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SMART CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM OF INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: WHAT OPEN INNOVATION MEANS FOR CITIES

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 79 - 95, 30.06.2022

Abstract

The urbanization growth is pressing cities to meet the growing demands of the city dwellers. As urban population is expected to be 68.4% of the total population as of 2050, cities have started to address this challenge using Information Communication Technologies to optimize their current physical infrastructure. This notion is called smart cities and it is more than using the technology; because city governments’ efforts alone are not enough to keep up with the pace of ever-increasing issues. Therefore, being a smart city also requires an innovative and entrepreneurial mindset and collaboration of all the stakeholders in the city. In this paper, I propose a smart city definition, examine how open innovation model can be applied to smart cities and how this model can be governed by the city management. I believe that this will be a starting point for academicians who aims to deepen the research in open innovation and for practitioners who wants to apply the model.

References

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  • Audretsch, D. B., Castrogiovanni, G. J., Ribeiro, D., & Roig, S. (2005). Linking entrepreneurship and management: Welcome to the international entrepreneurship and management journal. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(1), 5-7.
  • Bakıcı, T., Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2012, June). A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(2), 135–148.
  • Barba-Sáncheza, V., Arias-Antúnez, E., & Orozco-Barbosa, L. (2019). Smart cities as a source for entrepreneurial opportunities: Evidence for Spain. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 1-10.
  • Belissent, J. (2011, 15 May). The Key To Being A Smart City Is Good Governance: “Smart Governance”. Retrieved from Forrester: https://go.forrester.com/blogs/11-05-15-the_key_to_being_a_smart_city_is_good_governance_smart_governance/
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  • Biscotti, A. M., Mafrolla, E., Giudice, M. D., & D’Amico, E. (2018). CEO turnover and the new leader propensity to open innovation: Agency-resource dependence view and social identity perspective. Management Decision, 1348-1364.
  • Brisciani, S. (2017). Open, networked and dynamic innovation in the food and beverage industry. British Food Journal, 2290-2293.
  • Brocke, J. v., Simons, A., Niehaves, B., Plattfaut, R., & Cleven, A. (2009). Reconstructing the giant: on the importance of rigour in documenting the literature search process. ECIS 17th European Conference on Information Systems, (pp. 2-13).
  • Caragliu, A., Bo, C. D., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of urban technology, 18(2), 65-82.
  • Castelnovo, W., Misuraca, G., & Savoldelli, A. (2016). Smart Cities Governance: The Need for a Holistic Approach to Assessing Urban Participatory Policy Making. Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 724-739.
  • Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
  • Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. (2006). Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Cohen, B., Almirall, E., & Chesbrough, H. (2016). The city as a lab: Open innovation meets the collaborative economy. California Management Review, 59(1), 5-13.
  • Corus, C., & Ozanne, J. L. (2012). Stakeholder engagement: Building participatory and deliberative spaces in subsistence markets. Journal of Business Research, 65(12), 1728-1735.
  • Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2009). Characteristics of innovation and innovation adoption in public organizations: Assessing the role of managers. ournal of public administration research and theory, 19(3), 495-522.
  • Dameri, R. P. (2013). Searching for smart city definition: a comprehensive proposal. International Journal of Computers & Technology, 11(5), 2544–2551.
  • Dameri, R. P., & Rosenthal-Sabroux, C. (2014). Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space. In R. P. Dameri, & C. Rosenthal-Sabroux, Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
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  • Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research policy, 29(2), 109-123.
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  • Ferraris, A., Santoro, G., & Pellicelli, A. C. (2020b). “Openness” of public governments in smart cities: Removing the barriers for innovation and entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1-22.
  • Ferrer, J.-R. (2017). Barcelona’s Smart City vision: an opportunity for transformation. The journal of field actions, 70-75.
  • Fikirli, Ö., & Çetin, A. K. (2017). İktisadi doktrinde Schumpeteryan yaratıcı yıkımdan yaratıcı birikime. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 6(1), 27-64.
  • Florida, R. (2004). The rise of the creative class and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gedeon, S. (2010). What is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial practice review, 1(3), 16-35.
  • Georghiou, L., Edler, J., Uyarra, E., & Yeow, J. (2014). Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 86, 1-12.
  • Giffinger, R., & Gudrun, H. (2010). Smart cities ranking: An effective instrument for the positioning of cities? ACE: Architecture, City and Environment, 4(12), 7-25.
  • Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. Psychology Press.
  • Grech, G. (2015, August 8). Cities as Platforms. Retrieved from Tech Crunch: https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/07/cities-as-platforms/
  • Hajer, M. A., & Wagenaar, H. (2003). Deliberative policy analysis: Understanding. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hall, P. (2000). Creative cities and economic development. Urban Studies, 37(4), 633-649.
  • Hall, R. E., Bowerman, B., Braverman, J., Taylor, J., Todosow, H., & Von Wimmersperg, U. (2000). The vision of a smart city. New York: Brookhaven National Lab.
  • Heeks, R. (2002). Information systems and developing countries: Failure, success, and local improvisations. The information society, 18(2), 101-112.
  • Hellström, T. (2007). Dimensions of environmentally sustainable innovation: the structure of eco-innovation concepts. Sustainable Development, 148-159.
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City: Analysis of Urban Trend, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 12(3), 303–320.
  • Hsiao, Y.-C., Hung, S.-C., & Chen, C.-J. (2013). Mobilizing human and social capital under industry contexts to pursue high-tech entrepreneurship. Innovation, 15(4), 515-532.
  • Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40-50.
  • Kılıç, A. S. (2020). Teknoloji ve bilim parkları kuruluş amacına uygun değeri üretebiliyor mu? In H. Karadal, M. Halis, & G. Mert, Girişimcilik & Liderlik: Güncel Gelişmeler (pp. 161-175). İstanbul: Akademi Titiz Yayınları.
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  • Mitchell, W. (2005). Placing Words: Symbols, Space, and the City. MIT press.
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  • Paskaleva, K. A. (2011). The smart city: A nexus for open innovation? Intelligent Buildings International, 153-171.
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İNOVASYON VE GİRİŞİMCİLİK EKOSİSTEMİNDE AKILLI ŞEHİR: ŞEHİRLER İÇİN AÇIK INOVASYON NE ANLAMA GELİYOR

