Research Article

Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Volume: 10 Number: 3 September 11, 2026

Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Transient engine operation in real driving conditions generally leads to higher fuel consumption than that predicted by steady-state maps. For this reason, this work investigates the impact of using steady-state and transient engine representations within Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and Dynamic Programming (DP)-based energy management strategies for a P2 mild hybrid electric vehicle. ECMS makes decisions based on the current operating state, hence providing local optimal solution, whereas DP yields a globally optimal solution by considering the entire driving cycle. This work quantifies the maximum achievable fuel savings using these control strategies considering engine transient operation. In this work, an ECMS controller is proposed that calculates the equivalent fuel consumption precisely by utilizing engine and electric machine efficiencies derived from their current operating points on their operating characteristic maps. In the cost function the term for engine fuel consumption is evaluated in two separate cases, using a steady-state fuel model in one case and a transient engine model in the other. In parallel, a DP benchmark based on Bellman’s backward recursion is formulated using both engine modelling approaches. The findings indicate that the impact extends beyond total fuel consumption to the dynamic behavior of the powertrain as well. Specifically, the root mean square (RMS) and total variation (TV) of engine and motor torques show that including transient model in the cost function leads to different optimal control actions and significantly influences torque smoothness and overall drivetrain stability.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Automotive Mechatronics and Autonomous Systems

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 11, 2026

Submission Date

February 4, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 21, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 3

APA
Yakhshilikova, G., & Ruzimov, S. (2026). Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 10(3), 654-662. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1881601
AMA
1.Yakhshilikova G, Ruzimov S. Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IJASTECH. 2026;10(3):654-662. doi:10.30939/ijastech.1881601
Chicago
Yakhshilikova, Gulnora, and Sanjarbek Ruzimov. 2026. “Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 (3): 654-62. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1881601.
EndNote
Yakhshilikova G, Ruzimov S (September 1, 2026) Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 3 654–662.
IEEE
[1]G. Yakhshilikova and S. Ruzimov, “Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles”, IJASTECH, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 654–662, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1881601.
ISNAD
Yakhshilikova, Gulnora - Ruzimov, Sanjarbek. “Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10/3 (September 1, 2026): 654-662. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1881601.
JAMA
1.Yakhshilikova G, Ruzimov S. Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IJASTECH. 2026;10:654–662.
MLA
Yakhshilikova, Gulnora, and Sanjarbek Ruzimov. “Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 654-62, doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1881601.
Vancouver
1.Gulnora Yakhshilikova, Sanjarbek Ruzimov. Comparative Evaluation of ECMS and DP Control Strategies Using Steady-State and Transient Engine Models in Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IJASTECH. 2026 Sep. 1;10(3):654-62. doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1881601


International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey

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