AN EVALUATION OF STUDENTS' CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 78 - 89, 29.04.2023

İsmail Karaca , Ömer Söner

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1236264

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Maritime operations have now become faster, safer, and more secure than before, as technological changes in the maritime industry have increased significantly over the past decade. However, no matter how advanced the technology is, removing the human variable from maritime operations is still impossible. Cybersecurity is one of the primary concepts that both enhance human adaptation to technology and reduce risk within the maritime industry. Training and raising situational awareness of maritime cybersecurity are the most basic of many defences to reduce vulnerabilities resulting from human beings not adopting technological changes. Therefore, this study proposes that maritime students’ cybersecurity awareness should be investigated. For this purpose, a questionnaire is used, including 3 attitude scales. This is presented and applied to a sample group including 168 participants representing the population. This evaluation of students’ cybersecurity awareness is aimed to provide taking the first steps to raise cybersecurity awareness in the maritime industry. In this study after a comprehensive investigation, quite striking findings have been obtained regarding awareness of maritime students' cyber security, and suggestions are made to increase students’ cybersecurity awareness in the maritime industry.

Keywords

Awareness, Cybersecurity, Human factor, Maritime students

References

• 1. S. O. Hansson, “Coping with the Unpredictable Effects of Future Technologies”, Philosophy & Technology, Vol. 24, Issue 1, Pages 137-149, 2011
• 2. S. T. M. Peek, E. J. M. Wouters, J. van Hoof, K. G. Luijkx, H. R. Boeije, and H. J. M. Vrijhoef, “Factors influencing acceptance of technology for aging in place: A systematic review”, Int. J. Med. Inform., Vol. 83, Issue 4, Pages 235–248, 2014
• 3. C. Matt, T. Hess, and A. Benlian, “Digital Transformation Strategies”, Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng., Vol. 57, Pages 339-343, 2015
• 4. C. Chauhan, V. Parida, and A. Dhir, “Technological Forecasting & Social Change Linking circular economy and digitalisation technologies : A systematic literature review of past achievements and future promises”, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang., Vol. 177, Page 121508, 2022
• 5. Y. Ichimura, D. Dalaklis, M. Kitada, and A. Christodoulou, “Shipping in the era of digitalization: Mapping the future strategic plans of major maritime commercial actors”, Digit. Bus., Vol. 2, Issue 1, Page 100022, 2022 6. I. C. Ehie and M. A. Chilton, “Understanding the influence of IT/OT Convergence on the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) in manufacturing organizations”, Comput. Ind., Vol. 115, Page 103166, 2020
• 7. F. Wortmann and K. Flüchter, “Internet of Things: Technology and Value Added” , Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng., Vol. 57, Issue 3, Pages 221–224, 2015
• 8. K. Sabbagh, R. Friedrich, B. El-Darwiche, M. Singh, and A. Koster, “Digitization for Economic Growth and Job Creation: Regional and Industry Perspectives”, World Econ. Forum, Pages 35-42, 2013.
• 9. IMO, “Outcome of the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)”, 2021.
• 10. K. Cabaj, D. Domingos, Z. Kotulski, and A. Respício, “Cybersecurity education: Evolution of the discipline and analysis of master programs”, Comput. Secur., Vol. 75, Pages 24–35, 2018
• 11. A. M. Shabut, K. T. Lwin, and M. A. Hossain, “Cyber attacks, countermeasures, and protection schemes - A state of the art survey”, 10th Int. Conf. Software, Knowledge, Inf. Manag. Appl., Pages. 37–44, 2017
• 12. S. Lagouvardou, “Maritime Cyber Security: concepts, problems and models,” Master thesis, Kongens Lyngby, Copenhagen, 2018
• 13. IMO, “Maritime Cyber Risk Management In Safety Management Systems”, 2017 14. BIMCO, “The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships,” Int. Chambber Shipp. Shipp., Vol. 4, Pages 1–53, 2021
• 15. H. Boyes and R. Isbell, Code of Practice: Cyber Security for Ships. 2017
• 16. C. South, “USCG issue Cyber Risk Management Guidelines,” 2022
• 17. S. Karamperidis, C. Kapalidis, and T. Watson, “Maritime Cyber Security_ A Global Challenge Tackled through Distinct Regional Approaches”, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Vol. 9,Pages. 1–17, 2021
• 18. E. Peynirci, “The rise of emerging technologies : A quantitative-based research on ‘ maritime single window ’ in Turkey”, Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., Vol. 1, Issue 1, Page 100770, 2021
• 19. M. Ramos, I. Utne, and A. Mosley, “On factors affecting autonomous ships operators performance in a Shore Control Center” , 14th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, Pages 16-21, Los Angeles, 2018
• 20. G. Potamos, A. Peratikou, and S. Stavrou, “Towards a maritime cyber range training environment”, IEEE Int. Conf. Cyber Secur. Resilience, Pages 180–185, 2021
• 21. Ü. Öztürk, M. Akdağ, and T. Ayabakan, “A review of path planning algorithms in maritime autonomous surface ships: Navigation safety perspective”, Ocean Eng., Vol. 251, Pages 111010, 2022
• 22. A. Galieriková, “The human factor and maritime safety,” Transp. Res. Procedia 40, 2019
• 23. I. Mraković and R. Vojinović, “Evaluation of Montenegrin Seafarers’ Awareness of Cyber Security” , Trans. Marit. Sci., Vol. 09, Issue 02, Pages 206–216, 2020
• 24. C. Parka, W. Shib, W. Zhangb, C. Kontovas, and C.-H. Changa*, “Evaluating cybersecurity risks in the maritime industry: a literature review”, The International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU) Conference, Pages 79–86, 2019
• 25. I. Milić-Beran, D. Milošević, and S. Šekularac-Ivošević, “Teacher of the Future in Maritime Education And Training” , Knowl. Int. J., Vol. 46, Issue 1, Pages 119–125, 2021
• 26. H. Wang, O. L. Osen, G. Li, W. Li, H. N. Dai, and W. Zeng, “Big data and industrial Internet of Things for the maritime industry in Northwestern Norway,” IEEE Reg. 10 Annu. Int. Conf. Pages 1-5, 2016
• 27. T. Kimberly, K. Moara-Nkwe, and K. Jones, “The Use of Cyber Ranges in the Maritime Context”, Marit. Technol. Res., Vol. 3, Issue 1,Pages 16–30, 2020
• 28. O. S. Hareide, O. Josok, M. S. Lund, R. Ostnes, and K. Helkala, “Enhancing Navigator Competence by Demonstrating Maritime Cyber Security”, J. Navig., Vol. 71, Issue 5, Pages 1025–1039, 2018
• 29. I. Mraković and R. Vojinović, “Maritime cyber security analysis – How to reduce threats?”, Trans. Marit. Sci., Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 132–139, 2019
• 30. B. Svilicic, M. Kristić, S. Žuškin, and D. Brčić, “Paperless ship navigation: cyber security weaknesses”, J. Transp. Secur., Vol. 13, Issue 3–4, Pages 203–214, 2020
• 31. B. Svilicic, “Assessing ship cyber risks : a framework and case study of ECDIS security” , WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 18, Pages 509–520, 2019
• 32. K. Kuhn, S. Bicakci, and S. A. Shaikh, “COVID-19 digitization in maritime: understanding cyber risks,” WMU J. Marit. Aff., Vol. 20, Issue 2, Pages 193–214, 2021
• 33. T. Kimberly and K. Jones, “MaCRA: a model-based framework for maritime cyber-risk assessment” , WMU J. Marit. Aff., Vol. 18, Issue 1, Pages 129–163, 2019
• 34. B. Svilicic, I. Rudan, V. Frančić, and M. Doričić, “Shipboard ECDIS cyber security: Third-party component threats,” Pomorstvo, Vol. 33, Issue 2, Pages 176–180, 2019
• 35. I. Mraković and R. Vojinović, “Evaluation of Montenegrin seafarers’ awareness of cyber security”, Trans. Marit. Sci., Vol. 9, Issue 2, Pages 206–216, 2020
• 36. P. Bolat and G. Kayişoğlu, “Antecedents and Consequences of Cybersecurity Awareness: A Case Study for Turkish Maritime Sector”, J. ETA Marit. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 4, Pages 344–360, 2019
• 37. Lv, Fang-Yuan. "Issues in Maritime Cyber Security Joseph Direnzo III, Nicole K. Drumhiller, Fried S. Roberts (Eds.)(2017)”, Marine Policy, Volume 117, Pages 568, 2020
• 38. M. Turhan, “Siber Güvenliğin Sağlanmasi, Dünya Uygulamalari,” Bilgi Teknolojileri Ve İletişim Kurumu, Master Thesis, [Ensuring Cyber Security, World Practices] [Thesis in Turkish], Information technology and communications agency, Ankara, 2010 39. IMO, “ Guidelines On Maritime Cyber Risk Management”, 2017
• 40. University of Louisville Information Security Office, “Information Security User Awareness Assessment.”, https://louisville.edu/security/files/user-awareness-questionnaire-pdf , December 12, 2022
• 41. V. D. Sousa, J. A. Zauszniewski, and C. M. Musil, “How to Determine Whether a Convenience Sample Represents the Population”, Applied Nursing Research, Vol. 17, Issue 2, Pages 130-133 2004
• 42. İ. Karaca, “Denizcilik Öğrencilerinin Siber Güvenlik Farkındalıklarının Değerlendirilmesi Anketi”, [survey in Turkish], https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdQUuXyZK2xtUlK1iuGrWmswms_xNEwCMKklptLwLsTLGCvUw/viewform?usp=sf_link, December 12, 2022.
• 43. Deniz Ticaret Odası, “The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships,” Deniz Ticareti, Vol. 6, Pages 28, 2022.
• 44. F. Barbara, Tabachnick; Sanford, “Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.)”. Pearson, Boston, 2013.
• 45. L. Sthle and S. Wold, “Analysis of variance (ANOVA)”, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., Vol. 6, Issue 4, Pages 259–272, 1989