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LENFANJİTİS KARSİNOMATOZA TANISI ALAN OLGULARIN ÖZELLİKLERİ

Year 2013, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 173 - 180, 01.12.2013

Abstract

Kanserde intratorasik metastazların %30-40 oranında olduğu ve %6-8'inin de lenfanjitis karsinomatoza (LK) olduğu bilinmektedir. LK olgularında primer tümör ne olursa olsun prognoz kötü ve survi kısadır. LK tanısında altın standart biyopsi materyalinin sitopatolojik incelemesi olmakla beraber, birçok olguda solunum fonksiyonları ve performans durumunun kötü olması nedeniyle klinik ve radyolojik yaklaşımla yetinilmektedir. LK olgularının klinik, radyolojik özelliklerini ve tanı yaklaşımlarını ortaya koymak ve literatür eşliğinde tartışmaktır. 2005-2010 yılları arasında kliniğimizde LK ön tanısı ile yatırılan hastaların dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Sitopatolojik ve/veya klinik/ radyolojik olarak LK final tanısı konulan olgular çalışmaya dahil edildi. Olguların demografik bilgileri, bilinen primer maligniteleri, primer malignitelerinin tanı alma zamanı, klinik ve radyolojik bulguları, solunum fonksiyon testleri, arter kan gazı değerleri, yapılan tanısal işlemler, sitopatolojik tanıları kayıt edildi ve değerlendirildi. Yaş ortalamaları 52.2±14.6 (min:21;max:85) olan, 17 (%54.8) erkek, 14 (%45.2) kadın toplam 31 olgu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Olguların %90.3'ünde dispne, %77.4'ünde öksürük, %54.8'inde kilo kaybı, %16.1'inde ise hemoptizi şikayeti vardı. Akciğer grafilerinde en sık görülen lezyon (21 olgu, %67.7) bilateral, retikülonodüler infiltrasyondu. Olguların tümünün bilgisayarlı toraks tomografisinde interlobüler septal kalınlaşmalar ve retiküler/retikülonodüler infiltrasyonlar mevcuttu. 23 (%74.2) olguda lezyonlar bilateral, 8 (%25.8) olguda ise unilateraldi. Bu lezyonlara 15 (%48.4) olguda multipl mediastinal lenfadenopati, 14 (%45.2) olguda ise plevral sıvı eşlik etmekteydi. Olguların 18 (%58.1)'inin bilinen bir malignite tanısı mevcut iken 13 (%41.9) olgunun malignite öyküsü yoktu. LK için tanı yöntemleri incelendiğinde 19 (%79.2)'una bronkoskopik yöntemler ile [forseps biyopsisi (%29.1), bronş lavajı sitolojisi (%29.1), fırçalama (%66.6), transbronşial biyopsi (%50)], 1(%3.2)'ine balgam sitolojisi ile sitopatolojik tanı konulmuştu. On bir (%35.5) olguda ise LK tanısı klinik/radyolojik olarak konuldu. LK'nın kesin tanısı sitopatolojik olarak konur. LK tanısında bronkoskopik yöntemler oldukça etkindir. Bilinen bir malignite tanısı olsun veya olmasın, progresif nefes darlığı, öksürük, kilo kaybı şikayetleri olan olgularda, radyolojik olarak retikülonodüler infiltrasyonların varlığında LK ayırıcı tanıda akılda tutulmalıdır.Genel durumu bronkoskopiye uygun olamayan olgularda radyolojik ve diğer sitopatolojik tanı yöntemleri kullanılmalıdır.

