Coordinated Torque Distribution and Energy Management in Dual-Motor Electric Vehicle Powertrains with Induction and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
Abstract
The growing demand for high-efficiency and high-performance electric vehicles underscores the urgent need for advanced research in dual-motor configurations to optimize energy management and enhance dynamic stability under diverse driving conditions. This paper presents a novel torque distribution strategy for dual-motor electric vehicles, leveraging the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) to simultaneously improve energy efficiency and dynamic performance. Unlike conventional fixed-ratio methods, the proposed GWO-based approach dynamically adjusts torque allocation between the front and rear motors in response to real-time driving conditions. Simulation results indicate a notable reduction in total power losses, ranging from 12.7% to 15.3%, compared to baseline strategies. The algorithm demonstrates high computational efficiency, with execution times consistently below 5 milliseconds, making it suitable for real-time implementation. A detailed performance analysis highlights that optimal torque distribution is highly sensitive to varying load demands and motor efficiency profiles, emphasizing the shortcomings of static control approaches. The strategy proves particularly effective in urban driving cycles, reducing energy consumption by 13.2% during frequent acceleration and deceleration phases, while ensuring smooth torque transitions. Additionally, under high-torque operation, the approach enhances induction motor efficiency (85–92%), improves regenerative braking performance with a 23.5% increase in permanent magnet synchronous motor utilization, and promotes balanced motor load sharing during steady-state cruising. These findings confirm the GWO-based strategy as a robust, adaptive, and computationally viable control solution for next-generation electric vehicle powertrains, capable of addressing the demands of diverse real-world driving scenarios.
Keywords
Dual-motor electric vehicle Grey wolf optimization Torque distribution strategy Energy efficiency optimization Real-time vehicle control
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | July 22, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | January 5, 2026 |
| Publication Date | February 11, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1748688 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA43WH86UU |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
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[1] Setiyo M, Waluyo B. Mixer with Secondary Venturi: An Invention for the First-Generation LPG Kits. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):21–26.
[2] Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS. Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;95:115–124.
[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.
[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.
[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.
[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.
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M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Main research topics:
• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.
Current research interests:
• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.
Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.
He is a member of SAE International.
Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers.
Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.
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International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey
