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EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 207 - 219, 30.08.2025

Vahap Neccaroğlu , İsmail Aykut Karamanlı

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336

Abstract

This study examines the influence of material type, layer height, and fill rate on the surface hardness, bending strength, and printing duration of specimens produced via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Specimens made from PLA+ and ABS were fabricated using two distinct layer thicknesses (0.10 mm and 0.20 mm) and four varying fill rates (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The mechanical properties of these specimens were assessed through three-point bending tests and Shore D hardness evaluations. The Taguchi optimization method was employed to identify optimal printing parameters that maximize bending strength and surface hardness while minimizing printing time. The findings revealed that PLA+ displayed superior bending strength compared to ABS, particularly at elevated infill densities. Furthermore, the fill rate predominantly affected the surface hardness, with higher densities correlating with improved hardness values. Statistical analysis conducted through ANOVA indicated that the material type significantly impacts bending strength, while the fill rate primarily influences surface hardness. In addition, the findings indicate that the print time is significantly affected by both material selection and filler density. The results obtained have been verified by producing control samples. According to the verification tests, the model was able to perform predictions with deviations changing between %3-16. This study highlights the essential trade-off between mechanical performance and production efficiency in 3D printing applications and suggests a different approach to optimizing manufacturing process parameters in order to improve part quality while reducing production costs.

Keywords

Fused Deposition Modeling Bending Strength Hardness Taguchi Analysis.

References

  • 1. J. Go, S.N. Schiffres, A.G. Stevens, and A.J. Hart, “Rate limits of additive manufacturing by fused filament fabrication and guidelines for high-throughput system design”, Addit Manuf, Vol. 16, Pages 1–11, 2017.
  • 2. M.K. Thompson, G. Moroni, T.H. Vaneker, G. Fadel, R.I. Campbell, I. Gibson, A. Bernard, J. Schulz, P. Graf, B. Ahuja, and F. Martina, “Design for Additive Manufacturing: Trends, Opportunities, Considerations, and Constraints”, Cirp Annals, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Pages 737–760, 2016.
  • 3. A. Bagsik, V. Schöppner, and E. Klemp, “FDM part quality manufactured with Ultem* 9085”,. 14th international scientific conference on polymeric materials. Pages. 307–315 (2010).
  • 4. O. Arslan, Ö. Selvi, and O.H. Totuk, “Characterization Of 3d Printed Conductive Flexible Materials For Soft Robotic Applications”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 1–7, 2024.
  • 5. P.K. Gurrala and S.P. Regalla, “Part strength evolution with bonding between filaments in fused deposition modelling”, Virtual Phys Prototyp, Vol. 9, Issue 3, Pages 141–149, 2014.
  • 6. Q. Sun, G. Rizvi, C.T. Bellehumeur, and P. Gu, “Effect of processing conditions on the bonding quality of FDM polymer filaments”, Rapid Prototyp J, Vol. 14, Pages 72–80, 2008.
  • 7. C. Bellehumeur, L. Li, Q. Sun, and P. Gu, “Modeling of Bond Formation Between Polymer Filaments in the Fused Deposition Modeling Process”, J Manuf Process, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Pages 170–178, 2004.
  • 8. B.M. Tymrak, M. Kreiger, and J.M. Pearce, “Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions”, Mater Des, Vol. 58, Pages 242–246, 2014.
  • 9. D. Popescu, A. Zapciu, C. Amza, F. Baciu, and R. Marinescu, “FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review”, Polym Test, Vol. 69, Pages 157–166, 2018.
  • 10. C.S. Lee, S.G. Kim, H.J. Kim, and S.H. Ahn, “Measurement of anisotropic compressive strength of rapid prototyping parts”, J Mater Process Technol, Vol. 187–188, Pages 627–630, 2007.
  • 11. J. Torres, M. Cole, A. Owji, Z. DeMastry, and A.P. Gordon, “An approach for mechanical property optimization of fused deposition modeling with polylactic acid via design of experiments”, Rapid Prototyp J, Vol. 22, Issue 2, Pages 387–404, 2016.
  • 12. A. Dey and N. Yodo, “A Systematic Survey of FDM Process Parameter Optimization and Their Influence on Part Characteristics”, Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 64, 2019.
  • 13. İ.A. Karamanlı and K. Tahnal, “Optimization of Printing Parameters of PLA and ABS Produced by FFF”, Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, Vol. 5, Issue 2, Pages 286–302, 2024.
  • 14. K. Çava and M. Aslan, “Investigating Printability And Mechanical Performance Of 3d Printed Recycled Pet With Pla And Tpu Hybrid Additives”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages 252–258, 2023.
  • 15. A.K. Sood, R.K. Ohdar, and S.S. Mahapatra, “Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts”, Mater Des, Vol. 31, Issue 1, Pages 287–295, 2010.
  • 16. J.C. Camargo, Á.R. Machado, E.C. Almeida, and E.F.M.S. Silva, “Mechanical properties of PLA-graphene filament for FDM 3D printing”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 103, Issue 5–8, Pages 2423–2443, 2019.
  • 17. T. Letcher and M. Waytashek, “Material property testing of 3D-printed specimen in PLA on an entry-level 3D printer”,. ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition. Pages. V02AT02A014. American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2014.
  • 18. M.F. Afrose, S.H. Masood, P. Iovenitti, M. Nikzad, and I. Sbarski, “Effects of part build orientations on fatigue behaviour of FDM-processed PLA material”, Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 1, Issue 1–2, Pages 21–28, 2016. 19. T. Nancharaiah, D.R. Raju, and V.R. Raju, “An experimental investigation on surface quality and dimensional accuracy of FDM components”, Int. J. Emerg. Technol, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Pages 106–111, 2010.
  • 20. J.A. Travieso-Rodriguez, R. Jerez-Mesa, J. Llumà, O. Traver-Ramos, G. Gomez-Gras, and J.J. Roa Rovira, “Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing”, Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 23, Pages 3859, 2019.
  • 21. D.G. Zisopol, I. Nae, A.I. Portoaca, and I. Ramadan, “A Statistical Approach of the Flexural Strength of PLA and ABS 3D Printed Parts”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 12, Issue 2, Pages 8248–8252, 2022.
  • 22. ASTM, “ASTM 790-17 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials”, https://www.astm.org/d0790-17.html, (2017).
  • 23. ESUN, “Recommended printing parameters for Creality K1”, https://www.esun3d.com/uploads/eSUN-Fast-filaments-print-parameters.pdf, February 25, 2025
  • 24. ESUN, “ESUN ABS Mechanical Properties”, https://www.esun3d.com/abs-product/, February 25, 2025
  • 25. ESUN, “ESUN PLA+ Mechanical Properties”, https://www.esun3d.com/tr/pla-proproduct/, February 25, 2025.
  • 26. S. Demir, A. Temiz, and F. Pehlivan, “The investigation of printing parameters effect on tensile characteristics for triply periodic minimal surface designs by <scp>Taguchi</scp>”, Polym Eng Sci, Vol. 64, Issue 3, Pages 1209–1221, 2024.
  • 27. P. Zhang, Z. Hu, H. Xie, G.-H. Lee, and C.-H. Lee, “Friction and wear characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) for 3D printing under reciprocating sliding condition”, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 72, Issue 4, Pages 533–539, 2020.
  • 28. Ş. Şirin, E. Aslan, and G. Akincioğlu, “Effects of 3D-printed PLA material with different filling densities on coefficient of friction performance”, Rapid Prototyp J, Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages 157–165, 2023.
  • 29. I. Bogrekci, P. Demircioglu, H. Sucuoglu, and O. Turhanlar, “The Effect of the Infill Type and Density on Hardness of 3D Printed Parts”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 3, Pages 212–219, 2019.
  • 30. B. Bojović, Z. Golubović, L. Petrov, A. Milovanović, A. Sedmak, Ž. Mišković, and M. Milošević, “Comparative Mechanical Analysis of PLA and ABS Materials in Filament and Resin Form”,. In: Mitrovic, N., Mladenovic, G., and Mitrovic, A. (eds.) International Conference of Experimental and Numerical Investigations and New Technologies. Pages. 114–131. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham 2024.
  • 31. M. Ahmed Ramadan, Hassan. A. Sabour, and E. EL-Shenawy, “Tribological Properties of 3D Printed Polymers: PCL, ABS, PLA and Co Polyester”, Tribology in Industry, Vol. 45, Issue 1, Pages 161–167, 2023.
  • 32. A.I. Portoacă, R.G. Ripeanu, A. Diniță, and M. Tănase, “Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Surface Quality and Wear Resistance”, Polymers (Basel), Vol. 15, Issue 16, 2023.
  • 33. N. Ayrilmis, “Effect of layer thickness on surface properties of 3D printed materials produced from wood flour/PLA filament”, Polym Test, Vol. 71, Pages 163–166, 2018.
  • 34. Y. Liu, W. Bai, X. Cheng, J. Tian, D. Wei, Y. Sun, and P. Di, “Effects of printing layer thickness on mechanical properties of 3D-printed custom trays”, J Prosthet Dent, Vol. 126, Issue 5, Pages 671.e1–671.e7, 2021.
  • 35. A.I. Portoacă and M. Tănase, “Exploring Shore D Hardness Variations Under Different Printing Conditions and Post-processing Treatments”, Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 18, Issue 2, Pages 421–429, 2024.
  • 36. J.H. Porter, T.M. Cain, S.L. Fox, and P.S. Harvey, “Influence of infill properties on flexural rigidity of 3D-printed structural members”, Virtual Phys Prototyp, Vol. 14, Issue 2, Pages 148–159, 2019.
  • 37. A.S. Karad, P.D. Sonawwanay, M. Naik, and D.G. Thakur, “Experimental study of effect of infill density on tensile and flexural strength of 3D printed parts”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol. 70, Issue 1, Pages 104, 2023.
  • 38. S.W. Ahmed, G. Hussain, K. Altaf, S. Ali, M. Alkahtani, M.H. Abidi, and A. Alzabidi, “On the Effects of Process Parameters and Optimization of Interlaminate Bond Strength in 3D Printed ABS/CF-PLA Composite”, Polymers (Basel), Vol. 12, Issue 9, Pages 2155, 2020.
  • 39. Sudin, M. N., N. M. Daud, and M. A. Yusuff, "A comparison of the flexural properties of PLA and ABS printed parts.", Journal of Engineering and Technology (JET) Vol. 13, Issue 2, Pages 53-65, 2022.
  • 40. M. Azadi, A. Dadashi, S. Dezianian, M. Kianifar, S. Torkaman, and M. Chiyani, “High-cycle bending fatigue properties of additive-manufactured ABS and PLA polymers fabricated by fused deposition modeling 3D-printing”, Forces in Mechanics, Vol. 3, Pages 100016, 2021.
  • 41. C. Abeykoon, P. Sri-Amphorn, and A. Fernando, “Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters for improved PLA and ABS 3D printed structures”, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 284–297, 2020.
  • 42. S. Prajapati, J.K. Sharma, S. Kumar, S. Pandey, and M.K. Pandey, “A review on comparison of physical and mechanical properties of PLA, ABS, TPU, and PETG manufactured engineering components by using fused deposition modelling”, Mater Today Proc, 2024. 43. K. Sandeep Varma, K. Lal Meena, and R.B.R. Chekuri, “Optimizing mechanical properties of 3D-printed aramid fiber-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol composite: A systematic approach using BPNN and ANOVA”, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Vol. 56, Pages 101785, 2024.
  • 44. G. Atakok, M. Kam, and H.B. Koc, “Tensile, three-point bending and impact strength of 3D printed parts using PLA and recycled PLA filaments: A statistical investigation”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 18, Pages 1542–1554, 2022.
  • 45. M. Günay, “Modeling Of Tensile And Bending Strength For PLA Parts Produced By FDM TT - Modeling Of Tensile And Bending Strength For Pla Parts Produced By FDM”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 204–211, 2019.
  • 46. S. Turaka, V. Jagannati, B. Pappula, and S. Makgato, “Impact of infill density on morphology and mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS/CF-ABS composites using design of experiments”, Heliyon, Vol. 10, Issue 9, 2024.
  • 47. O. Tunçel, Ç. Kahya, and K. Tüfekci, “Optimization of Flexural Performance of PETG Samples Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication with Response Surface Method”, Polymers (Basel), Vol. 16, Issue 14, 2024.

EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 207 - 219, 30.08.2025

Vahap Neccaroğlu , İsmail Aykut Karamanlı

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336

Abstract

This study examines the influence of material type, layer height, and fill rate on the surface hardness, bending strength, and printing duration of specimens produced via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Specimens made from PLA+ and ABS were fabricated using two distinct layer thicknesses (0.10 mm and 0.20 mm) and four varying fill rates (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The mechanical properties of these specimens were assessed through three-point bending tests and Shore D hardness evaluations. The Taguchi optimization method was employed to identify optimal printing parameters that maximize bending strength and surface hardness while minimizing printing time. The findings revealed that PLA+ displayed superior bending strength compared to ABS, particularly at elevated infill densities. Furthermore, the fill rate predominantly affected the surface hardness, with higher densities correlating with improved hardness values. Statistical analysis conducted through ANOVA indicated that the material type significantly impacts bending strength, while the fill rate primarily influences surface hardness. In addition, the findings indicate that the print time is significantly affected by both material selection and filler density. The results obtained have been verified by producing control samples. According to the verification tests, the model was able to perform predictions with deviations changing between %3-16. This study highlights the essential trade-off between mechanical performance and production efficiency in 3D printing applications and suggests a different approach to optimizing manufacturing process parameters in order to improve part quality while reducing production costs.

Keywords

Fused Deposition Modeling Bending Strength Hardness Taguchi Analysis.

References

  • 1. J. Go, S.N. Schiffres, A.G. Stevens, and A.J. Hart, “Rate limits of additive manufacturing by fused filament fabrication and guidelines for high-throughput system design”, Addit Manuf, Vol. 16, Pages 1–11, 2017.
  • 2. M.K. Thompson, G. Moroni, T.H. Vaneker, G. Fadel, R.I. Campbell, I. Gibson, A. Bernard, J. Schulz, P. Graf, B. Ahuja, and F. Martina, “Design for Additive Manufacturing: Trends, Opportunities, Considerations, and Constraints”, Cirp Annals, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Pages 737–760, 2016.
  • 3. A. Bagsik, V. Schöppner, and E. Klemp, “FDM part quality manufactured with Ultem* 9085”,. 14th international scientific conference on polymeric materials. Pages. 307–315 (2010).
  • 4. O. Arslan, Ö. Selvi, and O.H. Totuk, “Characterization Of 3d Printed Conductive Flexible Materials For Soft Robotic Applications”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 8, Issue 1, Pages 1–7, 2024.
  • 5. P.K. Gurrala and S.P. Regalla, “Part strength evolution with bonding between filaments in fused deposition modelling”, Virtual Phys Prototyp, Vol. 9, Issue 3, Pages 141–149, 2014.
  • 6. Q. Sun, G. Rizvi, C.T. Bellehumeur, and P. Gu, “Effect of processing conditions on the bonding quality of FDM polymer filaments”, Rapid Prototyp J, Vol. 14, Pages 72–80, 2008.
  • 7. C. Bellehumeur, L. Li, Q. Sun, and P. Gu, “Modeling of Bond Formation Between Polymer Filaments in the Fused Deposition Modeling Process”, J Manuf Process, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Pages 170–178, 2004.
  • 8. B.M. Tymrak, M. Kreiger, and J.M. Pearce, “Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions”, Mater Des, Vol. 58, Pages 242–246, 2014.
  • 9. D. Popescu, A. Zapciu, C. Amza, F. Baciu, and R. Marinescu, “FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review”, Polym Test, Vol. 69, Pages 157–166, 2018.
  • 10. C.S. Lee, S.G. Kim, H.J. Kim, and S.H. Ahn, “Measurement of anisotropic compressive strength of rapid prototyping parts”, J Mater Process Technol, Vol. 187–188, Pages 627–630, 2007.
  • 11. J. Torres, M. Cole, A. Owji, Z. DeMastry, and A.P. Gordon, “An approach for mechanical property optimization of fused deposition modeling with polylactic acid via design of experiments”, Rapid Prototyp J, Vol. 22, Issue 2, Pages 387–404, 2016.
  • 12. A. Dey and N. Yodo, “A Systematic Survey of FDM Process Parameter Optimization and Their Influence on Part Characteristics”, Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 64, 2019.
  • 13. İ.A. Karamanlı and K. Tahnal, “Optimization of Printing Parameters of PLA and ABS Produced by FFF”, Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, Vol. 5, Issue 2, Pages 286–302, 2024.
  • 14. K. Çava and M. Aslan, “Investigating Printability And Mechanical Performance Of 3d Printed Recycled Pet With Pla And Tpu Hybrid Additives”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages 252–258, 2023.
  • 15. A.K. Sood, R.K. Ohdar, and S.S. Mahapatra, “Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts”, Mater Des, Vol. 31, Issue 1, Pages 287–295, 2010.
  • 16. J.C. Camargo, Á.R. Machado, E.C. Almeida, and E.F.M.S. Silva, “Mechanical properties of PLA-graphene filament for FDM 3D printing”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 103, Issue 5–8, Pages 2423–2443, 2019.
  • 17. T. Letcher and M. Waytashek, “Material property testing of 3D-printed specimen in PLA on an entry-level 3D printer”,. ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition. Pages. V02AT02A014. American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2014.
  • 18. M.F. Afrose, S.H. Masood, P. Iovenitti, M. Nikzad, and I. Sbarski, “Effects of part build orientations on fatigue behaviour of FDM-processed PLA material”, Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 1, Issue 1–2, Pages 21–28, 2016. 19. T. Nancharaiah, D.R. Raju, and V.R. Raju, “An experimental investigation on surface quality and dimensional accuracy of FDM components”, Int. J. Emerg. Technol, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Pages 106–111, 2010.
  • 20. J.A. Travieso-Rodriguez, R. Jerez-Mesa, J. Llumà, O. Traver-Ramos, G. Gomez-Gras, and J.J. Roa Rovira, “Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing”, Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 23, Pages 3859, 2019.
  • 21. D.G. Zisopol, I. Nae, A.I. Portoaca, and I. Ramadan, “A Statistical Approach of the Flexural Strength of PLA and ABS 3D Printed Parts”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol. 12, Issue 2, Pages 8248–8252, 2022.
  • 22. ASTM, “ASTM 790-17 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials”, https://www.astm.org/d0790-17.html, (2017).
  • 23. ESUN, “Recommended printing parameters for Creality K1”, https://www.esun3d.com/uploads/eSUN-Fast-filaments-print-parameters.pdf, February 25, 2025
  • 24. ESUN, “ESUN ABS Mechanical Properties”, https://www.esun3d.com/abs-product/, February 25, 2025
  • 25. ESUN, “ESUN PLA+ Mechanical Properties”, https://www.esun3d.com/tr/pla-proproduct/, February 25, 2025.
  • 26. S. Demir, A. Temiz, and F. Pehlivan, “The investigation of printing parameters effect on tensile characteristics for triply periodic minimal surface designs by <scp>Taguchi</scp>”, Polym Eng Sci, Vol. 64, Issue 3, Pages 1209–1221, 2024.
  • 27. P. Zhang, Z. Hu, H. Xie, G.-H. Lee, and C.-H. Lee, “Friction and wear characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) for 3D printing under reciprocating sliding condition”, Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Vol. 72, Issue 4, Pages 533–539, 2020.
  • 28. Ş. Şirin, E. Aslan, and G. Akincioğlu, “Effects of 3D-printed PLA material with different filling densities on coefficient of friction performance”, Rapid Prototyp J, Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages 157–165, 2023.
  • 29. I. Bogrekci, P. Demircioglu, H. Sucuoglu, and O. Turhanlar, “The Effect of the Infill Type and Density on Hardness of 3D Printed Parts”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 3, Pages 212–219, 2019.
  • 30. B. Bojović, Z. Golubović, L. Petrov, A. Milovanović, A. Sedmak, Ž. Mišković, and M. Milošević, “Comparative Mechanical Analysis of PLA and ABS Materials in Filament and Resin Form”,. In: Mitrovic, N., Mladenovic, G., and Mitrovic, A. (eds.) International Conference of Experimental and Numerical Investigations and New Technologies. Pages. 114–131. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham 2024.
  • 31. M. Ahmed Ramadan, Hassan. A. Sabour, and E. EL-Shenawy, “Tribological Properties of 3D Printed Polymers: PCL, ABS, PLA and Co Polyester”, Tribology in Industry, Vol. 45, Issue 1, Pages 161–167, 2023.
  • 32. A.I. Portoacă, R.G. Ripeanu, A. Diniță, and M. Tănase, “Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters for Enhanced Surface Quality and Wear Resistance”, Polymers (Basel), Vol. 15, Issue 16, 2023.
  • 33. N. Ayrilmis, “Effect of layer thickness on surface properties of 3D printed materials produced from wood flour/PLA filament”, Polym Test, Vol. 71, Pages 163–166, 2018.
  • 34. Y. Liu, W. Bai, X. Cheng, J. Tian, D. Wei, Y. Sun, and P. Di, “Effects of printing layer thickness on mechanical properties of 3D-printed custom trays”, J Prosthet Dent, Vol. 126, Issue 5, Pages 671.e1–671.e7, 2021.
  • 35. A.I. Portoacă and M. Tănase, “Exploring Shore D Hardness Variations Under Different Printing Conditions and Post-processing Treatments”, Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 18, Issue 2, Pages 421–429, 2024.
  • 36. J.H. Porter, T.M. Cain, S.L. Fox, and P.S. Harvey, “Influence of infill properties on flexural rigidity of 3D-printed structural members”, Virtual Phys Prototyp, Vol. 14, Issue 2, Pages 148–159, 2019.
  • 37. A.S. Karad, P.D. Sonawwanay, M. Naik, and D.G. Thakur, “Experimental study of effect of infill density on tensile and flexural strength of 3D printed parts”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol. 70, Issue 1, Pages 104, 2023.
  • 38. S.W. Ahmed, G. Hussain, K. Altaf, S. Ali, M. Alkahtani, M.H. Abidi, and A. Alzabidi, “On the Effects of Process Parameters and Optimization of Interlaminate Bond Strength in 3D Printed ABS/CF-PLA Composite”, Polymers (Basel), Vol. 12, Issue 9, Pages 2155, 2020.
  • 39. Sudin, M. N., N. M. Daud, and M. A. Yusuff, "A comparison of the flexural properties of PLA and ABS printed parts.", Journal of Engineering and Technology (JET) Vol. 13, Issue 2, Pages 53-65, 2022.
  • 40. M. Azadi, A. Dadashi, S. Dezianian, M. Kianifar, S. Torkaman, and M. Chiyani, “High-cycle bending fatigue properties of additive-manufactured ABS and PLA polymers fabricated by fused deposition modeling 3D-printing”, Forces in Mechanics, Vol. 3, Pages 100016, 2021.
  • 41. C. Abeykoon, P. Sri-Amphorn, and A. Fernando, “Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters for improved PLA and ABS 3D printed structures”, International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 284–297, 2020.
  • 42. S. Prajapati, J.K. Sharma, S. Kumar, S. Pandey, and M.K. Pandey, “A review on comparison of physical and mechanical properties of PLA, ABS, TPU, and PETG manufactured engineering components by using fused deposition modelling”, Mater Today Proc, 2024. 43. K. Sandeep Varma, K. Lal Meena, and R.B.R. Chekuri, “Optimizing mechanical properties of 3D-printed aramid fiber-reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol composite: A systematic approach using BPNN and ANOVA”, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Vol. 56, Pages 101785, 2024.
  • 44. G. Atakok, M. Kam, and H.B. Koc, “Tensile, three-point bending and impact strength of 3D printed parts using PLA and recycled PLA filaments: A statistical investigation”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 18, Pages 1542–1554, 2022.
  • 45. M. Günay, “Modeling Of Tensile And Bending Strength For PLA Parts Produced By FDM TT - Modeling Of Tensile And Bending Strength For Pla Parts Produced By FDM”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 204–211, 2019.
  • 46. S. Turaka, V. Jagannati, B. Pappula, and S. Makgato, “Impact of infill density on morphology and mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS/CF-ABS composites using design of experiments”, Heliyon, Vol. 10, Issue 9, 2024.
  • 47. O. Tunçel, Ç. Kahya, and K. Tüfekci, “Optimization of Flexural Performance of PETG Samples Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication with Response Surface Method”, Polymers (Basel), Vol. 16, Issue 14, 2024.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Optimization Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Vahap Neccaroğlu 0009-0003-7194-7621

İsmail Aykut Karamanlı 0000-0002-6725-2662

Publication Date August 30, 2025
Submission Date March 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Neccaroğlu, V., & Karamanlı, İ. A. (2025). EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336
AMA Neccaroğlu V, Karamanlı İA. EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry. August 2025;9(2):207-219. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336
Chicago Neccaroğlu, Vahap, and İsmail Aykut Karamanlı. “EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, no. 2 (August 2025): 207-19. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336.
EndNote Neccaroğlu V, Karamanlı İA (August 1, 2025) EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 2 207–219.
IEEE V. Neccaroğlu and İ. A. Karamanlı, “EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE”, International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 207–219, 2025, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336.
ISNAD Neccaroğlu, Vahap - Karamanlı, İsmail Aykut. “EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/2 (August2025), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336.
JAMA Neccaroğlu V, Karamanlı İA. EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry. 2025;9:207–219.
MLA Neccaroğlu, Vahap and İsmail Aykut Karamanlı. “EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 9, no. 2, 2025, pp. 207-19, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1653336.
Vancouver Neccaroğlu V, Karamanlı İA. EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry. 2025;9(2):207-19.
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