References

  • 1. Metintaş M. Akciğer kanserlerinde görüntüleme yöntemleri. İn: Özlü T, Metintaş M, Karadağ M, Kaya A, eds. Solunum sistemi ve hastalıkları. 1. baskı, İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi, 2010: 1361-83.
  • 2. Homsi S, Milojkovic N, Mesologites T, et al. Squamous cell lung cancer presenting with pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis. J Ark Med Soc 2010; 107(7): 132-4.
  • 3. Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1996; 41(1): 7-13.
  • 4. Öztürk C,Yurdakul AS. Pulmoner neoplazmlar. In: Fraser RS, Colman N, Müller NL, Pare PD, eds. Çeviri ed. Türktaş H. Synopsis of diseases of the chest (Türkçe). 3. baskı, Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2006: 337-423.
  • 5. Ren H, Hruban RH, Kuhlman JE, et al. Computed tomography of inflation-fixed lungs: the beaded septum sign of pulmonary metastases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989; 13(3): 411-6.
  • 6. Cervantes RF, Costa RJ, Vivancos LJ, et al. Carcinomatous lymphangitis of the lung. Report of 21 cases. Med Clin 1979; 72(6): 231-5.
  • 7. Shin MS, Shingleton HM, Partridge EE, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Patterns of thoracic metastases. Invest Radiol 1995; 30(12): 724-9.
  • 8. Kirk JE, Kumaran M. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa as an unusual presentation of renal cell carcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2008; 2: 19.
  • 9. Fichera G, Hägerstrand I. The small lymph vessels of the lungs in lymphangiosis carcinomatosa. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965; 65(4): 505-13.
  • 10. Janower ML, Blennerhassett JB. Lymphangitic spread of metastatic cancer to the lung. A radiologic-pathologic classification. Radiology 1971; 101: 267-73.
  • 11. Trapnell DH. Radiological appearances of lymphangitis carcinomatosa of the lung Thorax 1964; 19(3): 251–60.
  • 12. Erbaycu AE, Özsöz A, Bozkurt Z, et al. Akciğer metastazlı olguların analizi: Farklı etyolojilere sahip 106 olgu. Turkiye Klinikleri Arch Lung 2006; 7(1): 19-21.
  • 13. Thomas A, Lenox R. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis as a primary manifestation of colon cancer in a young adult. CMAJ 2008; 179(4): 338–40.
  • 14. Wallach JB, McGarry T, Torres J. Lymphangitic metastasis of recurrent renal cell carcinoma to the contralateral lung causing lymphangitic carcinomatosis and respiratory symptoms. Curr Oncol 2011; 18(1): 35-7.
  • 15. Kanthan R, Senger JL, Diudea D. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. World J Surg Oncol 2010; 3: 8: 107.
  • 16. Kreisman H, Wolkove N, Finkelstein HS, et al. Breast cancer and thoracic metastases: review of 119 patients. Thorax 1983; 38(3): 175–9.
  • 17. Gupta PR, Joshi N, Meena RC, et al. Asymptomatic lymphangitis carcinomatosis due to squamous cell lung carcinoma. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2005; 47(2): 121-3.
  • 18. Fraser RS, Colman N, Müler NL, et al. Synopsıs of diseases of the chest. 3th ed. İstanbul: Çev. ed. Haluk Türktaş, 2006; 405-7.
  • 19. Hatipoğlu ON. Pnömonilerde ayırıcı tanı. Türk Toraks Dergisi 2001; 2(1): 61-8.
  • 20. Herold CJ, Banker AA, Fleischman D. Lung metastases. Cancer Imaging 2003; 3: 126-8.
  • 21. Prakash P, Kalra MK, Sharma A, et al. FDG PET/CT in assessment of pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194(1): 231-6.
  • 22. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Taylor WF, et al. Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Mayo Clinic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130(4): 561-5.
  • 23. Böcking A, Biesterfeld S, Chatelain R, et al. Diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma on sections of paraffin-embedded sputum. Sensitivity and specificity of an alternative to routine cytology. Acta Cytol 1992; 36(1): 37-47.
  • 24. Levy H, Horak DA, Lewıs MI. The value of bronchial washings and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Chest 1988; 94: 1028-30.
  • 25. Yang S, Lin C. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis of the lung. Chest 1972; 62: 179-87.

THE FEATURES OF LYMPHANGİTİS CARCİNOMATOSA CASES

Year 2013, Volume: 27 Issue: 3, 173 - 180, 01.12.2013

Abstract

It is known that intrathoracic metastasis occur in 30-40% of patients with malignant disease and 6- 8% of them was lymphangitis carcinomatosa (LC). Whatever the primary malignancy, in LC patients prognosis is poor and the survey is short. Altough cytopathological examination of biopsy material is gold standart for diagnosis of LC, in many cases due to poor pulmonary functions and performance status clinical and radiological approach is sufficient. To evaluate clinical and radiological features and diagnostic methods of LC patients and to discuss with literature. The records of LC patients, diagnosed between 2005-2010 by clinical, radiological and/or cytoptahological findings, were investigated retrospectively. Demographic findings, primary malignancies, diagnosis time of primary malignancies, clinical and radiological findings, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas values, diagnostic procedures and cytotopathologic diagnosis were evaluated. Seventeen (54.8%) male, 14 (45.2%) female, totally 31 cases, with a mean age of 52.2±14.6 (min:21; max:85) years were included. Of the cases 90.3% had dyspnea, 77.4% had cough, 54.8% had weight loss, 16.1% had hemoptysis. Most common (21 cases, 67.7%) chest x-ray finding was bilateral, reticulonodular infiltration. Interlobular septal thickening and reticular/reticulonodular infiltrations were present at computed tomography of thorax of all cases. Lesions were bilateral in 23 (74.2%) and unilateral in 8 (25.8%) cases and were associated with multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathies in 15 (48.4%), pleural effusion in 14 (45.2%) cases. Eighteen (58.1%) of cases had a known primary malignancy while 13 (41.9%) of them had no history of malignancy. The investigation of diagnostic methods of LC cases was revealed that 19 (79.2%) cases were diagnosed cytopathologically by bronchoscopic methods [forceps biopsy (29.1%), bronchial lavage cytology (29.1%), brushing (66.6%), transbronchial biopsy (50%)] and one case by sputum cytology. Eleven (35.5%) cases were diagnosed as LC by clinical/radiological findings. The final diagnosis of LC is established by cytopathologically. Bronchoscopic methods are highly effective in the diagnosis of LC. In the presence of progressive dyspnea, cough, weight lost and reticulonodular infiltrations at radiological examinations wether or not a known primary malignancy is present, LC should be kept in mind in the differantial diagnosis. Radiological and other cytopathological diagnostic methods should be used in cases whose general condition is not suitable for bronchoscopy.

References

  • 1. Metintaş M. Akciğer kanserlerinde görüntüleme yöntemleri. İn: Özlü T, Metintaş M, Karadağ M, Kaya A, eds. Solunum sistemi ve hastalıkları. 1. baskı, İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi, 2010: 1361-83.
  • 2. Homsi S, Milojkovic N, Mesologites T, et al. Squamous cell lung cancer presenting with pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis. J Ark Med Soc 2010; 107(7): 132-4.
  • 3. Bruce DM, Heys SD, Eremin O. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: a literature review. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1996; 41(1): 7-13.
  • 4. Öztürk C,Yurdakul AS. Pulmoner neoplazmlar. In: Fraser RS, Colman N, Müller NL, Pare PD, eds. Çeviri ed. Türktaş H. Synopsis of diseases of the chest (Türkçe). 3. baskı, Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2006: 337-423.
  • 5. Ren H, Hruban RH, Kuhlman JE, et al. Computed tomography of inflation-fixed lungs: the beaded septum sign of pulmonary metastases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989; 13(3): 411-6.
  • 6. Cervantes RF, Costa RJ, Vivancos LJ, et al. Carcinomatous lymphangitis of the lung. Report of 21 cases. Med Clin 1979; 72(6): 231-5.
  • 7. Shin MS, Shingleton HM, Partridge EE, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Patterns of thoracic metastases. Invest Radiol 1995; 30(12): 724-9.
  • 8. Kirk JE, Kumaran M. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa as an unusual presentation of renal cell carcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2008; 2: 19.
  • 9. Fichera G, Hägerstrand I. The small lymph vessels of the lungs in lymphangiosis carcinomatosa. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965; 65(4): 505-13.
  • 10. Janower ML, Blennerhassett JB. Lymphangitic spread of metastatic cancer to the lung. A radiologic-pathologic classification. Radiology 1971; 101: 267-73.
  • 11. Trapnell DH. Radiological appearances of lymphangitis carcinomatosa of the lung Thorax 1964; 19(3): 251–60.
  • 12. Erbaycu AE, Özsöz A, Bozkurt Z, et al. Akciğer metastazlı olguların analizi: Farklı etyolojilere sahip 106 olgu. Turkiye Klinikleri Arch Lung 2006; 7(1): 19-21.
  • 13. Thomas A, Lenox R. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis as a primary manifestation of colon cancer in a young adult. CMAJ 2008; 179(4): 338–40.
  • 14. Wallach JB, McGarry T, Torres J. Lymphangitic metastasis of recurrent renal cell carcinoma to the contralateral lung causing lymphangitic carcinomatosis and respiratory symptoms. Curr Oncol 2011; 18(1): 35-7.
  • 15. Kanthan R, Senger JL, Diudea D. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. World J Surg Oncol 2010; 3: 8: 107.
  • 16. Kreisman H, Wolkove N, Finkelstein HS, et al. Breast cancer and thoracic metastases: review of 119 patients. Thorax 1983; 38(3): 175–9.
  • 17. Gupta PR, Joshi N, Meena RC, et al. Asymptomatic lymphangitis carcinomatosis due to squamous cell lung carcinoma. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2005; 47(2): 121-3.
  • 18. Fraser RS, Colman N, Müler NL, et al. Synopsıs of diseases of the chest. 3th ed. İstanbul: Çev. ed. Haluk Türktaş, 2006; 405-7.
  • 19. Hatipoğlu ON. Pnömonilerde ayırıcı tanı. Türk Toraks Dergisi 2001; 2(1): 61-8.
  • 20. Herold CJ, Banker AA, Fleischman D. Lung metastases. Cancer Imaging 2003; 3: 126-8.
  • 21. Prakash P, Kalra MK, Sharma A, et al. FDG PET/CT in assessment of pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194(1): 231-6.
  • 22. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Taylor WF, et al. Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Mayo Clinic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130(4): 561-5.
  • 23. Böcking A, Biesterfeld S, Chatelain R, et al. Diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma on sections of paraffin-embedded sputum. Sensitivity and specificity of an alternative to routine cytology. Acta Cytol 1992; 36(1): 37-47.
  • 24. Levy H, Horak DA, Lewıs MI. The value of bronchial washings and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Chest 1988; 94: 1028-30.
  • 25. Yang S, Lin C. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis of the lung. Chest 1972; 62: 179-87.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA22VM73FK
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevda Şener Cömert This is me

Coşkun Doğan This is me

Benan Çağlayan This is me

Ali Fidan This is me

Elif Torun Parmaksız This is me

Banu Salepçi This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 27 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Cömert, S. Ş., Doğan, C., Çağlayan, B., Fidan, A., et al. (2013). LENFANJİTİS KARSİNOMATOZA TANISI ALAN OLGULARIN ÖZELLİKLERİ. İzmir Göğüs Hastanesi Dergisi, 27(3), 173-180.