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A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 428 - 436, 30.12.2024

Osman Özdamar , Burak Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398

Abstract

Pumps in fuel oil systems are mechanical equipment used for the transfer of liquid fluid from one place to another. In particular, pumps are required to transfer the maximum flow rate in the transfer units in minimum time. They consume a very high amount of energy for this transfer. In this research, research studies were carried out to ensure the transfer of the highest possible amount of fuel oil by consuming energy at optimal rates. In this experimental study, the energy consumption and flow rate were measured across a range of engine speeds (100-700 RPM) and varying gear lengths (90-100 mm). According to the findings, energy consumption reached ideal levels at 600 RPM engine speed. In addition, it was determined that the lowest CO2 emission was obtained in the range of 600-700 RPM and by using long gear length. In addition, it is observed that the effect of gear length on energy efficiency is significant and energy consumption decreases as the gear length gets shorter. The results show that minimum energy consumption can be obtained with maximum flow rate at 609 RPM engine speed and 100 mm gear length. The ANOVA analysis used in the study reveals that the flow rate changes are 98% related to the engine speed, while the gear length is 78% effective in CO2 emission reduction. This research provides an important contribution to energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction in industrial applications. This study provides an innovative method that can be used to achieve energy saving and environmental sustainability goals and makes valuable contributions to the literature on optimizing internal gear pump designs.

Keywords

Carbon Footprint Energy Efficiency Energy Consumption Internal Gear Pump.

