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Forced landing in the context of international law and aviation security: The case of Belarus

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 22 - 27, 31.08.2021

Abstract

Civil Aviation is considered an important field in terms of sharing of knowledge and experience among people, especially in the sustainability of world trade. The terrorist and criminal acts by non-state actors have pushed states to take more security measures in this area. Thus, aviation security has become an important field of international law studies. However, the violations of the states in this area have revealed a new set of discussions and some concepts in the field of aviation security. In this study, the Belarusian landing case was analyzed in the context of international law and aviation security. It has been concluded that aviation geopolitics and potential political concepts have emerged as a result of violations by States. In this context, it can be argued that the study contributes to aviation security terminology.

References

  • Pazarcı, H. 2013, Uluslararası Hukuk, Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • Abeyratne, R. Lr., 2018. Aviation Security Legal And Regulatory Aspects, London: Routledge.
  • Yoo, K. E. ve Choi, Y. C., 2006. Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach for Identifying Relative Importance of Factors to Improve Passenger Security Checks at Airports, Journal of Air Transport Management, 135-142.
  • Price, J. C. ve Forrest, J. S., 2016. Practical Aviation Security Predicting and Preventing Future Threats, Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Harrison, J., 2008. Aviation Security Practice and Education: 1968 Onward, The Context Of Avıatıon Securıty Management (Edt. Andrew R. Thomas), London: Greenwood Publishing, 9-25.
  • Schiavo, M. F., 2008. Aviation Security and the Legal Environment, The Context Of Avıatıon Securıty Management (Edt. Andrew R. Thomas), London: Greenwood Publishing, 122-142.
  • Dillingham, G. L., 2003. Aviation Security: Progress Since September 11, 2001, And The Challenges Ahead (Ed. Jennifer Zellan) Aviation Security: Current Issues and Developments, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 1-22.
  • Berrick, C. A., 2005. Aviation Security: Federal Action Needed to Strengthen Domestic Air Cargo Security, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-06-76.pdf, 20.07.2021.
  • Temasi, G. ve Demichela, M., 2011. Risk Assessment Techniques for Civil Aviation Security, Elsevier, 96, 892-899.
  • Enerstvedt, O. M., 2016. Aviation Security, Privacy, Data Protection and Other Human Rights: Technologies and Legal Principles, Langus: Springer.
  • European Commission, 2021. Aviation Security, https://ec.europa.eu/transport /modes/air/security_en, 20.07.2021.
  • IATA, 2021. Aviation Security, https://www.iata.org/en/programs/security/, 19.07.2021.
  • ICAO, 2006. Revıew Of The Global And Regıonal Avsec Developments And Actıvıtıes, https://www.icao.int/SAM/Documents/GREPECAS/2006/AVSCOMM05/av seccomm05wp03.pdf, 19.07.2021.
  • Aleman, M. A., 2008. The International Civil Aviation Security Program Established by ICAO, Context Of Avıatıon Securıty Management (Edt. Andrew R. Thomas), London: Greenwood Publishing, 65-77.
  • BBC, 2021. Belarus plane: What we know and what we don't, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57239521, 10.07.2021.
  • Maida, A., 2021. The Ryanair Hijacking Pierced the Delusion of Flight, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/05/belarus-ryanair-hijacking/619028/, 10.07.2021.
  • Grove, T., 2021. Belarus Plane Diversion: What Happened to the Ryanair Flight and Who Is Roman Protasevich?, https://www.wsj.com/articles/belarus-ryanair-plane-lukashenko-protasevich-11621874251, 10.07.2021.
  • Wheldon, T. 2021. How Belarus’s 'aviation piracy' broke international law, https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210524-how-belarus-s-aviation-piracy-broke-international-law, 07.07.2021.
  • ICAO, 1944. Convention On International Civil Aviation, https://www.icao.int/MID/Documents/2019/ACAO-ICAO%20Airworthiness/Session%201%20chicago%20convention%20final.pdf, 25.07.2021.
  • Resmi Gazete, 1970. Sivil Havacılığın Güvenliğine Karşı Kanun Dışı Eylemlerin Önlenmesine İlişkin Sözleşme, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15427.pdf, 25.07.2021.
  • ICAO, 1988. Protocol For The Suppression Of Unlawful Acts Of Violence At Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary To The Convention For The Suppression Of Unlawful Acts Against The Safety Of Civil Aviation, Done At Montreal On 23 September 1971 Signed At Montreal On 24 February 1988, https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/VIA_EN.pdf, 14.07.2021.
  • Weber, Y., 2021. When Belarus forced down a plane, it may have committed state-sponsored hijacking, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/23/when-belarus-forced-down-plane-it-may-have-committed-state-sponsored-hijacking/, Erişim: 14.07.2021.
  • Troianovski, A. ve Nechepurenko, I., 2021. Belarus Forces Down Plane to Seize Dissident; Europe Sees ‘State Hijacking’, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/world/europe/ryanair-belarus.html, 10.07.2021.
  • NFP, 2021. Poland Condemns Belarus Plane Diversion As “Act Of State Terrorism” And Calls For EU Action, https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/05/24/poland-condemns-belarus-plane-diversion-as-act-of-state-terrorism-and-calls-for-eu-action/, 20.07.2021.
  • BBC, 2020. Belarus 'Diverts Ryanair Flight to Arrest Journalist', Opposition Says, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57219860, 20.07.2021.
  • DW, 2021. AB’den Belarus’a: Uçak kaçırmanın sonuçları olacak, https://www.dw.com/tr/abden-belarusa-u%C3%A7ak-ka%C3%A7%C4%B1rman%C4%B1n-sonu%C3%A7lar%C4%B1-olacak/a-57639496, 10.07.2021.
  • Seputyte, M. ve Kudrytski, A., 2021. Forced Landing of Ryanair Jet in Belarus Triggers Outrage, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-23/belarus-detains-reporter-on-ryanair-flight-forced-down-in-minsk, 10.07.2021.
  • Euronews, 2021. Belarusian airlines banned from flying over EU or using its airports, https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/04/brussels-bans-belarusian-airlines-from-flying-over-eu-s-airspace, 10.07.2021.
  • Akkutay, B. L., 2017. Uluslararası Hukukta Sivil ve Devlet Hava Aracı Ayrımı, TAAD, 8(31), 315-348.
  • Gaudin, A., 2013. Forced Detour of Bolivian President Evo Morales' Plane Causes International Incident, https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article =15160&context=notisur, 14.07.2021.
  • Lally, K. ve Forero, J., 2013. Bolivian president’s plane forced to land in Austria in hunt for Snowden, https://conspiracytech.com/Bolivian%20president%E2%80%99s%20plane%20forced%20to%20land%20in%20Austria%20in%20hunt%20for%20Snowden%20-%20The%20Washington%20Post.pdf, 14.07.2021.
  • DW, 2013. Snowden şüphesi uçak indirdi, https://www.dw.com/tr/snowden-%C5%9F%C3%BCphesi-u%C3%A7ak-indirdi/a-16925775, 14.07.2021.
  • BBC, 2013. Snowden case: Bolivia condemns jet 'aggression', https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-23158242, 14.07.2021.
  • Human Rights Watch, 2021. Iran: Ukraine Airline Victims’ Families Harassed, Abused,https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/27/iran-ukraine-airline-victims-families-harassed-abused, 20.07.2021.
  • Amarasinghe, P. ve Jayawardne, E., 2020. International Law and the Downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, https://besacenter.org/ukraine-international-airlines-iran/, 20.07.2021.

Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 22 - 27, 31.08.2021

Abstract

Sivil Havacılık, başta dünya ticaretinin sürdürülebilirliği olmak üzere insanlar arasında bilgi ve tecrübe paylaşımı açısından da önemli bir alan olarak kabul edilmektedir. Devlet dışı aktörlerin gerçekleştirdiği terör ve suç eylemleri, devletleri bu alanda daha fazla güvenlik önlemi almaya itmiştir. Böylece havacılık güvenliği uluslararası hukukun önemli bir çalışma alanı haline gelmiştir. Ancak devletlerin bu alana yönelik ihlalleri, havacılık güvenliği alanında yeni bir takım tartışmaları ve bazı kavramları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada Belarus uçak indirme olayı uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında analiz edilmiştir. Devletler tarafından gerçekleşen ihlallerin bir sonucu olarak havacılık jeopolitiği ve potansiyel siyasi kavramlarının ortaya çıktığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın havacılık güvenliği terminolojisine katkı sağladığı savunulabilir.

References

  • Pazarcı, H. 2013, Uluslararası Hukuk, Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • Abeyratne, R. Lr., 2018. Aviation Security Legal And Regulatory Aspects, London: Routledge.
  • Yoo, K. E. ve Choi, Y. C., 2006. Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach for Identifying Relative Importance of Factors to Improve Passenger Security Checks at Airports, Journal of Air Transport Management, 135-142.
  • Price, J. C. ve Forrest, J. S., 2016. Practical Aviation Security Predicting and Preventing Future Threats, Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Harrison, J., 2008. Aviation Security Practice and Education: 1968 Onward, The Context Of Avıatıon Securıty Management (Edt. Andrew R. Thomas), London: Greenwood Publishing, 9-25.
  • Schiavo, M. F., 2008. Aviation Security and the Legal Environment, The Context Of Avıatıon Securıty Management (Edt. Andrew R. Thomas), London: Greenwood Publishing, 122-142.
  • Dillingham, G. L., 2003. Aviation Security: Progress Since September 11, 2001, And The Challenges Ahead (Ed. Jennifer Zellan) Aviation Security: Current Issues and Developments, New York: Nova Science Publishers, 1-22.
  • Berrick, C. A., 2005. Aviation Security: Federal Action Needed to Strengthen Domestic Air Cargo Security, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-06-76.pdf, 20.07.2021.
  • Temasi, G. ve Demichela, M., 2011. Risk Assessment Techniques for Civil Aviation Security, Elsevier, 96, 892-899.
  • Enerstvedt, O. M., 2016. Aviation Security, Privacy, Data Protection and Other Human Rights: Technologies and Legal Principles, Langus: Springer.
  • European Commission, 2021. Aviation Security, https://ec.europa.eu/transport /modes/air/security_en, 20.07.2021.
  • IATA, 2021. Aviation Security, https://www.iata.org/en/programs/security/, 19.07.2021.
  • ICAO, 2006. Revıew Of The Global And Regıonal Avsec Developments And Actıvıtıes, https://www.icao.int/SAM/Documents/GREPECAS/2006/AVSCOMM05/av seccomm05wp03.pdf, 19.07.2021.
  • Aleman, M. A., 2008. The International Civil Aviation Security Program Established by ICAO, Context Of Avıatıon Securıty Management (Edt. Andrew R. Thomas), London: Greenwood Publishing, 65-77.
  • BBC, 2021. Belarus plane: What we know and what we don't, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57239521, 10.07.2021.
  • Maida, A., 2021. The Ryanair Hijacking Pierced the Delusion of Flight, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/05/belarus-ryanair-hijacking/619028/, 10.07.2021.
  • Grove, T., 2021. Belarus Plane Diversion: What Happened to the Ryanair Flight and Who Is Roman Protasevich?, https://www.wsj.com/articles/belarus-ryanair-plane-lukashenko-protasevich-11621874251, 10.07.2021.
  • Wheldon, T. 2021. How Belarus’s 'aviation piracy' broke international law, https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210524-how-belarus-s-aviation-piracy-broke-international-law, 07.07.2021.
  • ICAO, 1944. Convention On International Civil Aviation, https://www.icao.int/MID/Documents/2019/ACAO-ICAO%20Airworthiness/Session%201%20chicago%20convention%20final.pdf, 25.07.2021.
  • Resmi Gazete, 1970. Sivil Havacılığın Güvenliğine Karşı Kanun Dışı Eylemlerin Önlenmesine İlişkin Sözleşme, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15427.pdf, 25.07.2021.
  • ICAO, 1988. Protocol For The Suppression Of Unlawful Acts Of Violence At Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary To The Convention For The Suppression Of Unlawful Acts Against The Safety Of Civil Aviation, Done At Montreal On 23 September 1971 Signed At Montreal On 24 February 1988, https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/VIA_EN.pdf, 14.07.2021.
