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Bağlanma Figürü Olarak Terapist ve Bağlanmanın Terapötik İttifaktaki Yeri

Year 2019, Issue: 19, 55 - 74, 01.07.2019

Abstract

Bağlanma, doğuştan getirilen ve kaygıyla tetiklenen bir sistem olarak düşünülmektedir. İhtiyaçları tutarlı bir şekilde karşılanan ve tehlike anında anneyi güvenli bir sığınak olarak gören çocuklar güvenli bağlanma modelleri geliştirirken, reddedilen çocuklar ihtiyaçlarının karşılanacağına dair endişe ve şüphe duyduklarından güvensiz bağlanma modelleri geliştirmektedir. Bu bağlanma yaşantıları, bireylerin gelecekte kuracakları ilişkileri, beklentilerini ve algılama şekillerini etkiler. Bireyin bağlanma modelinin erişkinlikte gözlemlenebildiği bir alanın terapist-danışan ilişkisi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çocukluk dönemi bağlanmaları ile danışan terapist ilişkisi arasında çoklu ortaklıklar bulunmaktadır. Ancak danışan-terapist arasındaki bağlanmayı, çocukluk bağlanma ilişkilerinden önemli ölçüde farklı kılan kendine özgü, zamansal, finansal, yapısal ve etik sınırlar mevcuttur. Bu makalenin temel amacı, psikoterapistlerin, danışanları için bağlanma figürleri olarak işlev gördükleri biçimleri incelemek ve danışanın bağlanma biçimlerinin terapötik ittifaktaki yerine vurgu yapmaktır.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of medicine, 61(9), 792.
  • Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, research & prac- tice, 16(3), 252.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol 1. Attachment.London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Bağlanma. Soylu TV, çev. İstanbul: Pinhan
  • Bowlby, J. (1969a). Affectional bonds: their nature and origin. In H. Freeman (ed.), Progress in Mental Health. , London: J. & A. Churchill.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969b). Attachment and loss (vol. 1), Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Penguin Books, 1971; 2nd edn, 1982.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973 ) Attachment and Loss, vol. 2 : Separation: Anxiety and Anger, New York: Basic Books, and London: Hogarth.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger The International Psycho-Analytical Library, 95:1-429. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1974). Problems of marrying research with clinical and social needs. In K. J. Connolly and J. S. Bruner (eds.), The growth of competence (pp. 303-7). London and NewYork: Academic Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1977a) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3 : Loss: Sadness and Depression, New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1977b). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I: Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory, II: Some principles of psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201-10 and 421-31.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988) A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London, Routledge.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent– child attachments and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books
  • Byng‐Hall, J., & Stevenson‐Hinde, J. (1991). Attachment relationships within a family system. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), 187-200.
  • Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B. C., Crits-Christoph, K., Narducci, J.,Schamberger, M., & Gallop, R. (2006). Can therapists be trained to improve their alliances? A preliminary study of alliance-fostering psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 268-281. doi:10.1080/ 10503300500268557
  • D Barchat, D.(1989) Annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy
  • Daniel, S. I. (2006). Adult attachment patterns and individual psycho- therapy: A review. Clinical psychology review, 26(8), 968-984.
  • Dolan, R. T., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (1993). Client attachment style and the psychotherapist's interpersonal stance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training,
  • Farber, B. A., & Geller, J. D. (1994). Gender and representation in psyc- hotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 31(2), 318-326.
  • Farber, B. A., & Metzger, J. A. (2009). The therapist as secure base. In J. H. Obegi & E. Berant (Eds.), Attachment theory and research in cli- nical work with adults (pp. 46–70). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Frank, J. D. (1974). Therapeutic components of psychotherapy: A 25- year progress report of research. journal of Nervous and Mental Dis- ease.
  • Freud, S. (1958). The dynamics of transference. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII (1911- 1913): The case of Schreber, papers on technique and other works (pp. 97- 108).
  • Garfield, S. L. (1994). Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 190-228). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gidano. V.,& Liotti. G. (1983) Cognitive processesand emotional disor- ders. New York: Guilford Press
  • Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis (Vol. 1). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
  • Grotstein, J. S. (1990). Invariants in primitive emotional disorders. In L. B. Boyer & P. L. Giovacchini (Eds.), Master clinicians on treating the regressed patient (pp. 139-163). Lanham, MD, US: Jason Aronson
  • Horney, K. (1932) Psychoanalysis and male sexuality.
  • Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993).Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome inb- rief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsycho- logy, 61, 549_560.
  • Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 139-149. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139
  • Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9-16.
  • Kaplan, H. S. (1979). Hypoactive sexual desire. Journal of Sex & Mari- tal Therapy, 3, 3-9.
  • Klerman, G., Weissman, M.M., Rounsaville, B., Chevron, E., (1984) Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York, Basic Books.
  • Kobak, R., Shaver, P. (1987) Conference in honor of John Bowlby's eightieth birthday
  • Lieberman, A.F. and Pawl, J.H. ( 1988 ) ‘Clinical applications of at- tachment theory’,in J. Belsky and T. Nezworski (eds) Clinical Appli- cations of Attachment, Hilldale,N.J.: Erlbaum.
  • Mahler, M., Pine, F., Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books.
  • Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton
  • Malcolm West, M. Sarah Rose, and Adrienne Sheldon-Keller (1994). Assessment of Patterns of Insecure Attachment in Adults and App- lication to Dependent and Schizoid Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 249-256.
  • Martin, D., Garske, J., Davis, M. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438-450. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438
  • Miller, P.H. (2008). Gelişim Psikolojisi Kuramları. Gültekin Z, Çev. İstanbul: İmge
  • Paterson ve Moran, Attachment theory, personality development, and psychotherapy Clinical Psychology Review Volume 8, Issue 6, 1988, Pa- ges 611-636
  • Paterson, R.J., Moran, G. (1988) Clinical Psychology Review, Elsevier.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships: As developed in the client-centered framework (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Safran, J. D. (1993). Breaches in the therapeutic alliance: An arena for negotiating authentic relatedness. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30(1), 11-24
  • Wachtel, P. L. (1993). Therapeutic communication: Knowing what to say when.: New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Waters, E. (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Se- rial No. 209), 66–104.
  • West, M., Sheldon, A., Reiffer, L. ( 1987 ) ‘An approach to the delinea- tion of adult attachment: scale development and reliability’, The Jo- urnal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175 (12): 738–41.
  • Winnicott, D.W. ( 1965 ) The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment,: New York: International Universities Press.
  • Wzontek, N., Geller, J. D., & Farber, B. A. (1995). Patients’ posttermina- tion representations of their psychotherapists. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 23(3), 395-410.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.

TheTherapist as Attachment Figure and the Role of Attachment in the Therapeutic Alliance

Year 2019, Issue: 19, 55 - 74, 01.07.2019

Abstract

Attachment is thought to be an innate and anxiously triggered system. Children whose needs are consistently met and who see the mother as a haven in the event of danger develop secure attachment patterns, while rejected children develop insecure attachment because they are concerned and doubted that their needs will be met. These attachment experiences affect the future relationships, expectations, and perceptions of individuals. One area where the attachment model of the individual can be observed in adulthood is thought to be the therapist-client relationship. There are multiple commonalities between childhood attachment and the client-therapist relationship. However, there are specific, temporal, financial, structural and ethical boundaries that differentiate client-therapist attachment from childhood attachment. The main purpose of this article is to examine how psychotherapists function as attachment figures for their clients and to emphasize the role of the client's attachment styles in the therapeutic alliance.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of medicine, 61(9), 792.
  • Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, research & prac- tice, 16(3), 252.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol 1. Attachment.London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Bağlanma. Soylu TV, çev. İstanbul: Pinhan
  • Bowlby, J. (1969a). Affectional bonds: their nature and origin. In H. Freeman (ed.), Progress in Mental Health. , London: J. & A. Churchill.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969b). Attachment and loss (vol. 1), Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Penguin Books, 1971; 2nd edn, 1982.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973 ) Attachment and Loss, vol. 2 : Separation: Anxiety and Anger, New York: Basic Books, and London: Hogarth.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger The International Psycho-Analytical Library, 95:1-429. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1974). Problems of marrying research with clinical and social needs. In K. J. Connolly and J. S. Bruner (eds.), The growth of competence (pp. 303-7). London and NewYork: Academic Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1977a) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3 : Loss: Sadness and Depression, New York: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1977b). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. I: Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory, II: Some principles of psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 201-10 and 421-31.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988) A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London, Routledge.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent– child attachments and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books
  • Byng‐Hall, J., & Stevenson‐Hinde, J. (1991). Attachment relationships within a family system. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), 187-200.
  • Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B. C., Crits-Christoph, K., Narducci, J.,Schamberger, M., & Gallop, R. (2006). Can therapists be trained to improve their alliances? A preliminary study of alliance-fostering psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 268-281. doi:10.1080/ 10503300500268557
  • D Barchat, D.(1989) Annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy
  • Daniel, S. I. (2006). Adult attachment patterns and individual psycho- therapy: A review. Clinical psychology review, 26(8), 968-984.
  • Dolan, R. T., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (1993). Client attachment style and the psychotherapist's interpersonal stance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training,
  • Farber, B. A., & Geller, J. D. (1994). Gender and representation in psyc- hotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 31(2), 318-326.
  • Farber, B. A., & Metzger, J. A. (2009). The therapist as secure base. In J. H. Obegi & E. Berant (Eds.), Attachment theory and research in cli- nical work with adults (pp. 46–70). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Frank, J. D. (1974). Therapeutic components of psychotherapy: A 25- year progress report of research. journal of Nervous and Mental Dis- ease.
  • Freud, S. (1958). The dynamics of transference. In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII (1911- 1913): The case of Schreber, papers on technique and other works (pp. 97- 108).
  • Garfield, S. L. (1994). Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 190-228). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Gidano. V.,& Liotti. G. (1983) Cognitive processesand emotional disor- ders. New York: Guilford Press
  • Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis (Vol. 1). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
  • Grotstein, J. S. (1990). Invariants in primitive emotional disorders. In L. B. Boyer & P. L. Giovacchini (Eds.), Master clinicians on treating the regressed patient (pp. 139-163). Lanham, MD, US: Jason Aronson
  • Horney, K. (1932) Psychoanalysis and male sexuality.
  • Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., & Bartholomew, K. (1993).Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome inb- rief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsycho- logy, 61, 549_560.
  • Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 139-149. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139
  • Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9-16.
  • Kaplan, H. S. (1979). Hypoactive sexual desire. Journal of Sex & Mari- tal Therapy, 3, 3-9.
  • Klerman, G., Weissman, M.M., Rounsaville, B., Chevron, E., (1984) Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York, Basic Books.
  • Kobak, R., Shaver, P. (1987) Conference in honor of John Bowlby's eightieth birthday
  • Lieberman, A.F. and Pawl, J.H. ( 1988 ) ‘Clinical applications of at- tachment theory’,in J. Belsky and T. Nezworski (eds) Clinical Appli- cations of Attachment, Hilldale,N.J.: Erlbaum.
  • Mahler, M., Pine, F., Bergman, A. (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. New York: Basic Books.
  • Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton
  • Malcolm West, M. Sarah Rose, and Adrienne Sheldon-Keller (1994). Assessment of Patterns of Insecure Attachment in Adults and App- lication to Dependent and Schizoid Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 249-256.
  • Martin, D., Garske, J., Davis, M. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 438-450. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.438
  • Miller, P.H. (2008). Gelişim Psikolojisi Kuramları. Gültekin Z, Çev. İstanbul: İmge
  • Paterson ve Moran, Attachment theory, personality development, and psychotherapy Clinical Psychology Review Volume 8, Issue 6, 1988, Pa- ges 611-636
  • Paterson, R.J., Moran, G. (1988) Clinical Psychology Review, Elsevier.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships: As developed in the client-centered framework (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Safran, J. D. (1993). Breaches in the therapeutic alliance: An arena for negotiating authentic relatedness. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30(1), 11-24
  • Wachtel, P. L. (1993). Therapeutic communication: Knowing what to say when.: New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Waters, E. (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Se- rial No. 209), 66–104.
  • West, M., Sheldon, A., Reiffer, L. ( 1987 ) ‘An approach to the delinea- tion of adult attachment: scale development and reliability’, The Jo- urnal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175 (12): 738–41.
  • Winnicott, D.W. ( 1965 ) The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment,: New York: International Universities Press.
  • Wzontek, N., Geller, J. D., & Farber, B. A. (1995). Patients’ posttermina- tion representations of their psychotherapists. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 23(3), 395-410.
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zeynep Set This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 19

Cite

APA Set, Z. (2019). Bağlanma Figürü Olarak Terapist ve Bağlanmanın Terapötik İttifaktaki Yeri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(19), 55-74.