Development of a Route-Specific Driving Cycle for the Istanbul Metrobus Line: Integration of Operational Dynamics and Topography
Abstract
In this study, a route-specific driving cycle for the Beylikdüzü–Söğütlüçeşme–Beylikdüzü Istanbul Metrobus line was developed to reflect its operational and topographical characteristics. The cycle considers real-world gradients, frequent stops, and high passenger loads, addressing the limitations of standard flat-road assumptions. High-resolution telemetry data were collected from 132 LF25 diesel buses, including speed, acceleration, stop times, and segment-based speed profiles. Five representative vehicles were selected based on statistical consistency, and vehicle motion was divided into acceleration, constant speed, deceleration, and stop phases. Time-based speed and distance values were calculated for each segment, and stop altitudes along the route were obtained from Google Earth with linear interpolation applied to generate continuous distance–altitude profiles. These profiles were integrated into MATLAB/Simulink-based vehicle dynamics and powertrain simulations to realistically estimate traction force, road resistance, regenerative braking potential, and overall energy demand. The simulation framework enables evaluation of energy consumption and powertrain performance for 25-meter bi-articulated electric Metrobus vehicles. The developed driving cycle provides a robust representation of real operational conditions and serves as a foundation for future studies on energy efficiency, motor torque requirements, and battery performance. Furthermore, the methodology can be adapted for electric or fuel-cell public transit vehicles, supporting the transition toward zero-emission urban transportation in Istanbul.
Supporting Institution
Ulaşım İç ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş.
Thanks
This study was conducted at the R&D center of Ulaşım İç ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş. Vehicle data were collected on the Istanbul Metrobus line operated by İETT. The authors would like to thank the management of Ulaşım İç ve Dış Ticaret A.Ş. and İETT for their support.
References
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | December 5, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 2, 2026 |
| Publication Date | March 24, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1836826 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA55AL69YY |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
Aim & Scope
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology is a multidisciplinary open access journal which publishes blind peer reviewed original research articles. The journal includes a wide range of fields related with automotive technologies and creates a platform for researchers to make their contribution to automotive science. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology is a member of Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey. http://omd.org.tr/
The journal aims to publish comprehensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries in automotive science and technology. Articles will be freely available online to researchers worldwide without any subscription or restriction. Original research articles, review articles, letters to the editor, case reports and short communications prepared in English are accepted for publication without any publication or submission fees.
Topics of the Journal include powertrain systems, engine and vehicle dynamics, vibrations and control, NHV, structural analysis, energy sources, fossil and alternative fuel technologies, renewable energy in automotive, combustion in internal combustion engines (ICEs), mathematical modelling and validation, emissions, mechatronics, vehicle electronics, advanced control strategies, electro-mechanical engineering, vehicle aerodynamics, fuel cell, hybrid and electrical vehicles, design and manufacturing, automobile materials, lubrication, tribology, safety systems, logistics and transportation, traffic management, intelligent vehicle systems, communication systems and other fields related to automotive science and technology.
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The corresponding author may use the following example to state author contributions as authorship credits:
Hamit Solmaz: Conceptualization, Supervision, H. Serdar Yücesu: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft, Validation, Alper Calam: Data curation, Formal analysis, Emre Yılmaz: Writing-original draft, writing-review&editing, software.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/leap.1210
References should be listed at the end of the paper in font 9. They should be numbered consecutively and referred in square brackets. While referring a journal paper, volume, number, page numbers and year must be given. From 2021, the reference list should be prepared using the Vancouver referencing style. Attention!: Article citations should demonstrate the integration of the published work in the scholarly community and surrounding research field. Articles reporting lists of references citing non scholarly documents, such as, webpages, blogs, commercial products, manuals of any device or software as well as references that cannot be accessed, are not acceptable.
[1] Setiyo M, Waluyo B. Mixer with Secondary Venturi: An Invention for the First-Generation LPG Kits. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):21–26.
[2] Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS. Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;95:115–124.
[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.
[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.
[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.
[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.
Manuscript Temptale
Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
The International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity, transparency, and ethical conduct in scholarly publishing. This statement outlines the ethical responsibilities of all parties involved in the publication process, including authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, and the publisher.
IJASTECH is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey (Otomotiv Mühendisleri Derneği). The journal publishes articles in English and applies a single-blind peer review process. The journal follows a continuous publication model with issue-based structure. This ethics statement is prepared in line with internationally accepted principles of publication ethics and is informed by the guidance and core practices of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
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The Journal aim to publish extensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries about automotive science and technology. Papers will be freely accessible online without any subscriptions and restrictions to researchers worldwide. Original research papers, review papers, letter to the editor, case reports, short communications are welcome for publishing without any publishing or submission payment.
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M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Main research topics:
• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.
Current research interests:
• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.
Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.
He is a member of SAE International.
Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers.
Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.
Editorial Board
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey
