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NÖROJENİK KEKEMELİĞE YAKLAŞIM

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 10 - 26, 26.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.52538/iduhes.1139810

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, edinilmiş nörojenik kekemeliğin epidemiyolojisi, patofizyolojisi, tanı, değerlendirme ve terapisi ile ilgili bilgileri sentezleyerek gelecekteki araştırmalara ve klinik alana katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmıştır. İncelemede geleneksel derleme metodu kullanılmış, bu kapsamda; nörojenik kekemeliğin tanımlanması, insidansı, etiyolojisi, altta yatan mekanizmalar, ayırt edici özellikleri, değerlendirme ve terapisine ilişkin literatür incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Etiyolojisine göre ayrılan nörojenik kekemelik, edinilmiş kekemeliğin alt sınıflamasında yer almaktadır. Nörojenik kekemeliğin, çeşitli nörolojik hasar veya hastalık nedeniyle ortaya çıkan edinilmiş konuşma bozukluğu olarak tanımlandığı görülmüştür. Konuşma akışını ve ritmini bozacak bir şekilde, seslerde veya hecelerde tekrarlama, uzatma veya bunların blok şeklinde üretilmesi ile karakterize edilmiştir. Nörojenik kekemeliğin yaygın nedenleri arasında inme ve travmatik beyin hasarı yer almaktadır. Nörojenik kekemeliğin patofizyolojik mekanizması tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Bu bozukluk, diğer dil ve konuşma bozuklukları ile benzer özellikler taşır veya bir arada görülebilir. Dolayısı ile bu bozukluğa ve ayırıcı tanıya yönelik detaylı bir değerlendirme yapılması terapi planını oluşturmaya yardımcı olacaktır. Nörojenik kekemeliğin değerlendirmesinde vaka geçmişi, vakanın dil, sesletim, bilişsel ve motor becerileri, konuşmasının akıcısızlık ve diğer özellikleri ile kekemeliğine dair tutumu gibi birçok alan detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmalıdır. Terapisinde; kişiden kişiye farklı etki gösterebilecek, akıcılığı iyileştirmeye ve hıza odaklanan çeşitli dil ve konuşma terapisi stratejilerinden yararlanılmasının optimum fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • 1. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2014) Fluency Disorders. [Erişim tarihi: 06.02.2021]. Erişim linki: https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/fluency-disorders/#collapse_0
  • 2. Cruz, C., Amorim, H., Beça, G., & Nunes, R. (2018). Neurogenic stuttering: A review of the literature. Revista de Neurología, 16;66(2):59-64.
  • 3. Krishnan, G., & Tiwari, S. (2013). Differential diagnosis in developmental and acquired neurogenic stuttering: Do fluency-enhancing conditions dissociate the two?. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(2), 252-257.
  • 4. Junuzovic-Zunic, L., Sinanovic, O., & Majic, B. (2021). Neurogenic Stuttering: Etiology, Symptomatology, and Treatment. Medical Archives, 75(6), 456.
  • 5. Van Borsel, J. (2014). Acquired stuttering: A note on terminology. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 27(1), 41-49.
  • 6. Ward, D. (2006). Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding and treatment. Psychology Press.
  • 7. Baumgartner, J., & Duffy, J. R. (1997). Psychogenic stuttering in adults with and without neurologic disease. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 5, 75-96.
  • 8. Theys, C., Van Wieringen, A., Sunaert, S., Thijs, V., & De Nil, L. F. (2011). A one year prospective study of neurogenic stuttering following stroke: incidence and co-occurring disorders. Journal of communication disorders, 44(6), 678-687.
  • 9. Duffy, J. R. (2013). Motor speech disorders e-book: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • 10. Hegde, M. N., & Freed, D. (2016). Assessment of communication disorders in adults: Resources and protocols. Plural Publishing.
  • 11. Lundie, M., Erasmus, Z., Zsilavecz, U. L., & Van der Linde, J. (2014). Compilation of a preliminary checklist for the differential diagnosis of neurogenic stuttering. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 27, 61(1).
  • 12. Tani, T., & Sakai, Y. (2011). Analysis of five cases with neurogenic stuttering following brain injury in the basal ganglia. Journal of fluency disorders, 36(1), 1-16.
  • 13. Doi, M., Nakayasu, H., Soda, T., Shimoda, K., Ito, A., & Nakashima, K. (2003). Brainstem infarction presenting with neurogenic stuttering. Internal Medicine, 42(9), 884-887.
  • 14. Jokel, R., De Nil, L., & Sharpe, K. (2007). Speech disfluencies in adults with neurogenic stuttering associated with stroke and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 15(3), 243-262.
  • 15. Theys, C., Van Wieringen, A., & Luc, F. (2008). A clinician survey of speech and non-speech characteristics of neurogenic stuttering. Journal of fluency disorders, 33(1), 1-23.
  • 16. Lebrun, Y., Bijleveld, H., & Rousseau, J. J. (1990). A case of persistent neurogenic stuttering following a missile wound. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 15(5-6), 251-258.
  • 17. Koller, W. C. (1983). Dysfluency (stuttering) in extrapyramidal disease. Archives of neurology, 40(3), 175-177.
  • 18. Lebrun, Y. (1991). Stuttering and epilepsy. Journal of neurolinguistics, 6(4), 433-444.
  • 19. Rosenbek, J. C., McNeil, M. R., Lemme, M. L., Prescott, T. E., & Alfrey, A. C. (1975). Speech and language findings in a chronic hemodialysis patient: a case report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 40(2), 245-252.
  • 20. Chen, W. H., & Peng, M. C. (1993). Acquired stuttering in a patient with encephalitis. Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi= The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(3), 183-185.
  • 21. Ludlow, C. L., Rosenberg, J., Salazar, A., Grafman, J., & Smutok, M. (1987). Site of penetrating brain lesions causing chronic acquired stuttering. Annals of Neurology, 22(1), 60-66.
  • 22. Theys, C., De Nil, L., Thijs, V., van Wieringen, A., & Sunaert, S. (2013). A crucial role for the cortico‐striato‐cortical loop in the pathogenesis of stroke‐related neurogenic stuttering. Human brain mapping, 34(9), 2103-2112.
  • 23. Burch, J. M., Kiernan, T. E., & Demaerschalk, B. M. (2013). Neurogenic stuttering with right hemisphere stroke: A case presentation. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(1), 207-213.
  • 24. Murphy, R., Gallagher, A., Sharma, K., Ali, T., Lewis, E., Murray, I., & Hallahan, B. (2015). Clozapine-induced stuttering: an estimate of prevalence in the west of Ireland. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 5(4), 232-236.
  • 25. Bär, K. J., Häger, F., & Sauer, H. (2004). Olanzapine-and clozapine-induced stuttering. Pharmacopsychiatry, 37(03), 131-134.
  • 26. Lundgren, K., Helm-Estabrooks, N., & Klein, R. (2010). Stuttering following acquired brain damage: A review of the literature. Journal of neurolinguistics, 23(5), 447-454.
  • 27. Guitar, B. (2014). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • 28. Helm-Estabrooks, N. (1999). Stuttering associated with acquired neurological disorders. In: Curlee RF, editor. Stuttering and related disorders of fluency. 2nd ed. Thieme; New York.
  • 29. Manning, W. H. & DiLollo, A. (2017). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders. Plural Publishing.
  • 30. Ringo, C. C., & Dietrich, S. (1995). Neurogenic stuttering: An analysis and critique. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 3(2), 111-122.
  • 31. Canter, G. J. (1971). Observations on neurogenic stuttering: A contribution to differential diagnosis. British journal of Disorders of Communication, 6(2), 139-143.
  • 32. Van Borsel, J., & Taillieu, C. (2001). Neurogenic stuttering versus developmental stuttering: An observer judgement study. Journal of communication disorders, 34(5), 385-395.
  • 33. Culatta, R., & Leeper, L. (1989). The differential diagnosis of disfluency. NSSLHA Journal, (17), 59-64.
  • 34. Krishnan, G., & Tiwari, S. (2011). Revisiting the acquired neurogenic stuttering in the light of developmental stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24(3), 383-396.
  • 35. Balasubramanian, V., Cronin, K. L., & Max, L. (2010). Dysfluency levels during repeated readings, choral readings, and readings with altered auditory feedback in two cases of acquired neurogenic stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), 488-500.
  • 36. Sahin, H. A., Krespi, Y., Yilmaz, A., & Coban, O. (2005). Stuttering due to ischemic stroke. Behavioural neurology, 16(1), 37-39.
  • 37. Max, L., Kadri, M., Mitsuya, T., & Balasubramanian, V. (2019). Similar within-utterance loci of dysfluency in acquired neurogenic and persistent developmental stuttering. Brain and Language, 189, 1-9.
  • 38. Theys, C., Van Wieringen, A., Tuyls, L., & De Nil, L. (2009). Acquired stuttering in a 16-year-old boy. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(5), 427-435.
  • 39. Ward, D. (2010). Sudden onset stuttering in an adult: Neurogenic and psychogenic perspectives. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), 511-517.
  • 40. Roth, C. R., Aronson, A. E., & Davis Jr, L. J. (1989). Clinical studies in psychogenic stuttering of adult onset. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54(4), 634-646.
  • 41. Binder, L. M., Spector, J., & Youngjohn, J. R. (2012). Psychogenic stuttering and other acquired nonorganic speech and language abnormalities. Archives of clinical neuropsychology, 27(5), 557-568.
  • 42. Roth, C. R., Cornis-Pop, M., & Beach, W. A. (2015). Examination of validity in spoken language evaluations: Adult onset stuttering following mild traumatic brain injury 1. NeuroRehabilitation, 36(4), 415-426.
  • 43. Silbergleit, A. K., Feit, H., & Silbergleit, R. (2009). Neurogenic stuttering in corticobasal ganglionic degeneration: A case report. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(1), 83-90.
  • 44. Christman, S. S., Boutsen, F. R., & Buckingham, H. W. (2004, November). Perseveration and other repetitive verbal behaviors: functional dissociations. In Seminars in speech and language (Vol. 26, No. 04, pp. 295-307). Copyright© 2004 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
  • 45. Johns, D. F., & Darley, F. L. (1970). Phonemic variability in apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 13(3), 556-583.
  • 46. Rosenbek, J., Messert, B., Collins, M., & Wertz, R. T. (1978). Stuttering following brain damage. Brain and language, 6(1), 82-96.
  • 47. Balasubramanian, V., & Max, L. (2004). Crossed apraxia of speech: a case report. Brain and cognition, 55(2), 240-246.
  • 48. De Nil L. F., Jokel, R., & Rochon, E. (2007). Etiology, symptomatology, and treatment of neurogenic stuttering. In E. Conture, & R. Curlee (Eds.), 3rd ed., Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 326–343.
  • 49. Shipley, K. G., & McAfee, J. G. (2015). Assessment in speech-language pathology: A resource manual. Nelson Education.
  • 50. Manning, W. H. (2010). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders. (3rd edn.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
  • 51. Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research. Archives of neurology, 42(5), 428-459.
  • 52. Van Borsel, J., Drummond, D., & de Britto Pereira, M. M. (2010). Delayed auditory feedback and acquired neurogenic stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), 479-487.
  • 53. Coppens, P., & Patterson, J. (2017). Generalization in aphasiology: What are the best strategies. Aphasia Rehabilitation: Clinical Challenges: Clinical Challenges, 206.
  • 54. Riley, G., & Bakker, K. (2009). SSI-4: Stuttering severity instrument. PRO-ED, an International Publisher.
  • 55. Woolf, G. (1967). The assessment of stuttering as struggle, avoidance, and expectancy. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 2(2), 158-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13682826709031315
  • 56. Rotter, O. (1996). A scale to measure locus of control of behavior. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57, 173-180.
  • 57. Ornstein, A. F., & Manning, W. H. (1985). Self-efficacy scaling by adult stutterers. Journal of Communication Disorders, 18(4), 313-320.
  • 58. Wright, L., & Ayre, A. (2000). WASSP: the Wright and Ayre stuttering self-rating profile. Speechmark Publishing Limited.
  • 59. Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2006). Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES): Documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment. Journal of fluency disorders, 31(2), 90-115.
  • 60. Catalano, G., Robben, D. L., Catalano, M. C., & Kahn, D. A. (2009). Olanzapine for the treatment of acquired neurogenic stuttering. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 15(6), 484-488.
Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 10 - 26, 26.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.52538/iduhes.1139810

Abstract

References

  • 1. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2014) Fluency Disorders. [Erişim tarihi: 06.02.2021]. Erişim linki: https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/fluency-disorders/#collapse_0
  • 2. Cruz, C., Amorim, H., Beça, G., & Nunes, R. (2018). Neurogenic stuttering: A review of the literature. Revista de Neurología, 16;66(2):59-64.
  • 3. Krishnan, G., & Tiwari, S. (2013). Differential diagnosis in developmental and acquired neurogenic stuttering: Do fluency-enhancing conditions dissociate the two?. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(2), 252-257.
  • 4. Junuzovic-Zunic, L., Sinanovic, O., & Majic, B. (2021). Neurogenic Stuttering: Etiology, Symptomatology, and Treatment. Medical Archives, 75(6), 456.
  • 5. Van Borsel, J. (2014). Acquired stuttering: A note on terminology. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 27(1), 41-49.
  • 6. Ward, D. (2006). Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding and treatment. Psychology Press.
  • 7. Baumgartner, J., & Duffy, J. R. (1997). Psychogenic stuttering in adults with and without neurologic disease. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 5, 75-96.
  • 8. Theys, C., Van Wieringen, A., Sunaert, S., Thijs, V., & De Nil, L. F. (2011). A one year prospective study of neurogenic stuttering following stroke: incidence and co-occurring disorders. Journal of communication disorders, 44(6), 678-687.
  • 9. Duffy, J. R. (2013). Motor speech disorders e-book: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • 10. Hegde, M. N., & Freed, D. (2016). Assessment of communication disorders in adults: Resources and protocols. Plural Publishing.
  • 11. Lundie, M., Erasmus, Z., Zsilavecz, U. L., & Van der Linde, J. (2014). Compilation of a preliminary checklist for the differential diagnosis of neurogenic stuttering. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 27, 61(1).
  • 12. Tani, T., & Sakai, Y. (2011). Analysis of five cases with neurogenic stuttering following brain injury in the basal ganglia. Journal of fluency disorders, 36(1), 1-16.
  • 13. Doi, M., Nakayasu, H., Soda, T., Shimoda, K., Ito, A., & Nakashima, K. (2003). Brainstem infarction presenting with neurogenic stuttering. Internal Medicine, 42(9), 884-887.
  • 14. Jokel, R., De Nil, L., & Sharpe, K. (2007). Speech disfluencies in adults with neurogenic stuttering associated with stroke and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 15(3), 243-262.
  • 15. Theys, C., Van Wieringen, A., & Luc, F. (2008). A clinician survey of speech and non-speech characteristics of neurogenic stuttering. Journal of fluency disorders, 33(1), 1-23.
  • 16. Lebrun, Y., Bijleveld, H., & Rousseau, J. J. (1990). A case of persistent neurogenic stuttering following a missile wound. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 15(5-6), 251-258.
  • 17. Koller, W. C. (1983). Dysfluency (stuttering) in extrapyramidal disease. Archives of neurology, 40(3), 175-177.
  • 18. Lebrun, Y. (1991). Stuttering and epilepsy. Journal of neurolinguistics, 6(4), 433-444.
  • 19. Rosenbek, J. C., McNeil, M. R., Lemme, M. L., Prescott, T. E., & Alfrey, A. C. (1975). Speech and language findings in a chronic hemodialysis patient: a case report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 40(2), 245-252.
  • 20. Chen, W. H., & Peng, M. C. (1993). Acquired stuttering in a patient with encephalitis. Gaoxiong yi xue ke xue za zhi= The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(3), 183-185.
  • 21. Ludlow, C. L., Rosenberg, J., Salazar, A., Grafman, J., & Smutok, M. (1987). Site of penetrating brain lesions causing chronic acquired stuttering. Annals of Neurology, 22(1), 60-66.
  • 22. Theys, C., De Nil, L., Thijs, V., van Wieringen, A., & Sunaert, S. (2013). A crucial role for the cortico‐striato‐cortical loop in the pathogenesis of stroke‐related neurogenic stuttering. Human brain mapping, 34(9), 2103-2112.
  • 23. Burch, J. M., Kiernan, T. E., & Demaerschalk, B. M. (2013). Neurogenic stuttering with right hemisphere stroke: A case presentation. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(1), 207-213.
  • 24. Murphy, R., Gallagher, A., Sharma, K., Ali, T., Lewis, E., Murray, I., & Hallahan, B. (2015). Clozapine-induced stuttering: an estimate of prevalence in the west of Ireland. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 5(4), 232-236.
  • 25. Bär, K. J., Häger, F., & Sauer, H. (2004). Olanzapine-and clozapine-induced stuttering. Pharmacopsychiatry, 37(03), 131-134.
  • 26. Lundgren, K., Helm-Estabrooks, N., & Klein, R. (2010). Stuttering following acquired brain damage: A review of the literature. Journal of neurolinguistics, 23(5), 447-454.
  • 27. Guitar, B. (2014). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • 28. Helm-Estabrooks, N. (1999). Stuttering associated with acquired neurological disorders. In: Curlee RF, editor. Stuttering and related disorders of fluency. 2nd ed. Thieme; New York.
  • 29. Manning, W. H. & DiLollo, A. (2017). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders. Plural Publishing.
  • 30. Ringo, C. C., & Dietrich, S. (1995). Neurogenic stuttering: An analysis and critique. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 3(2), 111-122.
  • 31. Canter, G. J. (1971). Observations on neurogenic stuttering: A contribution to differential diagnosis. British journal of Disorders of Communication, 6(2), 139-143.
  • 32. Van Borsel, J., & Taillieu, C. (2001). Neurogenic stuttering versus developmental stuttering: An observer judgement study. Journal of communication disorders, 34(5), 385-395.
  • 33. Culatta, R., & Leeper, L. (1989). The differential diagnosis of disfluency. NSSLHA Journal, (17), 59-64.
  • 34. Krishnan, G., & Tiwari, S. (2011). Revisiting the acquired neurogenic stuttering in the light of developmental stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 24(3), 383-396.
  • 35. Balasubramanian, V., Cronin, K. L., & Max, L. (2010). Dysfluency levels during repeated readings, choral readings, and readings with altered auditory feedback in two cases of acquired neurogenic stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), 488-500.
  • 36. Sahin, H. A., Krespi, Y., Yilmaz, A., & Coban, O. (2005). Stuttering due to ischemic stroke. Behavioural neurology, 16(1), 37-39.
  • 37. Max, L., Kadri, M., Mitsuya, T., & Balasubramanian, V. (2019). Similar within-utterance loci of dysfluency in acquired neurogenic and persistent developmental stuttering. Brain and Language, 189, 1-9.
  • 38. Theys, C., Van Wieringen, A., Tuyls, L., & De Nil, L. (2009). Acquired stuttering in a 16-year-old boy. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(5), 427-435.
  • 39. Ward, D. (2010). Sudden onset stuttering in an adult: Neurogenic and psychogenic perspectives. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), 511-517.