References

  • 1 S. Chakraborty and K. Pandey, "Numerical Studies on Effects of Blade Number Variations on Performance of Centrifugal Pumps at 4000 RPM," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Pages 410, 2011.
  • 2 B. Öztürk and Ö. Küçük, "Development of a New Pump Gear Using Basic Motion Analysis for Optimisation in Energy Consumption," *Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 49-57, 2019.
  • 3 İ. Düzdar Argun, B. Kantoğlu, and B. Öztürk, "A New Product Design After Benchmarking Analysis of Helix Gear Pumps and Optimisation in Energy Consumption," Düzce University Science and Technology Journal*, Vol. 6, Issue 3, Pages 610-617, 2018.
  • 4 N. Di Franco and M. Jorizzo, "Efficiency, Energy Saving, and Rational Use of Energy: Different Terms for Different Policies," Innovation in Energy Systems-New Technologies for Changing Paradigms, T.S. Ustun (Ed.), Pages 93-112, 2019.
  • 5 M. Aydın, "The Role of Energy Efficiency in Sustainable Development: An Assessment of Turkey," Journal of Management Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 28, Pages 409-441, 2016.
  • 6 Z. Yumurtaci and A. Sarigul, "Energy Efficiency and Applications in Centrifugal Pumps," Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Installation Engineering, Pages 49-58, 2011.
  • 7 M. Golcu, Y. Pancar, and Y. Sekmen, "Energy Saving in a Deep Well Pump with Splitter Blade," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pages 638-651, 2006.
  • 8 D. Kaya, F. Çanka Kılıç, and H.H. Öztürk, "Energy Efficiency in Pumps," in Energy Management and Energy Efficiency in Industry: Practical Examples, Springer, Pages 329-374, 2021.
  • 9 J.L. Pellegrino, N. Margolis, M. Justiniano, M. Miller, and A. Thedki, "Energy Use, Loss, and Opportunities Analysis for US Manufacturing and Mining," Energetics Inc., Columbia, MD, USA, 2004.
  • 10 J.-H. Bae and C. Kim, "Design of Rotor Profile of Internal Gear Pump for Improving Fuel Efficiency," International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 16, Pages 113-120, 2015.
  • 11 H. Akhan, "Energy Management in Industry: Efficiency Increasing Applications in Pump and Fan Systems," Trakya University Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Pages 11-23, 2022.
  • 12 H. Sasaki, N. Inui, Y. Shimada, and D. Ogata, "Development of High Efficiency P/M Internal Gear Pump Rotor (Megafloid Rotor)," SEI Technical Review-English Edition, Vol. 66, Pages 124, 2008.
  • 13 B. Öztürk, Ş. Kaymak, and Ö. Küçük, "Taguchi and RSM Based Optimization of Energy Consumption on Internal Gear Pumps," International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 164-175, 2022.
  • 14 Y. O. Alpay, İ. Uygur, M. Kılınçel, and G. Samtaş, Cure cycle optimization of infrared cured composites using Taguchi method, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 140, Issue 22, Pages e53922. 2023.
  • 15 I. Uygur, A. Cicek, E. Toklu, R. Kara, and S. Saridemir, Fatigue life predictions of metal matrix composites using artificial neural networks, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 59, Issue 1, Pages 97-103. 2014.
  • 16 Ç. V. Yıldırım, T. Kıvak, F. Erzincanlı, İ. Uygur, and M. Sarıkaya, Optimization of MQL Parameters Using the Taguchi Method in Milling of Waspaloy, Gazi University Journal of Science, Vol. 30, Issue 2, Pages 173-186. 2017.
  • 17 Oktem, H., Uygur, I., Sarı, E. S., & Shinde, D. “The hybrid approach of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization on reduced weld line defect in plastic injection molding.” Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, 2024.
  • 18 A.Ö. Ertöz, "Energy Efficiency in Pumps," Tesisat Journal, Vol. 95, Pages 192, 2003.
  • 19 U.S. Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Outlook 2023 with Projections to 2050," IEO2023 Release, CSIS, Available: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/ October 11, 2023. 20 S.A. Blume, "Resource Efficiency in Manufacturing Value Chains,"Springer International Publishing, Pages 9-40 Springer. 2020.
  • 21 C. Hermann and S. Kara, "Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management," Springer International Publishing, 2012.
  • 22 J. Duflou, K. Kellens, and W. Dewulf, "Unit Process Impact Assessment for Discrete Part Manufacturing: A State of the Art," CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Pages 129-135, 2011.
  • 23 T.V. Uimonen, "Development of Climate Responsible Actions for a Pump Manufacturer," Master's Thesis, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, 2022.
  • 24 B. Öztürk and Ö. Küçük, "Special Energy Consumption Model for Two Different Types of Production of Pipe Fittings Reinforced with Copper and Brass Filings (SEC)," Polytechnic Journal, 2019.
  • 25 B. Öztürk, "Optimization in Mass Production Energy Consumption of Solid Brass Pipe Fitting," Technological Applied Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 3, Pages 68-79, 2019.
  • 26 İ. Alagöz, E. Coşkun, S. Babaoğlu, R. Kaykaç, and A. Cidacı, "Calculating the Carbon Footprint of EÜAŞ Central Campus 2021," Environment Climate and Sustainability, Vol. 23, Issue 2, Pages 161-166, 2022.
  • 27 W. Lin et al., "A Multi-Objective Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm to Scheduling in Turning Processes for Minimizing Makespan and Carbon Footprint," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 101, Pages 337-347, 2015.
  • 28 M. Jenarthanan and N. Neeli, "Mathematical Modelling of Delamination Factor on Drilling of ARALL Composites through RSM," Multidiscipline Modelling in Materials and Structures, Vol. 13, Issue 4, Pages 578-589, 2017.
  • 29 B. Öztürk, "Investigation of Effects of Inverter Frequency Changes on the Specific Energy Consumption of Pipe Threading Using Response Surface Methodology," Measurement, Vol. 152, Pages 107296, 2020.
  • 30 E. Nas, “Analysis of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) performance on Ramor 550 armor steel,” Materials Testing, Vol. 62, Issue 5 Pages 481-491, 2020.
  • 31 K. Panneerselvam and K. Lenin, "Parameters Optimization in FSW of Polypropylene Based on RSM," Multidiscipline Modelling in Materials and Structures, Vol. 11, Issue 1, Pages 32-42, 2015.
  • 32 B. Öztürk and Ö. Küçük, Enerji Tüketiminde Optimizasyon İçin Temel Hareket Analizi Kullanılarak Yeni Bir Pompa Dişlisinin Geliştirilmesi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 49-57. 2019
  • 33 Öztürk, B., Endüstriyel Bir İçten Dişli Pompanin Debi Ve Enerji Tüketim Değişimlerinin İncelenmesi. 4th International Congress On 3d Printing (Additive Manufacturing) Technologies and Digital Industry, Antalya /Turkey 2019
  • 34 E. Nas, B. Öztürk, “Optimization of surface roughness via the Taguchi method and investigation of energy consumption when milling spheroidal graphite cast iron materials,” Materials Testing, Vol. 60 Issue 5, Pages 519-525, 2018.
  • 35 Yalçın, E., Oral, O., & Devecili, A. O. Dişli Pompaların Mekanik Veriminin Artırılması. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 8, Issue 2, Pages 553-566. 2021.
  • 36 Demir, Yıldırım, Şakir İşleyen, and Kerem Özen. "Seçili Enerji Tüketimlerinin Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisinin ARDL Sınır Testi ile Belirlenmesi." Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 59, Pages 80-107. 2023

A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 428 - 436, 30.12.2024

Osman Özdamar , Burak Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398

Abstract

Pumps in fuel oil systems are mechanical equipment used for the transfer of liquid fluid from one place to another. In particular, pumps are required to transfer the maximum flow rate in the transfer units in minimum time. They consume a very high amount of energy for this transfer. In this research, research studies were carried out to ensure the transfer of the highest possible amount of fuel oil by consuming energy at optimal rates. In this experimental study, the energy consumption and flow rate were measured across a range of engine speeds (100-700 RPM) and varying gear lengths (90-100 mm). According to the findings, energy consumption reached ideal levels at 600 RPM engine speed. In addition, it was determined that the lowest CO2 emission was obtained in the range of 600-700 RPM and by using long gear length. In addition, it is observed that the effect of gear length on energy efficiency is significant and energy consumption decreases as the gear length gets shorter. The results show that minimum energy consumption can be obtained with maximum flow rate at 609 RPM engine speed and 100 mm gear length. The ANOVA analysis used in the study reveals that the flow rate changes are 98% related to the engine speed, while the gear length is 78% effective in CO2 emission reduction. This research provides an important contribution to energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction in industrial applications. This study provides an innovative method that can be used to achieve energy saving and environmental sustainability goals and makes valuable contributions to the literature on optimizing internal gear pump designs.

Keywords

Carbon Footprint Energy Efficiency Energy Consumption Internal Gear Pump.