  • Weber, Y., 2021. When Belarus forced down a plane, it may have committed state-sponsored hijacking, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/23/when-belarus-forced-down-plane-it-may-have-committed-state-sponsored-hijacking/, Erişim: 14.07.2021.
  • Troianovski, A. ve Nechepurenko, I., 2021. Belarus Forces Down Plane to Seize Dissident; Europe Sees ‘State Hijacking’, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/world/europe/ryanair-belarus.html, 10.07.2021.
  • NFP, 2021. Poland Condemns Belarus Plane Diversion As “Act Of State Terrorism” And Calls For EU Action, https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/05/24/poland-condemns-belarus-plane-diversion-as-act-of-state-terrorism-and-calls-for-eu-action/, 20.07.2021.
  • BBC, 2020. Belarus 'Diverts Ryanair Flight to Arrest Journalist', Opposition Says, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57219860, 20.07.2021.
  • DW, 2021. AB’den Belarus’a: Uçak kaçırmanın sonuçları olacak, https://www.dw.com/tr/abden-belarusa-u%C3%A7ak-ka%C3%A7%C4%B1rman%C4%B1n-sonu%C3%A7lar%C4%B1-olacak/a-57639496, 10.07.2021.
  • Seputyte, M. ve Kudrytski, A., 2021. Forced Landing of Ryanair Jet in Belarus Triggers Outrage, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-23/belarus-detains-reporter-on-ryanair-flight-forced-down-in-minsk, 10.07.2021.
  • Euronews, 2021. Belarusian airlines banned from flying over EU or using its airports, https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/04/brussels-bans-belarusian-airlines-from-flying-over-eu-s-airspace, 10.07.2021.
  • Akkutay, B. L., 2017. Uluslararası Hukukta Sivil ve Devlet Hava Aracı Ayrımı, TAAD, 8(31), 315-348.
  • Gaudin, A., 2013. Forced Detour of Bolivian President Evo Morales' Plane Causes International Incident, https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article =15160&context=notisur, 14.07.2021.
  • Lally, K. ve Forero, J., 2013. Bolivian president’s plane forced to land in Austria in hunt for Snowden, https://conspiracytech.com/Bolivian%20president%E2%80%99s%20plane%20forced%20to%20land%20in%20Austria%20in%20hunt%20for%20Snowden%20-%20The%20Washington%20Post.pdf, 14.07.2021.
  • DW, 2013. Snowden şüphesi uçak indirdi, https://www.dw.com/tr/snowden-%C5%9F%C3%BCphesi-u%C3%A7ak-indirdi/a-16925775, 14.07.2021.
  • BBC, 2013. Snowden case: Bolivia condemns jet 'aggression', https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-23158242, 14.07.2021.
  • Human Rights Watch, 2021. Iran: Ukraine Airline Victims’ Families Harassed, Abused,https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/27/iran-ukraine-airline-victims-families-harassed-abused, 20.07.2021.
  • Amarasinghe, P. ve Jayawardne, E., 2020. International Law and the Downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, https://besacenter.org/ukraine-international-airlines-iran/, 20.07.2021.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ahmet Ateş 0000-0002-4026-7522

Publication Date August 31, 2021
Submission Date August 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ateş, A. (2021). Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2(2), 22-27.
AMA Ateş A. Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics. August 2021;2(2):22-27.
Chicago Ateş, Ahmet. “Uluslararası Hukuk Ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında Zorla Indirme: Belarus Vakası”. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2, no. 2 (August 2021): 22-27.
EndNote Ateş A (August 1, 2021) Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 2 22–27.
IEEE A. Ateş, “Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası”, International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 22–27, 2021.
ISNAD Ateş, Ahmet. “Uluslararası Hukuk Ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında Zorla Indirme: Belarus Vakası”. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2/2 (August 2021), 22-27.
JAMA Ateş A. Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2021;2:22–27.
MLA Ateş, Ahmet. “Uluslararası Hukuk Ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında Zorla Indirme: Belarus Vakası”. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics, vol. 2, no. 2, 2021, pp. 22-27.
Vancouver Ateş A. Uluslararası hukuk ve havacılık güvenliği bağlamında zorla indirme: Belarus vakası. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2021;2(2):22-7.

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