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SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 142 - 154, 30.08.2025

Musa Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055

Abstract

This study examines the impact of recycling on the thermal and mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments, as commonly used in additive manufacturing. Virgin and recycled PLA and ABS specimens were fabricated using an fused filament fabrication (FFF) type 3D printer. 3D printed specimens were evaluated using tensile and bending tests, as well as thermal analyses through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical testing results showed minimal differences in tensile and bending strengths between virgin and recycled PLA samples, while in contrast recycled ABS demonstrated a more pronounced reduction in tensile strength. Thermal analysis revealed a slight decrease in the glass transition temperature for both materials, particularly in ABS, suggesting possible changes in layer bonding and structural stability. Overall, the recycled materials exhibited comparable mechanical properties to their virgin counterparts. This recycling approach not only lowers material costs but also enhances environmental sustainability within 3D printing applications. By reusing waste materials and reducing the dependency on virgin resources, this method supports a more sustainable manufacturing cycle, helping to reduce overall environmental impact in additive manufacturing.

Keywords

Additive Manufacturing ABS Filaments PLA Filaments Recycling Environmental Sustainability

Project Number

NTMYO.HZP.24.02

References

  • 1. Ilyas, M., Ahmad, W., Khan, H., Yousaf, S., Khan, K., and Nazir, S., “Plastic Waste as a Significant Threat to Environment–a Systematic Literature Review”, Rev Environ Health, Vol. 33, Issue 4, Pages 383–406, 2018.
  • 2. Torres-Agullo, A., Karanasiou, A., Moreno, T., and Lacorte, S., “Overview on the Occurrence of Microplastics in Air and Implications from the Use of Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Science of the total environment, Vol. 800, Pages 149555, 2021.
  • 3. Pan, D., Su, F., Liu, C., and Guo, Z., “Research Progress for Plastic Waste Management and Manufacture of Value-Added Products”, Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, Vol. 3, Pages 443–461, 2020.
  • 4. N.A. Welden, “The Environmental Impacts of Plastic Pollution”, Plastic waste and recycling, Pages 195–222, 2020.
  • 5. Liang, Y., Tan, Q., Song, Q., and Li, J., “An Analysis of the Plastic Waste Trade and Management in Asia”, Waste Management, Vol. 119, Pages 242–253, 2021.
  • 6. Pilapitiya P.G.C.N.T., and Ratnayake, A.S., “The World of Plastic Waste: A Review”, Cleaner Materials, Pages 100220, 2024.
  • 7. Hurley, R., Horton, A., Lusher, A., and Nizzetto, L., “Plastic Waste in the Terrestrial Environment, Plastic waste and recycling”, Pages 163–193, 2020.
  • 8. Gabbott, S., Key, S., Russell, C., Yonan, Y., and Zalasiewicz, J., “The Geography and Geology of Plastics: Their Environmental Distribution and Fate”, Plastic Waste and Recycling, Pages 33–63, 2020.
  • 9. Eze, W.U., Umunakwe, R., Obasi, H.C., Ugbaja, M.I., Uche, C.C., and Madufor, I.C., “Plastics Waste Management: A Review of Pyrolysis Technology”, Clean Technol. Recycl, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Pages 50–69, 2021.
  • 10. Amasuomo, E., and Baird, J., “The Concept of Waste and Waste Management”, J. Mgmt. & Sustainability, Vol. 6, Pages 88, 2016.
  • 11. Wichai-Utcha, N., and Chavalparit, O., “3Rs Policy and Plastic Waste Management in Thailand”, J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, Vol. 21, Pages 10–22, 2019.
  • 12. Borrelle, S.B., Ringma, J., Law, K.L., Monnahan, C.C., Lebreton, L., McGivern, A., Murphy, E., Jambeck, J., Leonard, G.H., and Hilleary, M.A., “Predicted Growth in Plastic Waste Exceeds Efforts to Mitigate Plastic Pollution”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 369, Issue 6510, Pages 1515–1518, 2020.
  • 13. Khan, F., Ahmed, W., and Najmi, A., “Understanding Consumers’ Behavior Intentions towards Dealing with the Plastic Waste: Perspective of a Develocpping Country”, Resour Conserv Recycl, Vol. 142, Pages 49–58, 2019.
  • 14. Friant, M.C., Vermeulen, W.J., and Salomone, R., “Analysing European Union Circular Economy Policies: Words versus Actions”, Sustain Prod Consum, Vol. 27, Pages 337–353, 2021.
  • 15. Real, L.E.P., “Plastics Statistics: Production, Recycling, and Market Data, Recycled Materials for Construction Applications: Plastic Products and Composites”, Pages 103–113, 2022.
  • 16. Ludlow, P., “The European Commission, The New European Community”, Routledge, Pages 85–132, 2018.
  • 17. Thomas, J., Patil, R.S., Patil, M., and John, J., “Addressing the Sustainability Conundrums and Challenges within the Polymer Value Chain”, Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 22, Pages 15758, 2023.
  • 18. Rentizelas, A., Shpakova, A., and Mašek, O., “Designing an Optimised Supply Network for Sustainable Conversion of Waste Agricultural Plastics into Higher Value Products”, J Clean Prod, Vol. 189, Pages 683–700, 2018.
  • 19. Erdaş, M.U., Yıldız, B.S., and Yıldız, A.R., “Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Different Production Directions on the Mechanical Characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG Materials Produced by FDM”, Materials Testing, Vol. 66, Issue 2, Pages 198–206, 2024.
  • 20. Aksoz, Z.Y., Bogrekci, I., Demircioglu, P., and Tunc, K.M.M., “Thermo-Hydraulic Investigation of a Heat Exchanger Tube Equipped with 3D-Printed Swirl Flow Generators”, Arab J Sci Eng, Vol. 50, Issue 4, Pages 2383–2408, 2024.
  • 21. Yilmaz, M., Yilmaz, N.F., and Kalkan, M.F., “Rheology, Crystallinity, and Mechanical Investigation of Interlayer Adhesion Strength by Thermal Annealing of Polyetherimide (PEI/ULTEM 1010) Parts Produced by 3D Printing”, J Mater Eng Perform, Vol. 31, Issue 12, Pages 9900-9909, 2022.
  • 22. Anderson, I., “Mechanical Properties of Specimens 3D Printed with Virgin and Recycled Polylactic Acid”, 3D Print Addit Manuf, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Pages 110–115, 2017.
  • 23. Lanzotti, A., Martorelli, M., Maietta, S., Gerbino, S., Penta, F., and Gloria, A., “A Comparison between Mechanical Properties of Specimens 3D Printed with Virgin and Recycled PLA”, Procedia CIRP, Vol. 79, Pages 143–146, 2019.
  • 24. Thomson, A., Price, G.W., Arnold, P., Dixon, M., and Graham, T., “Review of the Potential for Recycling CO2 from Organic Waste Composting into Plant Production under Controlled Environment Agriculture”, J Clean Prod, Vol. 333, Pages 130051, 2022.
  • 25. A. D638-14, “ASTM International, Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics”, 2014.
  • 26. A. International, “ASTM D790− 17-Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials”, 2017.
  • 27. Wu, C.-S., and Liao, H.-T., “A New Biodegradable Blends Prepared from Polylactide and Hyaluronic Acid, Polymer (Guildf)”, Vol. 46, Issue 23, Pages 10017–10026, 2005.
  • 28. Singla, P., Mehta, R., Berek, D., and Upadhyay, S.N., “Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Poly (Lactic Acid) and Its Characterization Using Size Exclusion Chromatography”, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, Vol. 49, Issue 11, Pages 963–970, 2012.
  • 29. Yilmaz, M., Yilmaz, N.F., Kilic, A., and Mazi, H., “Investigation of Manufacturability of In-Situ Crosslinked Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Peroxide Composite in Additive Manufacturing”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 39, Issue 2, Pages 859–867, 2024. 30. Chieng, B.W., Azowa, I.N., Yunus, W., Wan, M.D.Z., and Hussein, M.Z., “Effects of Graphene Nanopletelets on Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Polymer Nanocomposites,” Advanced Materials Research, Pages 136–139, 2014.
  • 31. Neher, B., Gafur, M.A., Al-Mansur, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.M.R., Qadir, M.R., and Ahmed, F., “Investigation of the Surface Morphology and Structural Characterization of Palm Fiber Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PF-ABS) Composites”, Materials Sciences and Applications, 2014.
  • 32. Li, J., Chen, F., Yang, L., Jiang, L., and Dan, Y., “FTIR Analysis on Aging Characteristics of ABS/PC Blend under UV-Irradiation in Air”, Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, Vol. 184, Pages 361–367, 2017.
  • 33. Sorolla-Rosario, D., Llorca-Porcel,J., Pérez-Martínez, M., Lozano-Castello, D., and Bueno-Lopez, A., “Study of Microplastics with Semicrystalline and Amorphous Structure Identification by TGA and DSC”, J Environ Chem Eng, Vol. 10, Issue 1, Pages 106886, 2022.
  • 34. Yilmaz, M., and Yilmaz, N.F., “Effects of Raster Angle in Single-and Multi-Oriented Layers for the Production of Polyetherimide (PEI/ULTEM 1010) Parts with Fused Deposition Modelling”, Materials Testing, Vol. 64, Issue 11, Pages 1651–1661, 2022.
  • 35. Perez, D.B., Celik, E., and Karkkainen, R.L., “Investigation of Interlayer Interface Strength and Print Morphology Effects in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D-Printed PLA”, 3D Print Addit Manuf, Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 23–32, 2021.
  • 36. Li, Q., Zhao, W., Niu, B., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Ji, J., Li, Y., Zhao, T., Li, H., and Wang, G., “3D Printing High Interfacial Bonding Polyether Ether Ketone Components via Pyrolysis Reactions”, Mater Des, Vol. 198, Pages 109333, 2021.

SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 142 - 154, 30.08.2025

Musa Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055

Abstract

This study examines the impact of recycling on the thermal and mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments, as commonly used in additive manufacturing. Virgin and recycled PLA and ABS specimens were fabricated using an fused filament fabrication (FFF) type 3D printer. 3D printed specimens were evaluated using tensile and bending tests, as well as thermal analyses through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical testing results showed minimal differences in tensile and bending strengths between virgin and recycled PLA samples, while in contrast recycled ABS demonstrated a more pronounced reduction in tensile strength. Thermal analysis revealed a slight decrease in the glass transition temperature for both materials, particularly in ABS, suggesting possible changes in layer bonding and structural stability. Overall, the recycled materials exhibited comparable mechanical properties to their virgin counterparts. This recycling approach not only lowers material costs but also enhances environmental sustainability within 3D printing applications. By reusing waste materials and reducing the dependency on virgin resources, this method supports a more sustainable manufacturing cycle, helping to reduce overall environmental impact in additive manufacturing.

Keywords

Additive Manufacturing ABS Filaments PLA Filaments Recycling Environmental Sustainability

Project Number

NTMYO.HZP.24.02

References

  • 1. Ilyas, M., Ahmad, W., Khan, H., Yousaf, S., Khan, K., and Nazir, S., “Plastic Waste as a Significant Threat to Environment–a Systematic Literature Review”, Rev Environ Health, Vol. 33, Issue 4, Pages 383–406, 2018.
  • 2. Torres-Agullo, A., Karanasiou, A., Moreno, T., and Lacorte, S., “Overview on the Occurrence of Microplastics in Air and Implications from the Use of Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Science of the total environment, Vol. 800, Pages 149555, 2021.
  • 3. Pan, D., Su, F., Liu, C., and Guo, Z., “Research Progress for Plastic Waste Management and Manufacture of Value-Added Products”, Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, Vol. 3, Pages 443–461, 2020.
  • 4. N.A. Welden, “The Environmental Impacts of Plastic Pollution”, Plastic waste and recycling, Pages 195–222, 2020.
  • 5. Liang, Y., Tan, Q., Song, Q., and Li, J., “An Analysis of the Plastic Waste Trade and Management in Asia”, Waste Management, Vol. 119, Pages 242–253, 2021.
  • 6. Pilapitiya P.G.C.N.T., and Ratnayake, A.S., “The World of Plastic Waste: A Review”, Cleaner Materials, Pages 100220, 2024.
  • 7. Hurley, R., Horton, A., Lusher, A., and Nizzetto, L., “Plastic Waste in the Terrestrial Environment, Plastic waste and recycling”, Pages 163–193, 2020.
  • 8. Gabbott, S., Key, S., Russell, C., Yonan, Y., and Zalasiewicz, J., “The Geography and Geology of Plastics: Their Environmental Distribution and Fate”, Plastic Waste and Recycling, Pages 33–63, 2020.
  • 9. Eze, W.U., Umunakwe, R., Obasi, H.C., Ugbaja, M.I., Uche, C.C., and Madufor, I.C., “Plastics Waste Management: A Review of Pyrolysis Technology”, Clean Technol. Recycl, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Pages 50–69, 2021.
  • 10. Amasuomo, E., and Baird, J., “The Concept of Waste and Waste Management”, J. Mgmt. & Sustainability, Vol. 6, Pages 88, 2016.
  • 11. Wichai-Utcha, N., and Chavalparit, O., “3Rs Policy and Plastic Waste Management in Thailand”, J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, Vol. 21, Pages 10–22, 2019.
  • 12. Borrelle, S.B., Ringma, J., Law, K.L., Monnahan, C.C., Lebreton, L., McGivern, A., Murphy, E., Jambeck, J., Leonard, G.H., and Hilleary, M.A., “Predicted Growth in Plastic Waste Exceeds Efforts to Mitigate Plastic Pollution”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 369, Issue 6510, Pages 1515–1518, 2020.
  • 13. Khan, F., Ahmed, W., and Najmi, A., “Understanding Consumers’ Behavior Intentions towards Dealing with the Plastic Waste: Perspective of a Develocpping Country”, Resour Conserv Recycl, Vol. 142, Pages 49–58, 2019.
  • 14. Friant, M.C., Vermeulen, W.J., and Salomone, R., “Analysing European Union Circular Economy Policies: Words versus Actions”, Sustain Prod Consum, Vol. 27, Pages 337–353, 2021.
  • 15. Real, L.E.P., “Plastics Statistics: Production, Recycling, and Market Data, Recycled Materials for Construction Applications: Plastic Products and Composites”, Pages 103–113, 2022.
  • 16. Ludlow, P., “The European Commission, The New European Community”, Routledge, Pages 85–132, 2018.
  • 17. Thomas, J., Patil, R.S., Patil, M., and John, J., “Addressing the Sustainability Conundrums and Challenges within the Polymer Value Chain”, Sustainability, Vol. 15, Issue 22, Pages 15758, 2023.
  • 18. Rentizelas, A., Shpakova, A., and Mašek, O., “Designing an Optimised Supply Network for Sustainable Conversion of Waste Agricultural Plastics into Higher Value Products”, J Clean Prod, Vol. 189, Pages 683–700, 2018.
  • 19. Erdaş, M.U., Yıldız, B.S., and Yıldız, A.R., “Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Different Production Directions on the Mechanical Characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG Materials Produced by FDM”, Materials Testing, Vol. 66, Issue 2, Pages 198–206, 2024.
  • 20. Aksoz, Z.Y., Bogrekci, I., Demircioglu, P., and Tunc, K.M.M., “Thermo-Hydraulic Investigation of a Heat Exchanger Tube Equipped with 3D-Printed Swirl Flow Generators”, Arab J Sci Eng, Vol. 50, Issue 4, Pages 2383–2408, 2024.
  • 21. Yilmaz, M., Yilmaz, N.F., and Kalkan, M.F., “Rheology, Crystallinity, and Mechanical Investigation of Interlayer Adhesion Strength by Thermal Annealing of Polyetherimide (PEI/ULTEM 1010) Parts Produced by 3D Printing”, J Mater Eng Perform, Vol. 31, Issue 12, Pages 9900-9909, 2022.
  • 22. Anderson, I., “Mechanical Properties of Specimens 3D Printed with Virgin and Recycled Polylactic Acid”, 3D Print Addit Manuf, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Pages 110–115, 2017.
  • 23. Lanzotti, A., Martorelli, M., Maietta, S., Gerbino, S., Penta, F., and Gloria, A., “A Comparison between Mechanical Properties of Specimens 3D Printed with Virgin and Recycled PLA”, Procedia CIRP, Vol. 79, Pages 143–146, 2019.
  • 24. Thomson, A., Price, G.W., Arnold, P., Dixon, M., and Graham, T., “Review of the Potential for Recycling CO2 from Organic Waste Composting into Plant Production under Controlled Environment Agriculture”, J Clean Prod, Vol. 333, Pages 130051, 2022.
  • 25. A. D638-14, “ASTM International, Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics”, 2014.
  • 26. A. International, “ASTM D790− 17-Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials”, 2017.
  • 27. Wu, C.-S., and Liao, H.-T., “A New Biodegradable Blends Prepared from Polylactide and Hyaluronic Acid, Polymer (Guildf)”, Vol. 46, Issue 23, Pages 10017–10026, 2005.
  • 28. Singla, P., Mehta, R., Berek, D., and Upadhyay, S.N., “Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Poly (Lactic Acid) and Its Characterization Using Size Exclusion Chromatography”, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, Vol. 49, Issue 11, Pages 963–970, 2012.
