP level in cells cultivated in vitro. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 27(3), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(94)07078-3
• Referans38 Keshri, G. K., Gupta, A., Yadav, A., Sharma, S. K., & Singh, S. B. (2016). Photobiomodulation with Pulsed and Continuous Wave Near-Infrared Laser (810 nm, Al-Ga-As) Augments Dermal Wound Healing in Immunosuppressed Rats. PloS one, 11(11), e0166705. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166705
• Referans39 Khalighi, H. R., Mortazavi, H., Mojahedi, S. M., Azari-Marhabi, S., & Moradi Abbasabadi, F. (2016). Low Level Laser Therapy Versus Pharmacotherapy in Improving Myofascial Pain Disorder Syndrome. Journal of lasers in medical sciences, 7(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.10
• Referans40 Kobiela Ketz, A., Byrnes, K. R., Grunberg, N. E., Kasper, C. E., Osborne, L., Pryor, B., Tosini, N. L., Wu, X., & Anders, J. J. (2017). Characterization of Macrophage/Microglial Activation and Effect of Photobiomodulation in the Spared Nerve Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 18(5), 932–946. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw144
• Referans41 Langella, L. G., Casalechi, H. L., Tomazoni, S. S., Johnson, D. S., Albertini, R., Pallotta, R. C., Marcos, R. L., de Carvalho, P., & Leal-Junior, E. (2018). Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on acute pain and inflammation in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty-a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers in medical science, 33(9), 1933–1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-2558-x
• Referans42 Leal-Junior, E. C., Vanin, A. A., Miranda, E. F., de Carvalho, P., Dal Corso, S., & Bjordal, J. M. (2015). Effect of phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and light-emitting diode therapy) on exercise performance and markers of exercise recovery: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Lasers in medical science, 30(2), 925–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1465-4
• Referans43 Lemos, G. A., Rissi, R., de Souza Pires, I. L., de Oliveira, L. P., de Aro, A. A., Pimentel, E. R., & Palomari, E. T. (2016). Low-level laser therapy stimulates tissue repair and reduces the extracellular matrix degradation in rats with induced arthritis in the temporomandibular joint. Lasers in medical science, 31(6), 1051–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1946-3
• Referans44 Lima, A. C., Fernandes, G. A., de Barros Araújo, R., Gonzaga, I. C., de Oliveira, R. A., & Nicolau, R. A. (2017). Photobiomodulation (Laser and LED) on Sternotomy Healing in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Patients Who Underwent Coronary Bypass Surgery with Internal Mammary Artery Grafts: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study with Follow-Up. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 35(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2016.4143
• Referans45 Looney, A. L., Huntingford, J. L., Blaeser, L. L., & Mann, S. (2018). A randomized blind placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on canine elbow osteoarthritis. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 59(9), 959–966.
• Referans46 Lowe, A. S., Baxter, G. D., Walsh, D. M., & Allen, J. M. (1994). Effect of low intensity laser (830 nm) irradiation on skin temperature and antidromic conduction latencies in the human median nerve: relevance of radiant exposure. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 14(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.190014011
• Referans47 Marques, A. C., Albertini, R., Serra, A. J., da Silva, E. A., de Oliveira, V. L., Silva, L. M., Leal-Junior, E. C., & de Carvalho, P. T. (2016). Photobiomodulation therapy on collagen type I and III, vascular endothelial growth factor, and metalloproteinase in experimentally induced tendinopathy in aged rats. Lasers in medical science, 31(9), 1915–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2070-0
• Referans48 Martignago, C. C., Oliveira, R. F., Pires-Oliveira, D. A., Oliveira, P. D., Pacheco Soares, C., Monzani, P. S., & Poli-Frederico, R. C. (2015). Effect of low-level laser therapy on the gene expression of collagen and vascular endothelial growth factor in a culture of fibroblast cells in mice. Lasers in medical science, 30(1), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-014-1644-y
• Referans49 Mathur, R. K., Sahu, K., Saraf, S., Patheja, P., Khan, F., & Gupta, P. K. (2017). Low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to conventional therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Lasers in medical science, 32(2), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2109-2
• Referans50 Medalha, C. C., Santos, A. L., Veronez, S., Fernandes, K. R., Magri, A. M., & Renno, A. C. (2016). Low level laser therapy accelerates bone healing in spinal cord injured rats. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 159, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.04
• Referans51 Nadur-Andrade, N., Dale, C. S., Oliveira, V. R., Toniolo, E. F., Feliciano, R. D., da Silva, J. A., Jr, & Zamuner, S. R. (2016). Analgesic Effect of Photobiomodulation on Bothrops Moojeni Venom-Induced Hyperalgesia: A Mechanism Dependent on Neuronal Inhibition, Cytokines and Kinin Receptors Modulation. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 10(10), e0004998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004998
• Referans52 Ojea, A. R., Madi, O., Neto, R. M., Lima, S. E., de Carvalho, B. T., Ojea, M. J., Marcos, R. L., da Silva, F. S., Zamuner, S. R., & Chavantes, M. C. (2016). Beneficial Effects of Applying Low-Level Laser Therapy to Surgical Wounds After Bariatric Surgery. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 34(11), 580–584. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2016.4149
• Referans53 Passarella, S., Casamassima, E., Molinari, S., Pastore, D., Quagliariello, E., Catalano, I. M., & Cingolani, A. (1984). Increase of proton electrochemical potential and ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria irradiated in vitro by helium-neon laser. FEBS letters, 175(1), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(84)80577-3
• Referans54 Ranjbar, R., & Takhtfooladi, M. A. (2016). The effects of low level laser therapy on Staphylococcus aureus infected third-degree burns in diabetic rats. Acta cirurgica brasileira, 31(4), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-865020160040000005
• Referans55 Rathnakar, B., Rao, B. S., Prabhu, V., Chandra, S., Rai, S., Rao, A. C., Sharma, M., Gupta, P. K., & Mahato, K. K. (2016). Photo-biomodulatory response of low-power laser irradiation on burn tissue repair in mice. Lasers in medical science, 31(9), 1741–1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2044-2
• Referans56 Rayegani, S., Bahrami, M., Samadi, B., Sedighipour, L., Mokhtarirad, M., & Eliaspoor, D. (2011). Comparison of the effects of low energy laser and ultrasound in treatment of shoulder myofascial pain syndrome: a randomized single-blinded clinical trial. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 47(3), 381–389.
• Referans57 Renwick, S. M., Renwick, A. I., Brodbelt, D. C., Ferguson, J., & Abreu, H. (2018). Influence of class IV laser therapy on the outcomes of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs. Veterinary surgery: VS, 47(4), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.12794
• Referans58 Rochkind, S., Geuna, S., & Shainberg, A. (2009). Chapter 25: Phototherapy in peripheral nerve injury: effects on muscle preservation and nerve regeneration. International review of neurobiology, 87, 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(09)87025-6
• Referans59 S, G. N., Kamal, W., George, J., & Manssor, E. (2017). Radiological and biochemical effects (CTX-II, MMP-3, 8, and 13) of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in chronic osteoarthritis in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Lasers in medical science, 32(2), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2114-5
• Referans60 Santos, M. T., Diniz, M. B., Gouw-Soares, S. C., Lopes-Martins, R. A., Frigo, L., & Baeder, F. M. (2016). Evaluation of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of masticatory muscles spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of biomedical optics, 21(2), 28001. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.21.2.028001
• Referans61 Saygun, I., Nizam, N., Ural, A. U., Serdar, M. A., Avcu, F., & Tözüm, T. F. (2012). Low-level laser irradiation affects the release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and receptor of IGF-I (IGFBP3) from osteoblasts. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 30(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2011.3079
• Referans62 Silveira, P. C., Ferreira, K. B., da Rocha, F. R., Pieri, B. L., Pedroso, G. S., De Souza, C. T., Nesi, R. T., & Pinho, R. A. (2016). Effect of Low-Power Laser (LPL) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) on Inflammatory Response in Burn Wound Healing. Inflammation, 39(4), 1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-016-0371-x
• Referans63 Snyder-Mackler, L., & Bork, C. E. (1988). Effect of helium-neon laser irradiation on peripheral sensory nerve latency. Physical therapy, 68(2), 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/68.2.223
• Referans64 Snyder-Mackler, L., Barry, A. J., Perkins, A. I., & Soucek, M. D. (1989). Effects of helium-neon laser irradiation on skin resistance and pain in patients with trigger points in the neck or back. Physical therapy, 69(5), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/69.5.336
• Referans65 Stasinopoulos, D., Papadopoulos, K., Lamnisos, D., & Stergioulas, A. (2016). LLLT for the management of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Lasers in medical science, 31(3), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1874-2
