AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI

Damla Akkaya

Araştırma Makalesi

EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND ARTICLE 56: TEST OF EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS WITH “COLONIAL CLAUSE”

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41, 29 - 76, 22.03.2024

Damla Akkaya

Öz

There are two provisions regarding territorial application in the European Convention on Human Rights. General rule of territorial application is regulated by Article 1. As to Article 56, also known as the "colonial clause", it is the regulation regarding the territories for whose international relations a state party is responsible. The European Court of Human Rights recognizes the extraterritorial application of the Convention within the framework of Article 1. On the other hand, Article 56 is interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights in a way that excludes from the protection of the Convention the territories for whose international relations the party states are responsible. This situation, which was accepted by the Court itself as unfair, does not comply with the Court's perspective on Article 1 and extraterritorial application, and carries the political and legal remnants of the colonial period to the present day.

Anahtar Kelimeler

jurisdiction, extraterritorial application, colonial clause, effective control

Kaynakça

KİTAP VE MAKALELER Altıparmak, Kerem: “Bankovic: An Obstacle to the Application of the European Convention on Human Rights in Iraq?”, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, C. 9, S. 2, 2004, s. 213-251.
Arsava, Füsun: “AİHK’nun Konvansiyon Alanı Dışında Uygulanması Kriterleri ve Bu Çerçevede Doğan Uluslararası Sorumluluk”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 1, S. 2, 2011, s. 1–25.
Bates, Ed: “The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010. Bonello’nun Mutabık Görüş Yazısı, Al-Skeini ve Diğerleri v. Birleşik Krallık (GC), BN. 55721/07, KT. 7/7/2011. (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-105606. Erişim: 20.9.2023)
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Dalar, Müge: “Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın Chagos Takımadaları’nın 1965’te Morityus’tan Ayrılmasının Hukuki Sonuçları Hakkında Danışma Görüşü”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, C. 33, S. 152, 2021, s. 415-444.
Den Heijer, Maarten/Lawson, Rick: “Extraterritorial Human Rights and the Concept of ‘Jurisdiction’”, Global Justice, State Duties: The Extraterritorial Scope of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in International Law, eds. Langford, Malcolm/ Vandenhole, Wouter/ Scheinin, Martin/ Genugten, Willem içinde s. 153-191, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
Duttwiler, Michael: “Authority, Control and Jurisdiction in the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, C. 30, S. 2, 2012, s. 137–162.
Frostad, Magne: “The «Colonial Clause» and Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights Article 56 and its Relationship to Article 1”, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, C. 4, S. 1, 2013, s. 21-41.
Gondek, Michal: “Extraterritorial Application of The European Convention on Human Rights: Territorial Focus in the Age of Globalization?”, Netherlands International Law Review, C. 52, S. 3, 2005, s. 349-387.
Hannum, Hurst: “Bombing for Peace: Collateral Damage and Human Rights”, Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, C. 96, 2002, s. 95-108.
Happold, Matthew: “Bankovic v. Belgium and the Territorial Scope of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Human Rights Law Review, C. 3, S. 1, 2003, s. 77-90.
Larsen, Kjetil Mujezinović: “The Human Rights Treaty Obligations of Peacekeepers”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
Laursen, Andreas: “NATO, the War over Kosovo, and the ICTY Investigation”, American University International Law Review, C. 14, S. 4, 2002, s. 765-814.
Lawson, Rick: “Life after Bankovic: On the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights” içinde 83-124 eds. Coomans, Fons/Kamminga, Menno T., Intersentia, Antwerp - Oxford, 2004.
Loucaides, Loukis G.: “Determining the Extra-Territorial Effect of the European Convention: Facts, Jurisprudence and the Bankovic Case” European Human Rights Law Review, C. 4, 2006, s. 391-407.
Mallory, Conall: “A Second Coming of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction at the European Court of Human Rights?”, Questions of International Law, Vol. 82, 2021, s. 31-51.
Mallory, Conall: “Human Rights Imperialists, The Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2020.
Milanovic, Marco: “Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011.
Milanovic, Marco: “From Compromise to Principle: Clarifying the Concept of State Jurisdiction in Human Rights Treaties”, Human Rights Law Review, C. 8, S. 3, 2008, s. 411-448.
Milanovic, Marco: “The Spatial Dimension: Treaties and Territory”, Research Handbook on the Law of Treaties içinde 186-221 eds. Tams, Christian J./Tzanakopoulos, Antonios/ Zimmermann, Andreas, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK - Northampton, MA, USA, 2014.
Miltner, Barbara: “Revisiting Extraterritoriality after Al-Skeini: The ECHR and its Lessons”, Michigan Journal of International Law, C. 33, S. 4, 2012, s. 693-747.
Moor, Louise/ Simpson, AW Brian: “Ghosts of Colonialism in the European Convention on Human Rights”, British Yearbook of International Law, C. 76, S. 1, 2005, s. 121-194.
Orakhelashvili, Alexander: “Restrictive Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties in the Recent Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights”, European Journal of International Law, C. 14, S. 3, 2003, s. 529–568.
Roxstrom, Erik/Gibney, Mark/ Einarsen, Terje: “The Nato Bombing Case (Bankovic et al. v. Belgium et al.) and the Limits of Western Human Rights Protection”, Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 23, 2005, s. 55-136.
Salihpaşaoğlu, Yaşar: “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi ve Yargılamada Kullandığı Yöntem, İlke ve Usuller”, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2020.
Schabas, William A.: “The European Convention on Human Rights, A Commentary”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
Scheinin, Martin: “Extraterritorial Effect of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, içinde 73-81 eds. Coomans, Fons/Kamminga, Menno T., Intersentia, Antwerp - Oxford, 2004.
Von Der Decken, Kerstin: “Article 29”, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, A Commentary, eds. Dörr, Oliver/Schmalenbach, Kirsten içinde s. 1209-1232, Springer, Berlin, 2018.
Wilde, Ralph: “Triggering State Obligations Extraterritorially: The Spatial Test in Certain Human Rights Treaties”, Israel Law Review, C. 40, S. 2, 2007, s. 503-526.
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AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 41, 29 - 76, 22.03.2024

Damla Akkaya

Öz

Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde yer bakımından uygulamaya ilişkin iki düzenleme bulunmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili genel düzenleme 1. maddede yer almaktadır. “Sömürge kaydı” olarak da bilinen 56. Madde ise taraf devletlerin uluslararası ilişkilerinden sorumlu oldukları ülkelere ilişkin olan düzenlemedir. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, 1. madde çerçevesinde Sözleşme’nin ülke dışı uygulanmasını kabul etmektedir. Buna karşın 56. madde, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından, taraf devletlerin uluslararası ilişkilerinden sorumlu oldukları ülkeleri Sözleşme koruması dışında bırakacak şekilde yorumlanmaktadır. Adil olmadığı Mahkeme tarafından da kabul edilen bu durum Mahkemenin 1. madde ve ülke dışı uygulamaya ilişkin bakış açısıyla uyum göstermemekte, sömürgecilik döneminin siyasi ve hukuki kalıntılarını günümüze taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yetki, ülke dışı uygulama, sömürge kaydı, etkin kontrol, yer bakımından uygulama

Kaynakça

KİTAP VE MAKALELER Altıparmak, Kerem: “Bankovic: An Obstacle to the Application of the European Convention on Human Rights in Iraq?”, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, C. 9, S. 2, 2004, s. 213-251.
Arsava, Füsun: “AİHK’nun Konvansiyon Alanı Dışında Uygulanması Kriterleri ve Bu Çerçevede Doğan Uluslararası Sorumluluk”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 1, S. 2, 2011, s. 1–25.
Bates, Ed: “The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010. Bonello’nun Mutabık Görüş Yazısı, Al-Skeini ve Diğerleri v. Birleşik Krallık (GC), BN. 55721/07, KT. 7/7/2011. (https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-105606. Erişim: 20.9.2023)
Çamyamaç, Anıl: “Avrupa’daki Minyatür Devletlerin İkili Diplomatik İlişkilerine Dair Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Pragmatik Bir Değerlendirme”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, S. 2, 2019, s. 59-162.
Dalar, Müge: “Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın Chagos Takımadaları’nın 1965’te Morityus’tan Ayrılmasının Hukuki Sonuçları Hakkında Danışma Görüşü”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, C. 33, S. 152, 2021, s. 415-444.
Den Heijer, Maarten/Lawson, Rick: “Extraterritorial Human Rights and the Concept of ‘Jurisdiction’”, Global Justice, State Duties: The Extraterritorial Scope of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in International Law, eds. Langford, Malcolm/ Vandenhole, Wouter/ Scheinin, Martin/ Genugten, Willem içinde s. 153-191, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
Duttwiler, Michael: “Authority, Control and Jurisdiction in the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, C. 30, S. 2, 2012, s. 137–162.
Frostad, Magne: “The «Colonial Clause» and Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights: The European Convention on Human Rights Article 56 and its Relationship to Article 1”, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, C. 4, S. 1, 2013, s. 21-41.
Gondek, Michal: “Extraterritorial Application of The European Convention on Human Rights: Territorial Focus in the Age of Globalization?”, Netherlands International Law Review, C. 52, S. 3, 2005, s. 349-387.
Hannum, Hurst: “Bombing for Peace: Collateral Damage and Human Rights”, Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, C. 96, 2002, s. 95-108.
Happold, Matthew: “Bankovic v. Belgium and the Territorial Scope of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Human Rights Law Review, C. 3, S. 1, 2003, s. 77-90.
Larsen, Kjetil Mujezinović: “The Human Rights Treaty Obligations of Peacekeepers”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
Laursen, Andreas: “NATO, the War over Kosovo, and the ICTY Investigation”, American University International Law Review, C. 14, S. 4, 2002, s. 765-814.
Lawson, Rick: “Life after Bankovic: On the Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights” içinde 83-124 eds. Coomans, Fons/Kamminga, Menno T., Intersentia, Antwerp - Oxford, 2004.
Loucaides, Loukis G.: “Determining the Extra-Territorial Effect of the European Convention: Facts, Jurisprudence and the Bankovic Case” European Human Rights Law Review, C. 4, 2006, s. 391-407.
Mallory, Conall: “A Second Coming of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction at the European Court of Human Rights?”, Questions of International Law, Vol. 82, 2021, s. 31-51.
Mallory, Conall: “Human Rights Imperialists, The Extraterritorial Application of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2020.
Milanovic, Marco: “Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011.
Milanovic, Marco: “From Compromise to Principle: Clarifying the Concept of State Jurisdiction in Human Rights Treaties”, Human Rights Law Review, C. 8, S. 3, 2008, s. 411-448.
Milanovic, Marco: “The Spatial Dimension: Treaties and Territory”, Research Handbook on the Law of Treaties içinde 186-221 eds. Tams, Christian J./Tzanakopoulos, Antonios/ Zimmermann, Andreas, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK - Northampton, MA, USA, 2014.
Miltner, Barbara: “Revisiting Extraterritoriality after Al-Skeini: The ECHR and its Lessons”, Michigan Journal of International Law, C. 33, S. 4, 2012, s. 693-747.
Moor, Louise/ Simpson, AW Brian: “Ghosts of Colonialism in the European Convention on Human Rights”, British Yearbook of International Law, C. 76, S. 1, 2005, s. 121-194.
Orakhelashvili, Alexander: “Restrictive Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties in the Recent Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights”, European Journal of International Law, C. 14, S. 3, 2003, s. 529–568.
Roxstrom, Erik/Gibney, Mark/ Einarsen, Terje: “The Nato Bombing Case (Bankovic et al. v. Belgium et al.) and the Limits of Western Human Rights Protection”, Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 23, 2005, s. 55-136.
Salihpaşaoğlu, Yaşar: “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi ve Yargılamada Kullandığı Yöntem, İlke ve Usuller”, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2020.
Schabas, William A.: “The European Convention on Human Rights, A Commentary”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
Scheinin, Martin: “Extraterritorial Effect of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, içinde 73-81 eds. Coomans, Fons/Kamminga, Menno T., Intersentia, Antwerp - Oxford, 2004.
Von Der Decken, Kerstin: “Article 29”, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, A Commentary, eds. Dörr, Oliver/Schmalenbach, Kirsten içinde s. 1209-1232, Springer, Berlin, 2018.
Wilde, Ralph: “Triggering State Obligations Extraterritorially: The Spatial Test in Certain Human Rights Treaties”, Israel Law Review, C. 40, S. 2, 2007, s. 503-526.
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Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Uluslararası İnsani ve İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Uluslararası Hukuk
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Damla Akkaya 0000-0002-9928-735X
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	18 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi	22 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	28 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 41

Kaynak Göster

APA	Akkaya, D. (2024). AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, 41, 29-76.
AMA	Akkaya D. AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı. Mart 2024;41:29-76.
Chicago	Akkaya, Damla. “AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI Ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN ‘SÖMÜRGE KAYDI’YLA İMTİHANI”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 41, Mart (Mart 2024): 29-76.
EndNote	Akkaya D (01 Mart 2024) AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 41 29–76.
IEEE	D. Akkaya, “AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN ‘SÖMÜRGE KAYDI’YLA İMTİHANI”, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, c. 41, ss. 29–76, 2024.
ISNAD	Akkaya, Damla. “AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI Ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN ‘SÖMÜRGE KAYDI’YLA İMTİHANI”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 41 (Mart 2024), 29-76.
JAMA	Akkaya D. AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı. 2024;41:29–76.
MLA	Akkaya, Damla. “AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI Ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN ‘SÖMÜRGE KAYDI’YLA İMTİHANI”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, c. 41, 2024, ss. 29-76.
Vancouver	Akkaya D. AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖZLEŞMESİ’NİN ÜLKE DIŞINDA UYGULANMASI ve 56. MADDE: AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ’NİN “SÖMÜRGE KAYDI”YLA İMTİHANI. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı. 2024;41:29-76.

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