  • 29. Yilmaz, M., Yilmaz, N.F., Kilic, A., and Mazi, H., “Investigation of Manufacturability of In-Situ Crosslinked Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Peroxide Composite in Additive Manufacturing”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 39, Issue 2, Pages 859–867, 2024. 30. Chieng, B.W., Azowa, I.N., Yunus, W., Wan, M.D.Z., and Hussein, M.Z., “Effects of Graphene Nanopletelets on Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Polymer Nanocomposites,” Advanced Materials Research, Pages 136–139, 2014.
  • 31. Neher, B., Gafur, M.A., Al-Mansur, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.M.R., Qadir, M.R., and Ahmed, F., “Investigation of the Surface Morphology and Structural Characterization of Palm Fiber Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PF-ABS) Composites”, Materials Sciences and Applications, 2014.
  • 32. Li, J., Chen, F., Yang, L., Jiang, L., and Dan, Y., “FTIR Analysis on Aging Characteristics of ABS/PC Blend under UV-Irradiation in Air”, Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, Vol. 184, Pages 361–367, 2017.
  • 33. Sorolla-Rosario, D., Llorca-Porcel,J., Pérez-Martínez, M., Lozano-Castello, D., and Bueno-Lopez, A., “Study of Microplastics with Semicrystalline and Amorphous Structure Identification by TGA and DSC”, J Environ Chem Eng, Vol. 10, Issue 1, Pages 106886, 2022.
  • 34. Yilmaz, M., and Yilmaz, N.F., “Effects of Raster Angle in Single-and Multi-Oriented Layers for the Production of Polyetherimide (PEI/ULTEM 1010) Parts with Fused Deposition Modelling”, Materials Testing, Vol. 64, Issue 11, Pages 1651–1661, 2022.
  • 35. Perez, D.B., Celik, E., and Karkkainen, R.L., “Investigation of Interlayer Interface Strength and Print Morphology Effects in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D-Printed PLA”, 3D Print Addit Manuf, Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 23–32, 2021.
  • 36. Li, Q., Zhao, W., Niu, B., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Ji, J., Li, Y., Zhao, T., Li, H., and Wang, G., “3D Printing High Interfacial Bonding Polyether Ether Ketone Components via Pyrolysis Reactions”, Mater Des, Vol. 198, Pages 109333, 2021.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Musa Yılmaz 0000-0002-8278-8828

Project Number NTMYO.HZP.24.02
Publication Date August 30, 2025
Submission Date November 25, 2024
Acceptance Date June 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yılmaz, M. (2025). SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(2), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055
AMA Yılmaz M. SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry. August 2025;9(2):142-154. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055
Chicago Yılmaz, Musa. “SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, no. 2 (August 2025): 142-54. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055.
EndNote Yılmaz M (August 1, 2025) SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 2 142–154.
IEEE M. Yılmaz, “SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 142–154, 2025, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Musa. “SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/2 (August2025), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055.
JAMA Yılmaz M. SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry. 2025;9:142–154.
MLA Yılmaz, Musa. “SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 9, no. 2, 2025, pp. 142-54, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1591055.
Vancouver Yılmaz M. SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING PLA AND ABS MATERIALS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: EFFECTS ON STRENGTH, THERMAL STABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry. 2025;9(2):142-54.
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