• Referans66 Suzuki, R., & Takakuda, K. (2016). Wound healing efficacy of a 660-nm diode laser in a rat incisional wound model. Lasers in medical science, 31(8), 1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2038-0
• Referans67 Taheri, P., Vahdatpour, B., & Andalib, S. (2016). Comparative study of shock wave therapy and Laser therapy effect in elimination of symptoms among patients with myofascial pain syndrome in upper trapezius. Advanced biomedical research, 5, 138. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.187398
• Referans68 Takenori, A., Ikuhiro, M., Shogo, U., Hiroe, K., Junji, S., Yasutaka, T., Hiroya, K., & Miki, N. (2016). Immediate pain relief effect of low level laser therapy for sports injuries: Randomized, double-blind placebo clinical trial. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 19(12), 980–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.03.006
• Referans69 Takhtfooladi, M. A., Jahanbakhsh, F., Takhtfooladi, H. A., Yousefi, K., & Allahverdi, A. (2015). Effect of low-level laser therapy (685 nm, 3 J/cm (2)) on functional recovery of the sciatic nerve in rats following crushing lesion. Lasers in medical science, 30(3), 1047–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-015-1709-6
• Referans70 Tim, C. R., Bossini, P. S., Kido, H. W., Malavazi, I., von Zeska Kress, M. R., Carazzolle, M. F., Parizotto, N. A., & Rennó, A. C. (2016). Effects of low level laser therapy on inflammatory and angiogenic gene expression during the process of bone healing: A microarray analysis. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 154, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.02
• Referans71 Toma, R. L., Vassão, P. G., Assis, L., Antunes, H. K., & Renno, A. C. (2016). Low level laser therapy associated with a strength training program on muscle performance in elderly women: a randomized double blind control study. Lasers in medical science, 31(6), 1219–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1967-y
• Referans72 Tomazoni, S. S., Leal-Junior, E. C., Pallotta, R. C., Teixeira, S., de Almeida, P., & Lopes-Martins, R. Á. (2017). Effects of photobiomodulation therapy, pharmacological therapy, and physical exercise as single and/or combined treatment on the inflammatory response induced by experimental osteoarthritis. Lasers in medical science, 32(1), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2091-8
• Referans73 Vanin, A. A., Miranda, E. F., Machado, C. S., de Paiva, P. R., Albuquerque-Pontes, G. M., Casalechi, H. L., de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho, P., & Leal-Junior, E. C. (2016). What is the best moment to apply phototherapy when associated to a strength training program? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial: Phototherapy in association to strength training. Lasers in medical science, 31(8), 1555–1564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2015-7
• Referans74 Vasilenko, T., Slezák, M., Kovác, I., Bottková, Z., Jakubco, J., Kostelníková, M., Tomori, Z., & Gál, P. (2010). The effect of equal daily dose achieved by different power densities of low-level laser therapy at 635 and 670 nm on wound tensile strength in rats: a short report. Photomedicine and laser surgery, 28(2), 281–283. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2009.2489
• Referans75 Veronez, S., Assis, L., Del Campo, P., de Oliveira, F., de Castro, G., Renno, A. C., & Medalha, C. C. (2017). Effects of different fluences of low-level laser therapy in an experimental model of spinal cord injury in rats. Lasers in medical science, 32(2), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2120-7
• Referans76 Wagner, V. P., Curra, M., Webber, L. P., Nör, C., Matte, U., Meurer, L., & Martins, M. D. (2016). Photobiomodulation regulates cytokine release and new blood vessel formation during oral wound healing in rats. Lasers in medical science, 31(4), 665–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-1904-0
• Referans77 Yadav, A., & Gupta, A. (2017). Noninvasive red and near-infrared wavelength-induced photobiomodulation: promoting impaired cutaneous wound healing. Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine, 33(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12282
• Referans78 Youssef, E. F., Muaidi, Q. I., & Shanb, A. A. (2016). Effect of Laser Therapy on Chronic Osteoarthritis of the Knee in Older Subjects. Journal of lasers in medical sciences, 7(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2016.19
• Referans79 Ziago, E. K., Fazan, V. P., Iyomasa, M. M., Sousa, L. G., Yamauchi, P. Y., da Silva, E. A., Borie, E., Fuentes, R., & Dias, F. J. (2017). Analysis of the variation in low-level laser energy density on the crushed sciatic nerves of rats: a morphological, quantitative, and morphometric study. Lasers in medical science, 32(2), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2126-1