  • 40. Roth, C. R., Aronson, A. E., & Davis Jr, L. J. (1989). Clinical studies in psychogenic stuttering of adult onset. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54(4), 634-646.
  • 41. Binder, L. M., Spector, J., & Youngjohn, J. R. (2012). Psychogenic stuttering and other acquired nonorganic speech and language abnormalities. Archives of clinical neuropsychology, 27(5), 557-568.
  • 42. Roth, C. R., Cornis-Pop, M., & Beach, W. A. (2015). Examination of validity in spoken language evaluations: Adult onset stuttering following mild traumatic brain injury 1. NeuroRehabilitation, 36(4), 415-426.
  • 43. Silbergleit, A. K., Feit, H., & Silbergleit, R. (2009). Neurogenic stuttering in corticobasal ganglionic degeneration: A case report. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(1), 83-90.
  • 44. Christman, S. S., Boutsen, F. R., & Buckingham, H. W. (2004, November). Perseveration and other repetitive verbal behaviors: functional dissociations. In Seminars in speech and language (Vol. 26, No. 04, pp. 295-307). Copyright© 2004 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
  • 45. Johns, D. F., & Darley, F. L. (1970). Phonemic variability in apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 13(3), 556-583.
  • 46. Rosenbek, J., Messert, B., Collins, M., & Wertz, R. T. (1978). Stuttering following brain damage. Brain and language, 6(1), 82-96.
  • 47. Balasubramanian, V., & Max, L. (2004). Crossed apraxia of speech: a case report. Brain and cognition, 55(2), 240-246.
  • 48. De Nil L. F., Jokel, R., & Rochon, E. (2007). Etiology, symptomatology, and treatment of neurogenic stuttering. In E. Conture, & R. Curlee (Eds.), 3rd ed., Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 326–343.
  • 49. Shipley, K. G., & McAfee, J. G. (2015). Assessment in speech-language pathology: A resource manual. Nelson Education.
  • 50. Manning, W. H. (2010). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders. (3rd edn.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
  • 51. Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research. Archives of neurology, 42(5), 428-459.
  • 52. Van Borsel, J., Drummond, D., & de Britto Pereira, M. M. (2010). Delayed auditory feedback and acquired neurogenic stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), 479-487.
  • 53. Coppens, P., & Patterson, J. (2017). Generalization in aphasiology: What are the best strategies. Aphasia Rehabilitation: Clinical Challenges: Clinical Challenges, 206.
  • 54. Riley, G., & Bakker, K. (2009). SSI-4: Stuttering severity instrument. PRO-ED, an International Publisher.
  • 55. Woolf, G. (1967). The assessment of stuttering as struggle, avoidance, and expectancy. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 2(2), 158-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13682826709031315
  • 56. Rotter, O. (1996). A scale to measure locus of control of behavior. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57, 173-180.
  • 57. Ornstein, A. F., & Manning, W. H. (1985). Self-efficacy scaling by adult stutterers. Journal of Communication Disorders, 18(4), 313-320.
  • 58. Wright, L., & Ayre, A. (2000). WASSP: the Wright and Ayre stuttering self-rating profile. Speechmark Publishing Limited.
  • 59. Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2006). Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES): Documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment. Journal of fluency disorders, 31(2), 90-115.
  • 60. Catalano, G., Robben, D. L., Catalano, M. C., & Kahn, D. A. (2009). Olanzapine for the treatment of acquired neurogenic stuttering. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 15(6), 484-488.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Sapmaz Atalar 0000-0003-2556-1026

Pelin Özcan Ulubeli 0000-0003-2392-5148

Suna Tokgöz Yılmaz 0000-0002-4656-099X

Early Pub Date May 24, 2023
Publication Date May 26, 2023
Submission Date July 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sapmaz Atalar, M., Özcan Ulubeli, P., & Tokgöz Yılmaz, S. (2023). NÖROJENİK KEKEMELİĞE YAKLAŞIM. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 6(1), 10-26. https://doi.org/10.52538/iduhes.1139810

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