THE EFFECT OF GENES AND TRAINING ON SPORTS SUCCESS

Öz

Sports performance is thought to result from a combination of numerous factors that are poorly understood but interact with each other in complex ways to transform a talented athlete into a champion. In the field of sports science, it is understood that performance is the result of both training and genetic factors. However, the extent to which champions are born and bred is still a very interesting question, as it has implications for the identification and management of talent, as well as for how sports federations allocate limited resources to the optimization of high-performance programmes. Individual performance thresholds are determined by our genetic structure, and training can be defined as the process by which genetic potential is realized. An appropriate genetic profile, when combined with an optimal training environment, is crucial for elite athletic performance; but very few genes are consistently associated with elite athletic performance. In literature reviews, two gene variants in particular, ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X, have been associated with endurance and strength-related performance. Little information is available on the relationship of genetic variation to athletic performance in young athletes; however, genetic testing is becoming increasingly popular as a means of identifying talent. Despite this increase in the use of such tests, evidence regarding the usefulness of genetic testing over traditional talent selection techniques in predicting athletic ability is lacking, and ethical issues surrounding such testing in children should be approached with caution. Understanding how genetic factors affect football players' abilities, endurance, speed and other important characteristics can provide new perspectives to sports science. Football is known as one of the most popular sports in the world, and the performance of football players on the field is shaped not only by training and talent, but also by their genetic heritage. In conclusion, sports performance is the result of the interaction between genetic and training factors. The comprehensiveness of this review is supported by the description of the most common methods used to evaluate the impact of genetics on sports performance. From an applied perspective, this review summarizes existing literature data on the relationship between athletic performance and genetics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Genetic Factors
• Training
• Athlete
• Success

Genlerin Sportif Başarıya Etkisi

Öz

Spor performansı, yetenekli bir sporcuyu bir şampiyona dönüştürmek için birbiriyle yeterince anlaşılmayan ancak karmaşık bir şekilde etkileşime giren sayısız faktörün birleşiminden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Spor bilimleri alanında performansın hem antrenmanın hem de genetik faktörlerin sonucu olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, şampiyonların ne ölçüde doğup büyüdüğü, yeteneklerin belirlenmesi ve yönetiminin yanı sıra spor federasyonlarının sınırlı kaynakları yüksek performanslı programların optimizasyonuna nasıl tahsis ettiği konusunda da çıkarımlar içerdiğinden, hala oldukça ilgi çekici bir sorudur. Bireysel performans eşikleri genetik yapımız tarafından belirlenmekte ve eğitim, genetik potansiyelin gerçekleştirildiği süreç olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Uygun bir genetik profil, optimal bir antrenman ortamıyla birleştirildiğinde elit atletik performans için oldukça önemlidir; ancak çok az gen sürekli olarak elit atletik performansla ilişkilidir. Literatür taramalarında özellikle iki gen varyantı, ACE I/D ve ACTN3 R577X, dayanıklılık ve güçle ilgili performansla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Genç sporcularda genetik çeşitliliğin atletik performansla ilişkisi hakkında çok az bilgi mevcuttur; ancak genetik test, yetenek belirleme aracı olarak giderek daha popüler hale geliyor. Bu tür testlerin kullanımındaki bu artışa rağmen, atletik yeteneği tahmin etmede genetik testlerin geleneksel yetenek seçimi tekniklerine göre yararlılığına ilişkin kanıtlar eksiktir ve çocuklarda bu tür testleri çevreleyen etik konulara dikkatle yaklaşılmalıdır. Genetik faktörlerin, futbolcuların yetenekleri, dayanıklılıkları, hızları ve diğer önemli özellikleri üzerinde nasıl etkili olduğunu anlamak, spor bilimine yeni perspektifler kazandırabilmektedir. Futbol, dünyanın en popüler sporlarından biri olarak bilinmekte ve futbolcuların sahadaki performansları, sadece antrenman ve yetenekle değil, aynı zamanda genetik miraslarıyla da şekillenmektedir. Sonuç olarak, spor performansı, genetik ve antrenman faktörleri arasındaki etkileşimin bir sonucudur. Bu derlemenin kapsamlılığı, genetiğin spor performansı üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için kullanılan en yaygın yöntemlerin açıklanmasıyla desteklenmektedir. Uygulamalı bir perspektiften bakıldığında, bu derlemede, atletik performansın genetik ile ilişkisinde mevcut literatür verileri dikkate alınarak özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Genetik Faktörler
• Antrenman
• Sporcu
• Başarı

Kaynakça

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