References

  • 1 S. Chakraborty and K. Pandey, "Numerical Studies on Effects of Blade Number Variations on Performance of Centrifugal Pumps at 4000 RPM," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Pages 410, 2011.
  • 2 B. Öztürk and Ö. Küçük, "Development of a New Pump Gear Using Basic Motion Analysis for Optimisation in Energy Consumption," *Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 49-57, 2019.
  • 3 İ. Düzdar Argun, B. Kantoğlu, and B. Öztürk, "A New Product Design After Benchmarking Analysis of Helix Gear Pumps and Optimisation in Energy Consumption," Düzce University Science and Technology Journal*, Vol. 6, Issue 3, Pages 610-617, 2018.
  • 4 N. Di Franco and M. Jorizzo, "Efficiency, Energy Saving, and Rational Use of Energy: Different Terms for Different Policies," Innovation in Energy Systems-New Technologies for Changing Paradigms, T.S. Ustun (Ed.), Pages 93-112, 2019.
  • 5 M. Aydın, "The Role of Energy Efficiency in Sustainable Development: An Assessment of Turkey," Journal of Management Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 28, Pages 409-441, 2016.
  • 6 Z. Yumurtaci and A. Sarigul, "Energy Efficiency and Applications in Centrifugal Pumps," Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Installation Engineering, Pages 49-58, 2011.
  • 7 M. Golcu, Y. Pancar, and Y. Sekmen, "Energy Saving in a Deep Well Pump with Splitter Blade," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pages 638-651, 2006.
  • 8 D. Kaya, F. Çanka Kılıç, and H.H. Öztürk, "Energy Efficiency in Pumps," in Energy Management and Energy Efficiency in Industry: Practical Examples, Springer, Pages 329-374, 2021.
  • 9 J.L. Pellegrino, N. Margolis, M. Justiniano, M. Miller, and A. Thedki, "Energy Use, Loss, and Opportunities Analysis for US Manufacturing and Mining," Energetics Inc., Columbia, MD, USA, 2004.
  • 10 J.-H. Bae and C. Kim, "Design of Rotor Profile of Internal Gear Pump for Improving Fuel Efficiency," International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 16, Pages 113-120, 2015.
  • 11 H. Akhan, "Energy Management in Industry: Efficiency Increasing Applications in Pump and Fan Systems," Trakya University Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Pages 11-23, 2022.
  • 12 H. Sasaki, N. Inui, Y. Shimada, and D. Ogata, "Development of High Efficiency P/M Internal Gear Pump Rotor (Megafloid Rotor)," SEI Technical Review-English Edition, Vol. 66, Pages 124, 2008.
  • 13 B. Öztürk, Ş. Kaymak, and Ö. Küçük, "Taguchi and RSM Based Optimization of Energy Consumption on Internal Gear Pumps," International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 164-175, 2022.
  • 14 Y. O. Alpay, İ. Uygur, M. Kılınçel, and G. Samtaş, Cure cycle optimization of infrared cured composites using Taguchi method, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 140, Issue 22, Pages e53922. 2023.
  • 15 I. Uygur, A. Cicek, E. Toklu, R. Kara, and S. Saridemir, Fatigue life predictions of metal matrix composites using artificial neural networks, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 59, Issue 1, Pages 97-103. 2014.
  • 16 Ç. V. Yıldırım, T. Kıvak, F. Erzincanlı, İ. Uygur, and M. Sarıkaya, Optimization of MQL Parameters Using the Taguchi Method in Milling of Waspaloy, Gazi University Journal of Science, Vol. 30, Issue 2, Pages 173-186. 2017.
  • 17 Oktem, H., Uygur, I., Sarı, E. S., & Shinde, D. “The hybrid approach of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization on reduced weld line defect in plastic injection molding.” Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, 2024.
  • 18 A.Ö. Ertöz, "Energy Efficiency in Pumps," Tesisat Journal, Vol. 95, Pages 192, 2003.
  • 19 U.S. Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Outlook 2023 with Projections to 2050," IEO2023 Release, CSIS, Available: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/ October 11, 2023. 20 S.A. Blume, "Resource Efficiency in Manufacturing Value Chains,"Springer International Publishing, Pages 9-40 Springer. 2020.
  • 21 C. Hermann and S. Kara, "Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management," Springer International Publishing, 2012.
  • 22 J. Duflou, K. Kellens, and W. Dewulf, "Unit Process Impact Assessment for Discrete Part Manufacturing: A State of the Art," CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Pages 129-135, 2011.
  • 23 T.V. Uimonen, "Development of Climate Responsible Actions for a Pump Manufacturer," Master's Thesis, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, 2022.
  • 24 B. Öztürk and Ö. Küçük, "Special Energy Consumption Model for Two Different Types of Production of Pipe Fittings Reinforced with Copper and Brass Filings (SEC)," Polytechnic Journal, 2019.
  • 25 B. Öztürk, "Optimization in Mass Production Energy Consumption of Solid Brass Pipe Fitting," Technological Applied Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 3, Pages 68-79, 2019.
  • 26 İ. Alagöz, E. Coşkun, S. Babaoğlu, R. Kaykaç, and A. Cidacı, "Calculating the Carbon Footprint of EÜAŞ Central Campus 2021," Environment Climate and Sustainability, Vol. 23, Issue 2, Pages 161-166, 2022.
  • 27 W. Lin et al., "A Multi-Objective Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm to Scheduling in Turning Processes for Minimizing Makespan and Carbon Footprint," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 101, Pages 337-347, 2015.
  • 28 M. Jenarthanan and N. Neeli, "Mathematical Modelling of Delamination Factor on Drilling of ARALL Composites through RSM," Multidiscipline Modelling in Materials and Structures, Vol. 13, Issue 4, Pages 578-589, 2017.
  • 29 B. Öztürk, "Investigation of Effects of Inverter Frequency Changes on the Specific Energy Consumption of Pipe Threading Using Response Surface Methodology," Measurement, Vol. 152, Pages 107296, 2020.
  • 30 E. Nas, “Analysis of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) performance on Ramor 550 armor steel,” Materials Testing, Vol. 62, Issue 5 Pages 481-491, 2020.
  • 31 K. Panneerselvam and K. Lenin, "Parameters Optimization in FSW of Polypropylene Based on RSM," Multidiscipline Modelling in Materials and Structures, Vol. 11, Issue 1, Pages 32-42, 2015.
  • 32 B. Öztürk and Ö. Küçük, Enerji Tüketiminde Optimizasyon İçin Temel Hareket Analizi Kullanılarak Yeni Bir Pompa Dişlisinin Geliştirilmesi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 49-57. 2019
  • 33 Öztürk, B., Endüstriyel Bir İçten Dişli Pompanin Debi Ve Enerji Tüketim Değişimlerinin İncelenmesi. 4th International Congress On 3d Printing (Additive Manufacturing) Technologies and Digital Industry, Antalya /Turkey 2019
  • 34 E. Nas, B. Öztürk, “Optimization of surface roughness via the Taguchi method and investigation of energy consumption when milling spheroidal graphite cast iron materials,” Materials Testing, Vol. 60 Issue 5, Pages 519-525, 2018.
  • 35 Yalçın, E., Oral, O., & Devecili, A. O. Dişli Pompaların Mekanik Veriminin Artırılması. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol. 8, Issue 2, Pages 553-566. 2021.
  • 36 Demir, Yıldırım, Şakir İşleyen, and Kerem Özen. "Seçili Enerji Tüketimlerinin Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisinin ARDL Sınır Testi ile Belirlenmesi." Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 59, Pages 80-107. 2023
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Optimization Techniques in Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering (Other), Industrial Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Osman Özdamar 0000-0001-6353-6812

Burak Öztürk 0000-0002-1018-6545

Publication Date December 30, 2024
Submission Date October 8, 2024
Acceptance Date December 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özdamar, O., & Öztürk, B. (2024). A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 8(3), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398
AMA Özdamar O, Öztürk B. A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP. IJ3DPTDI. December 2024;8(3):428-436. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398
Chicago Özdamar, Osman, and Burak Öztürk. “A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 8, no. 3 (December 2024): 428-36. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398.
EndNote Özdamar O, Öztürk B (December 1, 2024) A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 8 3 428–436.
IEEE O. Özdamar and B. Öztürk, “A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP”, IJ3DPTDI, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 428–436, 2024, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398.
ISNAD Özdamar, Osman - Öztürk, Burak. “A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 8/3 (December 2024), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398.
JAMA Özdamar O, Öztürk B. A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP. IJ3DPTDI. 2024;8:428–436.
MLA Özdamar, Osman and Burak Öztürk. “A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 8, no. 3, 2024, pp. 428-36, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1563398.
Vancouver Özdamar O, Öztürk B. A NEW SPECIFIC CARBON FOOTPRINT (SCF) THEORY OF FLOW RATE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION VARIATIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNAL GEAR PUMP. IJ3DPTDI. 2024;8(3):428-36.
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