Ecological Aspects of Allelopathy

Abstract

Plants, one of the biotic factors of the ecosystem, secrete a number of chemical compounds that can change environmental factors as well as they are affected by environmental changes. These compounds, called allelochemicals, most of which are secondary metabolites, are produced as a sub-branch of their primary metabolic pathways. Besides the direct effect of allelochemicals on growth and development of other plants, they are released from decomposed plant residues and cause indirect allelopathic effects by changing the activity of microorganisms in the environment. It also has indirect environmental impacts on soil bioavailability by preventing microbial symbiosis activities in the soil, preventing nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake and changing nutrients in the soil. It can affect the plant species and variety in the environment and cause significant changes in natural vegetation and plant communities in the long term. Over time, plant succession occurs, which is defined as the dominant species replacing other species. As a result, allelopathy is a complex phenomenon that causes clear changes at many subsystem levels of the ecosystem. Therefore, allelopathic interactions should be analyzed at the ecosystem level rather than at the population level and their multi-directional effects should be evaluated with a holistic approach.

Keywords

• Allelochemical
• Mycorrhizae
• Plant biodiversity
• Plant succession

References

1. Amb, M.K. and Ahluwalia, A.S. (2016). Allelopathy: potential role to achieve new milestones in rice cultivation. Rice Science, 23(4), 165-183. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2016.06.001
2. Appel, H.M. (1993). Phenolics in ecological interactions: the importance of oxidation. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 19(7), 1521-1552. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984895
3. Bazzaz, F.A. (1979). The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 10(1), 351-371. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.002031
4. Bhadoria, P.B.S. (2011). Allelopathy: a natural way towards weed management. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 7-20. Doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2011/002
5. Bhakat, R. K., & Maiti, P. P., 2012. Invasiveness and allelopathy as a threat to biodiversity. In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Multidisciplinary Approaches in Angiosperm Systematics (pp. 748-751). Kalyani: University of Kalyani. https://www.academia.edu/download/31032049/INVASIVENESSANDALLELOPATHYASATHREATTO_BIODIVERSITY.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi, 01/03/2021).
6. Blanco, J.A. (2007). The representation of allelopathy in ecosystem-level forest models. Ecological Modelling, 209(2-4), 65-77. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.014
7. Chengxu, W., Mingxing, Z., Xuhui, C., Bo, Q., (2011). Review on allelopathy of exotic invasive plants. Procedia Engineering, 18, 240-246. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.038
8. Chou, C.H. (1999). Roles of allelopathy in plant biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 18(5), 609-636. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689991309414

9. Cowles, H.C. (1911). The causes of vegetative cycles. Botanical Gazette, 51(3), 161-183. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/330472 (Erişim Tarihi, 01/03/2021).
10. Dakshini, K.M.M. (1994). Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth. American journal of botany, 81(7), 799-804. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15560.x
11. Ferguson, J.J. and Rathinasabapathi, B. (2003). Allelopathy: How plants suppress other plants. EDIS, 2003(18). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/download/109148/104309 (Erişim Tarihi, 05/03/2021).
12. Foy, C.L. (2001). Understanding the role of allelopathy in weed interference and declining plant diversity. Weed Technology, 15(4), 873-878. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0873:UTROAI]2.0.CO;2
13. Gniazdowska, A. and Bogatek, R. (2005). Allelopathic interactions between plants. Multi site action of allelochemicals. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 27(3), 395-407. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11738-005-0017-3.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03/03/2021).
14. Grove, S., Haubensak, K.A., Parker, I.M. (2012). Direct and indirect effects of allelopathy in the soil legacy of an exotic plant invasion. Plant Ecology, 213(12), 1869-1882. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-012-0079-4
15. Hock, B., and Elstner, E.F. (2004). Plant toxicology. Fourth Edition, CRC Press.
16. Inderjit (1998). Influence of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on selected soil properties. American Journal of Botany, 85(1), 64-69. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2446555
17. Inderjit, Weiner, J., 2001. Plant allelochemical interference or soil chemical ecology?. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 4(1), 3-12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00011
18. International Allelopathy Society (IAS) (2015). Journal of Allelochemical Interactions Volume 1(1). http://j_allel_inter.webs.uvigo.es/images/issues/volume1-1/JAI_2015_volume1-1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 01.03.2021).
19. Kohli, R.H., Batish, D.R., Singh, H.P. (2006). Allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems. In Allelopathy (pp. 465-493). Springer, Dordrecht. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4280-9_21
20. Koocheki, A., Lalegani, B., Hosseini, S.A. (2013). Ecological consequences of allelopathy. In Allelopathy (pp. 23-38). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30595-5_2
21. Kruse, M., Strandberg, M., Strandberg, B. (2000). Ecological effects of allelopathic plants-a review. NERI Technical Report, 315. Doi: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=DK2001001134
22. Lawrence, J.G., Colwell, A., Sexton, O.J. (1991). The ecological impact of allelopathy in Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). American journal of Botany, 78(7), 948-958. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1991.tb14498.x
23. Malinowski, D.P., Belesky, D.P., Fedders, J.M. (1999). Endophyte infection may affect the competitive ability of tall fescue grown with red clover. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 183(2), 91-101. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00322.x
24. Ni, G.Y., Zhao, P., Huang, Q.Q., Hou, Y.P., Zhou, C.M., Cao, Q.P., Peng, S.L. (2012). Exploring the novel weapons hypothesis with invasive plant species in China. Allelopathy Journal, 29(2), 199-214. http://vrlab.scib.ac.cn/Source/Diss/20131023105202.pdf (Erişim Tarihi, 04/03/2021).
25. Nilsson, M.C., Högberg, P., Zackrisson, O., Fengyou, W. (1993). Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on development and nitrogen uptake by roots and mycorrhizae of Pinus silvestris. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71(4), 620-628. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/b93-071
26. Nissanka, S.P., Mohotti, K.M., Wijetunga, A.S.T.B. (2005). Alleopathic influences of Pinus caribea on vegetation regeneration and soil biodiversity. In Fourth World Congress in Allelopathy. NSW, Australia: Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga. http://www.regional.org.au/au/allelopathy/2005/2/1/2415_nissankasp.htm (Erişim Tarihi, 01/03/2021)
27. Qin, F., Liu, S., Yu, S. (2018). Effects of allelopathy and competition for water and nutrients on survival and growth of tree species in Eucalyptus urophylla plantations. Forest ecology and management, 424, 387-395. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.017
28. Reigosa, M.J., Sánchez-Moreiras, A., González, L. (1999). Ecophysiological approach in allelopathy. Critical reviews in plant sciences, 18(5), 577-608. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689991309405
29. Rice, E.L. (1984). Allelopathy 2nd Ed. Acad. Press. Inc. Orlando, Florida, 422. https://www.elsevier.com/books/allelopathy/rice/978-0-08-092539-4 (Erişim Tarihi, 21/02/2021).
30. Rizvi, S.J.H., Haque, H., Singh, V.K., Rizvi, V. (1992). A discipline called allelopathy. In Allelopathy (pp. 1-10). Springer, Dordrecht. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2376-1_1
31. Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Kohli, R.K. (2001). Allelopathy in agroecosystems: an overview. Journal of Crop Production, 4(2), 1-41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J144v04n02_01
32. Sinkkonen, A. (2006). Ecological relationships and allelopathy. In Allelopathy (pp. 373-393). Springer, Dordrecht. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4280-9_16
33. Stamp, N. (2003). Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. The Quarterly review of biology, 78(1), 23-55. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/367580
34. Verdeguer Sancho, M.M., Blazquez, M.A., Boira Tortajada, H. (2018). Phytotoxic potential of Lantana camara, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eriocephalus africanus, Cistus ladanifer and Artemisia gallica aqueous extracts to control weeds. Journal of Allelochemical Interactions, 4(2), 17-26. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/121086 (Erişim Tarihi: 01/03/2021)
35. Wardle, D.A., Nilsson, M.C., Gallet, C., Zackrisson, O. (1998). An ecosystem‐level perspective of allelopathy. Biological Reviews, 73(3), 305-319. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00033.x Weston, L.A. and Putnam, A.R. (1985). Inhibition of growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of legumes by quackgrass 1. Crop Science, 25(3), 561-565.Doi: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183X002500030031x
36. Willis, R.J. (2007). Allelopathy in the Classical World–Greece and Rome. The History of Allelopathy, 15-37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4093-1_2
37. Whittaker, R.H. and Feeny, P.P. (1971). Allelochemics: chemical interactions between species. Science, 171(3973), 757-770. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1730763 (Erişim Tarihi, 04/03/2021)
38. Yamasaki, S.H., Fyles, J.W., Egger, K.N., Titus, B.D. (1998). The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on the growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce. Forest Ecology and Management, 105(1-3), 197-207. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00285-5