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 79 - 95, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Kentleşmedeki büyüme, şehirleri, şehir sakinlerinin artan taleplerini karşılamaya zorluyor. 2050 itibariyle şehir nüfusunun toplam nüfusun %68,4'ü olması beklendiğinden, şehirler mevcut fiziksel altyapılarını optimize etmek için bilgi iletişim teknolojilerini kullanarak bu zorluğu gidermeye başladılar. Bu kavram akıllı şehirler olarak adlandırılır ve teknolojiyi kullanmaktan daha fazlasıdır; çünkü şehir yönetimlerinin çabaları tek başına giderek artan sorunların hızına ayak uydurmak için yeterli değil. Bu nedenle akıllı şehir olmak, yenilikçi ve girişimci bir zihniyeti ve şehirdeki tüm paydaşların iş birliğini de gerektirmektedir. Bu yazıda bir akıllı şehir tanımı önermekte, açık inovasyon modelinin akıllı şehirlere nasıl uygulanabileceğini ve bu modelin şehir yönetimi tarafından nasıl yönetilebileceğini incelemekteyim. Açık inovasyon araştırmalarını derinleştirmeyi hedefleyen akademisyenler ve modeli uygulamak isteyen uygulayıcılar için bunun bir başlangıç noktası olacağına inanıyorum.

References

  • Aslan, A. E., Duman, B., Sen, D., Duran, C., & Atarbay, S. (2016). A Pilot Study on the Perception of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (64), 139-156.
  • Audretsch, D. B., Castrogiovanni, G. J., Ribeiro, D., & Roig, S. (2005). Linking entrepreneurship and management: Welcome to the international entrepreneurship and management journal. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(1), 5-7.
  • Bakıcı, T., Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2012, June). A Smart City Initiative: the Case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(2), 135–148.
  • Barba-Sáncheza, V., Arias-Antúnez, E., & Orozco-Barbosa, L. (2019). Smart cities as a source for entrepreneurial opportunities: Evidence for Spain. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 1-10.
  • Belissent, J. (2011, 15 May). The Key To Being A Smart City Is Good Governance: “Smart Governance”. Retrieved from Forrester: https://go.forrester.com/blogs/11-05-15-the_key_to_being_a_smart_city_is_good_governance_smart_governance/
  • Birmingham Smart City Commission. (2012). Birmingham’s Smart City Commission Vision. Birmingham: Birmingham Smart City Commission.
  • Biscotti, A. M., Mafrolla, E., Giudice, M. D., & D’Amico, E. (2018). CEO turnover and the new leader propensity to open innovation: Agency-resource dependence view and social identity perspective. Management Decision, 1348-1364.
  • Brisciani, S. (2017). Open, networked and dynamic innovation in the food and beverage industry. British Food Journal, 2290-2293.
  • Brocke, J. v., Simons, A., Niehaves, B., Plattfaut, R., & Cleven, A. (2009). Reconstructing the giant: on the importance of rigour in documenting the literature search process. ECIS 17th European Conference on Information Systems, (pp. 2-13).
  • Caragliu, A., Bo, C. D., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of urban technology, 18(2), 65-82.
  • Castelnovo, W., Misuraca, G., & Savoldelli, A. (2016). Smart Cities Governance: The Need for a Holistic Approach to Assessing Urban Participatory Policy Making. Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 724-739.
  • Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
  • Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. (2006). Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Cohen, B., Almirall, E., & Chesbrough, H. (2016). The city as a lab: Open innovation meets the collaborative economy. California Management Review, 59(1), 5-13.
  • Corus, C., & Ozanne, J. L. (2012). Stakeholder engagement: Building participatory and deliberative spaces in subsistence markets. Journal of Business Research, 65(12), 1728-1735.
  • Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2009). Characteristics of innovation and innovation adoption in public organizations: Assessing the role of managers. ournal of public administration research and theory, 19(3), 495-522.
  • Dameri, R. P. (2013). Searching for smart city definition: a comprehensive proposal. International Journal of Computers & Technology, 11(5), 2544–2551.
  • Dameri, R. P., & Rosenthal-Sabroux, C. (2014). Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space. In R. P. Dameri, & C. Rosenthal-Sabroux, Smart City: How to Create Public and Economic Value with High Technology in Urban Space. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
  • Deakin, M. (2014). Smart cities: the state-of-the-art and governance challange. Triple Helix 1:7, 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0007-9
  • Deakin, M., & Al Waer, H. (2011). From Intelligent to Smart Cities. Journal of Intelligent Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities to Smart Cities, 140-152. doi:10.1080/17508975.2011.586671
  • Del Rio, P., Carillo-Hermosilla, J., & Könnöla, T. (2010). Policy Strategies to Promote Eco-Innovation: An Integrated Framework. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 541-557.
  • Digital Birmingham. (2014). The Roadmap to a Smarter Birmingham. Birmingham: Birmingham Smart City Commission.
  • Dublin City Council. (2016). Smart Dublin. Dublin: Dublin City Council.
  • Eisenmann, T. R., Parker, G., & Alstyne, M. V. (2009). Opening platforms: how, when and why? . Platforms, markets and innovation, 6, 131-162.
  • Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research policy, 29(2), 109-123.
  • Feld, B. (2020). Startup communities: Building an entrepreneurial ecosystem in your city. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ferraris, A., Belyaeva, Z., & Bresciani, S. (2020a). The role of universities in the Smart City innovation: Multistakeholder integration and engagement perspectives. Journal of Business Research, 163-171.
  • Ferraris, A., Santoro, G., & Pellicelli, A. C. (2020b). “Openness” of public governments in smart cities: Removing the barriers for innovation and entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1-22.
  • Ferrer, J.-R. (2017). Barcelona’s Smart City vision: an opportunity for transformation. The journal of field actions, 70-75.
  • Fikirli, Ö., & Çetin, A. K. (2017). İktisadi doktrinde Schumpeteryan yaratıcı yıkımdan yaratıcı birikime. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 6(1), 27-64.
  • Florida, R. (2004). The rise of the creative class and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
  • Gedeon, S. (2010). What is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial practice review, 1(3), 16-35.
  • Georghiou, L., Edler, J., Uyarra, E., & Yeow, J. (2014). Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 86, 1-12.
  • Giffinger, R., & Gudrun, H. (2010). Smart cities ranking: An effective instrument for the positioning of cities? ACE: Architecture, City and Environment, 4(12), 7-25.
  • Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. Psychology Press.
  • Grech, G. (2015, August 8). Cities as Platforms. Retrieved from Tech Crunch: https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/07/cities-as-platforms/
  • Hajer, M. A., & Wagenaar, H. (2003). Deliberative policy analysis: Understanding. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hall, P. (2000). Creative cities and economic development. Urban Studies, 37(4), 633-649.
  • Hall, R. E., Bowerman, B., Braverman, J., Taylor, J., Todosow, H., & Von Wimmersperg, U. (2000). The vision of a smart city. New York: Brookhaven National Lab.
  • Heeks, R. (2002). Information systems and developing countries: Failure, success, and local improvisations. The information society, 18(2), 101-112.
  • Hellström, T. (2007). Dimensions of environmentally sustainable innovation: the structure of eco-innovation concepts. Sustainable Development, 148-159.
  • Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City: Analysis of Urban Trend, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 12(3), 303–320.
  • Hsiao, Y.-C., Hung, S.-C., & Chen, C.-J. (2013). Mobilizing human and social capital under industry contexts to pursue high-tech entrepreneurship. Innovation, 15(4), 515-532.
  • Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40-50.
  • Kılıç, A. S. (2020). Teknoloji ve bilim parkları kuruluş amacına uygun değeri üretebiliyor mu? In H. Karadal, M. Halis, & G. Mert, Girişimcilik & Liderlik: Güncel Gelişmeler (pp. 161-175). İstanbul: Akademi Titiz Yayınları.
  • Komninos, N. (2007). Intelligent cities. In Encyclopedia of digital government (pp. 1100-1104). IGI Global.
  • Kourtit, K., & Nijkamp, P. (2012). Smart cities in the innovation age. The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 93-95.
  • Kummithaa, R. K., & Crutzen, N. (2017). How do we understand smart cities? An evolutionary perspective. Cities, 43-52.
  • Leberecht, T., & Vanderbeck, D. (2014). The Purpose City. New Cities Foundation, NBBJ, Imperative.
  • Letaifa, S. B. (2015, July). How to strategize smart cities: Revealing the SMART model. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1414-1419.
  • Leydesdorff, L., & Deakin, M. (2011). The triple-helix model of smart cities: A neo-evolutionary perspective. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 53-63.
  • Meijer, A. (2015). Smart City Governance: A Local Emergent Perspective. In J. R. Gil-Garcia, T. A. Pardo, & T. Nam (Eds.), Smarter as the New Urban Agenda: A Comprehensive View of the 21st Century City (pp. 73-85). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17620-8
  • Meijer, A. J., Gil-Garcia, J. R., & Rodriguez-Bolivar, M. P. (2016). Smart City Research: Contextual Conditions, Governance Models, and Public Value Assessment. Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 647-656.
  • Mitchell, W. (2005). Placing Words: Symbols, Space, and the City. MIT press.
  • Nam, T., & Pardo, T. (2011). Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context. Proceedings of the 5th international conference on theory and practice of electronic governance, (pp. 185-194).
  • Northstream. (2010). White papers on revenue opportunities. Retrieved from Northstream Web Site: http://northstream.se/category/insights/white-papers
  • OECD. (2011). Better Policies to Support Eco-innovation, OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation. OECD Publishing.
  • OECD/International Telecommunication Union. (2011). M-Government: Mobile Technologies for Responsive Governments and Connected Societies. OECD Publishing.
  • Parramatta City Council. (2015). Parramatta Smart City Master Plan. Parramatta: Parramatta City Council.
  • Paskaleva, K. A. (2009). Enabling the smart city: The progress of city e-governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and regional development, 1(4), 405-422.
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There are 84 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Anıl Savaş Kılıç

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kılıç, A. S. (2022). SMART CITY AS AN ECOSYSTEM OF INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: WHAT OPEN INNOVATION MEANS FOR CITIES. Izmir Democracy University Social Sciences Journal, 5(1), 79-95.