A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology

Ahmet Canan

doi:10.30939/ijastech..1830697

A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

The environmental impacts of fossil fuels and their impending depletion in the near future are bringing renewable energy sources to the forefront. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and can be used alone or blended with diesel fuel. In this study, the effect of biodiesel obtained from pinecones on engine performance and emissions was examined, and tests were conducted on a diesel engine with loads ranging from 500 to 2500 W by blending it with diesel fuel at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. To determine the optimal conditions while reducing the number of experiments and saving time and money, optimization was performed using the response surface methodology (RSM), selecting engine load and biodiesel ratio as input parameters. A biodiesel ratio of 18.50% and an engine load of 1315 W provided the optimal conditions, and under these conditions, the response parameters of brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) engine performance values and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were obtained as 19.91%, 401.31 g/kWh, 0.0548%, 16.90 ppm, 4.87%, and 463.86 ppm, respectively. Pinecone biodiesel can be effectively used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines, especially at mixture ratios around 20%, reducing HC and CO emissions while maintaining acceptable performance levels.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

KARABUK UNIVERSITY

Project Number

KBÜBAP-24-ABP-031

Ethical Statement

This study was supported by KARABUK UNIVERSITY in frame of project code of KBÜBAP-24-ABP-031

Thanks

As researcher, I thank the KARABUK UNIVERSITY/TURKEY.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ahmet Canan ^*
0000-0002-9397-3949
Türkiye

Publication Date

February 26, 2026

Submission Date

November 26, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1830697

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA88EM68TE

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Canan, A. (2026). A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 10(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1830697

AMA

1.Canan A. A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology. IJASTECH. 2026;10(1):76-90. doi:10.30939/ijastech.1830697

Chicago

Canan, Ahmet. 2026. “A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 (1): 76-90. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1830697.

EndNote

Canan A (February 1, 2026) A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 1 76–90.

IEEE

[1]A. Canan, “A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology”, IJASTECH, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 76–90, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1830697.

ISNAD

Canan, Ahmet. “A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10/1 (February 1, 2026): 76-90. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1830697.

JAMA

1.Canan A. A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology. IJASTECH. 2026;10:76–90.

MLA

Canan, Ahmet. “A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, Feb. 2026, pp. 76-90, doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1830697.

Vancouver

1.Ahmet Canan. A Comprehensive Assessment of Pinecone Oil–Based Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine: Modeling and Optimization via Response Surface Methodology. IJASTECH. 2026 Feb. 1;10(1):76-90. doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1830697

Cited By

Investigation of the Effects on Performance and Emissions of Biodiesel Obtained from Safflower Oil by Microwave Heating

Engineering Perspective

https://doi.org/10.64808/engineeringperspective.1813220