Characterization of Mechanical Performance of Natural–Synthetic Fiber Layered Hybrid Composites for Automotive Interior Trim and Structural Applications
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical behavior of hybrid composite layers produced using luffa fiber as a natural fiber and carbon fiber fabric as a synthetic reinforcement was investigated. Hybrid composites were produced by hand lay-up method in (45º-90º-L-L-90º-45º), (0/90º-90 -L-L-90º- 0/90º) and (0/90º-45º- L-L-45º-0/90º) configurations with different layer combinations and fiber orientation angles, and cured under hot press. Low-speed impact tests (10 J and 20 J), three-point bending tests, and tensile tests were performed on the produced specimens. In impact tests, the (0/90º–45º–L–L–45º–0/90º) specimen reached the highest maximum force 7200 N at 20 J and limited deformation, about 20% higher energy absorption than the (45º–90º–L–L–90º–45º) specimen. The (0/90º–90º–L–L–90º–0/90º) specimen showed intermediate behavior, while the (45º–90º–L–L–90º–45º) specimen exhibited greater deformation. Three-point bending tests showed the (0/90º–45º–L–L–45º–0/90º) specimen had the highest load 280 N, 12% higher than (45º–90º–L–L–90º–45º) specimen, and tensile tests indicated the same specimen achieved the highest strength 340 MPa, 15% higher than (45º–90º–L–L–90º–45º) specimen. The results indicate that the carbon fiber orientation angle and layer combination have a decisive effect on the impact, bending, and tensile behavior of hybrid composites. Accordingly, it is concluded that by optimizing the layer arrangement according to the intended use, suitable material design can be achieved for applications requiring high strength or high energy absorption capacity, and the hybrid composite structures examined in this study can be considered as alternative materials for applications such as bumpers, grilles, headlight frames, and trim parts in the automotive industry.
Keywords
Automotive materials Hybrid composite Luffa fiber Carbon fiber Low-speed impact Mechanical testing
Ethical Statement
This study does not involve human participants or animal subjects; therefore, ethical committee approval was not required.
Supporting Institution
This research was supported by the Afyon Kocatepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAPK) under Project No. 24.FEN.BİL.07.
Project Number
24.FEN.BİL.07
Thanks
This study was derived from a master’s thesis and was financially supported by the Afyon Kocatepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAPK) under Project No. 24.FEN.BİL.07.
References
- [1] Yavuz İ, Şimşir E, Budak K. Investigation of the damping abilities of sheep wool reinforced expanded polystyrene core layer composites at different energies. Journal of Polymer Materials. 2024;41(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpm.2024.052279
- [2] Şimşir E, Akçin Ergün Y, Yavuz İ. Investigation of damping properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites at various impact energy levels. Polymers. 2024;16(24): 3553. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243553
- [3] Prasad V, Alliyankal Vijayakumar A, Jose T, George SC. A comprehensive review of sustainability in natural-fiber-reinforced polymers. Sustainability. 2024;16(3):1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031223
- [4] Saha M, Singh H, Singh MK, Rangappa SM, Siengchin S. Advancements in natural fiber composites: Market insights, surface modifications, advanced fabrication techniques and applications. Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action. 2025;6:100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scca.2025.100081
- [5] Chauhan V, Kärki T, Varis J. Review of natural fiber-reinforced engineering plastic composites, their applications in the transportation sector and processing techniques. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 2022;35(8):1169–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705719889095
- [6] Oladele IO, Bichanga’A DO, Borisade SG, Isola-Makinde BA, Akinbamiyorin I, Githinji DN. Recent advancements in the application of natural fibre/particulate based polymer composites in automotive industry: a review on sustainable development. Matériaux and Techniques. 2024;112(4):402. https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2024020
- [7] Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink HP, Sain M. Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Progress in Polymer Science 2012;37(31):1552–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003
- [8] Radhakrishnan S, Krishna JS, Dwivedi SP, Gupta S, Gupta P, Chaudhary V. Experimental investigation of mechanical and physical properties of coconut shell and eggshell filler-based bio-fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2023;15(4):3201–3213. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13399-023-05037-4
- [9] Bhagat VK, Biswas S, Dehury J. Physical, mechanical, and water absorption behavior of coir/glass fiber reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites. Polymer Composites. 2014;35(5):925–930. https://doi.org/10.1002/PC.22736
- [10] Hasan KMF, Pervez MdN, Talukder MdE, Mahmud S, Naddeo V, Cai Y. Community entrepreneurship and environmental sustainability of the handloom sector. Handloom Sustainability and Culture. 2022:21–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5967-6_2
- [11] Karacor B, Özcanlı M. Different Curing Temperature Effects on Mechanical Properties of Jute/Glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology. 2021;5(4):358-71. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..989976
- [12] Ahmad F, Choi HS, Park MK. A review: Natural fiber composites selection in view of mechanical, light weight, and economic properties. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 2015;300(1):10–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400089
- [13] Xu D, He S, Leng W, Chen Y, Wu Z. Replacing plastic with bamboo: a review of the properties and green applications of bamboo-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Polymers. 2023;15(21):4276. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15214276
- [14] Karthik K, Rajamanikkam RK, Venkatesan EP, Bishwakarma S, Krishnaiah R, Saleel CA, Soudagar MEM, Kalam MA, Ali MM, Bashir MN. State of the art: Natural fibre-reinforced composites in advanced development and their physical/chemical/mechanical properties. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2024;52(7):100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjac.2024.100415
- [15] Ramlee NA, Jawaid M, Zainudin ES, Yamani SAK. Tensile, physical and morphological properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch/sugarcane bagasse fibre reinforced phenolic hybrid composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2019;8(4):3466–7344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.016
- [16] Loh YR, Sujan D, Rahman ME, Das CA. Sugarcane bagasse-The future composite material: A literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2013;75(1):14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.03.002
- [17] Khalid MY, Al Rashid A, Arif ZU, Sheikh MF, Arshad H, Nasir MA. Tensile strength evaluation of glass/jute fibers reinforced composites: An experimental and numerical approach. Results in Engineering. 2021;10(1):100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100232
- [18] Islam MS, Ahmed SJ. Influence of jute fiber on concrete properties. Construction and Build Materials. 2018;189:768–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.048
- [19] Suthenthiraveerappa V, Ajithkumar S, Gopalan V, Pragasam V, Sampath A, Chinnaiyan P, Kalidas VK, Pitchumani SV, Kulendran B, Gopal R, Tensile properties of basalt/jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Cogent Engineering. 2024;11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2024.2348083
- [20] Charlet K, Eve S, Jernot JP, Gomina M, Breard J. Tensile deformation of a flax fiber. Procedia Engineering. 2009;1(1):233–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2009.06.055
- [21] Amiri A, Triplett Z, Moreira A, Brezinka N, Alcock M, Ulven CA. Standard density measurement method development for flax fiber. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017;96:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.060
- [22] Yan L, Chouw N, Jayaraman K. Flax fibre and its composites – A review. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;56:296–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014
- [23] Saba N, Paridah MT, Jawaid M. Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composite: A review. Construction and Build Materials. 2015;76:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.043
- [24] Mahjoub R, Yatim JM, Mohd Sam AR, Hashemi SH. Tensile properties of kenaf fiber due to various conditions of chemical fiber surface modifications. Construction and Build Materials. 2014;55:103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.036
- [25] Qu W, Niu B, Lv C, Liu J. A Review of sisal fiber-reinforced geopolymers: preparation, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Molecules. 2024;29(10):2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102401
- [26] Choudhary S, Kumar Sain M, Kumar V, Saraswat P, Kumar Jindal M. Advantages and applications of sisal fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites in automobiles: A literature review. Materials Today Proceedings. 2023. (In Press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.072
- [27] Basak S, Bhowmick M, Sengupta S. Flame retardant sisal rope: combustion properties and characterization. Cellulose. 2023;30:3931–3952. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10570-023-05092-0
- [28] Cortés JG, Ryu BR, Pauli C, Barroso LR, Park SH. Industrial applications of hemp fiber in europe and evolving regulatory landscape. Journal of Natural Fibers. 2024;21(1):2435047. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2024
- [29] Duval A, Bourmaud A, Augier L, Baley C. Influence of the sampling area of the stem on the mechanical properties of hemp fibers. Materials Letters. 2011;65(4):797–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATLET.2010.11.053
- [30] Sena Neto AR, Araujo MAM, Barboza RMP, Fonseca AS, Tonoli GHD, Souza FVD, Mattoso LHC, Marconcini JM. Comparative study of 12 pineapple leaf fiber varieties for use as mechanical reinforcement in polymer composites. Indusrtial Crops and Products. 2015;64:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2014.10.042
- [31] Leãoa AL, MacHado IS, De Souza SF, Soriano L. Production of curauá (ananas erectifolius L.B. smith) fibers for industrial applications: Characterization and Micropropagation. Acta Horticulturae. 2009;822:227–238. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.822.28
- [32] Jose S, Salim R, Ammayappan L. An overview on production, properties, and value addition of pineapple leaf Fibers (PALF). Journal of Natural Fibers. 2016;13(3):362–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1029194
- [33] Othman H, Ragab MM, Hassabo AG. Utilization of regenerated cellulose fiber (banana fiber) in various textile applications and reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science. 2024;21(3):51–71. https://doi.org/10.21608/jtcps.2024.258999.1267
- [34] Pothan LA, Oommen Z, Thomas S. Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology. 2003;63(2):283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00254-3
- [35] Nallakumarasamy G, Jagadeesh D, Venkatachalam R. characterisation of banana fiber-A review. J Environ Nanotechnol. 2015;4(2):23–26. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2015.06.152154
- [36] Cao J, Liu X, Mo R, Liu H, Xu H. Structure damage on cotton fiber via coupling effect of moisture regains and low temperature. Journal of Natural Fibers. 2024;21(1): 2338926. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2024.2338926
- [37] Respati SMB, Purwanto H, Fakhrudin I, Prayitno P. Tensile strength and density evaluation of composites from waste cotton fabrics and high-density polyethylene (hdpe): contributions to the composite industry and a cleaner environment. Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry 2021;1(1):41–48. https://doi.org/10.31603/mesi.5252
- [38] Kamath MG, Bhat GS, Parikh D V, Mueller D. Cotton fiber nonwovens for automotive composites. International Nonwovens Journal. 2005;14(1):34-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925005os-1400105
- [39] Alhijazi M, Safaei B, Zeeshan Q, Asmael M, Eyvazian A, Qin Z. Recent developments in luffa natural fiber composites: review. Sustainability. 2020;12(18):7683. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187683
- [40] Abidemi Adeyanju C, Ogunniyi S, Ighalo JO, George Adeniyi A, Abdulkareem SA. A review on Luffa fibres and their polymer composites. Journal of Materials Science. 2021; 56:2797-2813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05432-6
- [41] Natrayan L, Kaliappan S. Mechanical Assessment of carbon–luffa hybrid composites for automotive applications. SAE Technical Papers.2023;5070. https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-5070
- [42] Saw SK, Purwar R, Nandy S, Ghose J, Sarkhel G. Fabrication, characterization, and evaluation of Luffa cylindrica fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Bioresources. 2013;8(4):4805–4826. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.4805-4826
- [43] Stieven Montagna L, Ferreira de Melo Morgado G, Lemes AP, Roberto Passador F, Cerqueira Rezende M. Recycling of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset composites: A review. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 2023;36(8):3455–3480. https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057221108912
- [44] Yavuz İ, Şi̇mşi̇r E, Şenol B. Investigation of mechanical behavior of glass fiber reinforced extruded polystyrene core material composites. RSC Advances. 2024;14:13311–13320. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA01740D
- [45] Chandgude S, Salunkhe S. In state of art: Mechanical behavior of natural fiber-based hybrid polymeric composites for application of automobile components. Polymer Composites. 2021;42(6):2678–2703. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26045
- [46] Islam T, Chaion MH, Jalil MA, Rafi AS, Mushtari F, Dhar AK, et al. Advancements and challenges in natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites: A comprehensive review. SPE Polymers. 2024;5(4):481–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/PLS2.10145
- [47] Simões S. High-performance advanced composites in multifunctional material design: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions. Materials. 2024;17(23):5997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235997
- [48] Jawaid M, Abdul Khalil HPS. Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011;86(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.043
- [49] Zaman MAN, Rahman MZ. Hybrid synthetic fibers: composites and automotive applications. Synthetic and Mineral Fibers, Their Composites and Applications. 2024:461–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13623-8.00017-4
- [50] Pickering KL. Properties and performance of natural-fibre composites. Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering. Elsevier. Year 2008.
- [51] Venkateshwaran N, Elayaperumal A, Sathiya GK. Prediction of tensile properties of hybrid-natural fiber composites. Composites Part B Engineering. 2012;43(2):793–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.023
- [52] Ashok KG, Kalaichelvan K, Elango V, Damodaran A, Gopinath B, Raju M. Mechanical and morphological properties of luffa/carbon fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Materials Today Proceedings. 2020;33(1):637–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.716
- [53] Kamran MJ, Jayamani E, Heng SK, Wong YC. A review: Surface treatments, production techniques, mechanical properties and characteristics of Luffa cylindrica bio composites. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 2022;51(1):215S-245S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720984094
- [54] Yang R, Guan Z, Zhang L, Shu Y. Mechanical properties and microstructure of pre-treated luffa fiber reinforced cement mortar. Plos One. 2025;20:e0314213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314213
- [55] Shen J, Min Xie Y, Huang X, Zhou S, Ruan D. Mechanical properties of luffa sponge. Jorunal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2012;15:141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.07.004
- [56] Chen Q, Shi Q, Gorb SN, Li Z. A multiscale study on the structural and mechanical properties of the luffa sponge from Luffa cylindrica plant. Journal of Biomechanics. 2014;47(6):1332–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.02.010
- [57] Mulla MH, Norizan MN, Abdullah CK, Mohd Rawi NF, Mohamad Kassim MH, Abdullah N, Faiz Norrahim MN, Manzoore Elahi MS. Low velocity impact performance of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: A review. Functional Composites and Structures. 2023;5:035004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/acf114
- [58] ŞimŞir E, Bayrakceken H. Examination of mechanical tests of cfrp composite material with different orientation angles used in the automotive industry. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology. 2024;8:132–41. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1399886
- [59] Esleman EA, Önal G. Three-point bending fatigue behavior of basalt-carbon-glass/epoxy hybrid composites under saltwater environment. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. 2023;46(7):2375–2719. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.14012
- [60] Sritharan R, Askari D. Improvement of the tensile properties of laminated composites reinforced with Heli-Coil forms of carbon nanotubes. Polymer Composites. 2023;44(10):7070–7083. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27619
- [61] Faidallah RF, Hanon MM, Vashist V, Habib A, Szakál Z, Oldal I. Effect of different standard geometry shapes on the tensile properties of 3d-printed polymer. Polymers. 2023;15(14):3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143029
- [62] Sathish T. Forces of flexural and tensile characteristics with nano cobalt filler in Carbon/Pineapple Leaf fiber composites. Interactions. 2024; 245: 96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-024-01937-7
- [63] Mohamed YS, Abdelbary A. Theoretical and experimental study on the influence of fiber orientation on the tensile properties of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composite. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 2023; 67: 693-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.12.058
- [64] Nagaraja KC, Rajanna S, Prakash GS, Koppad PG, Alipour M. Studying the effect of different carbon and glass fabric stacking sequence on mechanical properties of epoxy hybrid composite laminates. Composites Communications. 2020; 21: 100425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100425
- [65] Seydibeyoğlu MÖ, Dogru A, Wang J, Rencheck M, Han Y, Wang L, Gardner DJ. Review on hybrid reinforced polymer matrix composites with nanocellulose, nanomaterials, and other fibers. Polymers. 2023;15(4): 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040984
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Material Production Technologies, Mechanical Vibrations and Noise, Automotive Engineering Materials |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 24.FEN.BİL.07 |
| Submission Date | February 6, 2026 |
| Acceptance Date | March 25, 2026 |
| Publication Date | March 30, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1883484 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA46NF89LT |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1 |
Aim & Scope
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology is a multidisciplinary open access journal which publishes blind peer reviewed original research articles. The journal includes a wide range of fields related with automotive technologies and creates a platform for researchers to make their contribution to automotive science. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology is a member of Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey. http://omd.org.tr/
The journal aims to publish comprehensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries in automotive science and technology. Articles will be freely available online to researchers worldwide without any subscription or restriction. Original research articles, review articles, letters to the editor, case reports and short communications prepared in English are accepted for publication without any publication or submission fees.
Topics of the Journal include powertrain systems, engine and vehicle dynamics, vibrations and control, NHV, structural analysis, energy sources, fossil and alternative fuel technologies, renewable energy in automotive, combustion in internal combustion engines (ICEs), mathematical modelling and validation, emissions, mechatronics, vehicle electronics, advanced control strategies, electro-mechanical engineering, vehicle aerodynamics, fuel cell, hybrid and electrical vehicles, design and manufacturing, automobile materials, lubrication, tribology, safety systems, logistics and transportation, traffic management, intelligent vehicle systems, communication systems and other fields related to automotive science and technology.
Author Guidelines
Publication Model: Continuous Publishing with Issue-Based Structure
Starting in 2026, the journal operates under a Continuous Publishing (article-based publishing) model. Once a manuscript has completed peer review and all editorial and production stages (including copyediting/typesetting and author proofing), it is published online immediately as a final, citable article, without waiting for an entire issue. Each newly published article is placed into the current open issue.
The journal continues to use standard volume and issue numbering. In total, four issues will be published. Each issue will be closed after a certain number of articles have been published, and the next issue will be opened accordingly. The target number of articles per issue is determined by the Editorial Board based on editorial capacity and publication planning.
Reviewing Process
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology uses Single-Blind Reviewing process. This means that the reviewer identities are concealed from the authors throughout the review process. Reviewers will not be influenced by the authors because reviewer anonymity allows for impartial decisions. For more you can check Peer Review Process page.
PREPERATION
Papers must be prepared in English. The accepted paper should be prepared in two columns. The main text of the manuscript must be written in Times New Roman, font 10, 12-point line spacing. The font size, line spacing, and margin of the template must not be altered. Authors can use template document to prepare the manuscript to submission. Authors can find and download this Microsoft Word document from the website of the journal, www.ijastech.org. Other submission versions will not be accepted, so, the manuscript could not go further to reviewing process.
Main sections and subsections should be numbered consecutively. All of the references given at the end of the paper that listed consecutively should be cited in the main text with numerals in a square bracket [1, 2-5].
The paper is divided into three parts. The first part includes the title, author’s name, abstract, and keywords. The second part is the main body of the paper that includes the references and nomenclature. The third part is the author’s profile.
Sections must also be edited in double column. Tables and figures should be located at the top or bottom of the columns if possible. Tables should be prepared in font 9. If any table of figure is large than one column, figure or table can be located at the bottom or top of the page with one column. Figures must have at least 300 dpi resolution. Black and white or colored figures are acceptable. Each table and figure should be cited in the text.
Authors must declare that there is no conflict of interest in the study.
Authors should fill the "Acknowledgement" section to thank their funders.
Authors must present CRediT taxonomy (Contributor Roles Taxonomy [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/leap.1210]) when there are two or more authors.
The corresponding author is expected to present CRediT details that provide the opportunity to share an accurate and detailed description of the authors' contributions to the published article.
The role(s) of all authors must be listed, using 14 relevant categories in CRediT taxonomy.
Authors may have contributed in multiple roles.
This information must be provided after the authors' short bios.
The roles of authors may be classified as the followings, but not limited to:
Conceptualization : Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
Data curation : Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.
Formal analysis : Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
Funding acquisition : Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
Investigation : Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
Methodology : Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
Project administration : Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
Resources : Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
Software : Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
Supervision : Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
Validation : Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
Visualization : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
Writing - original draft : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
Writing - review & editing : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.
The corresponding author may use the following example to state author contributions as authorship credits:
Hamit Solmaz: Conceptualization, Supervision, H. Serdar Yücesu: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft, Validation, Alper Calam: Data curation, Formal analysis, Emre Yılmaz: Writing-original draft, writing-review&editing, software.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/leap.1210
References should be listed at the end of the paper in font 9. They should be numbered consecutively and referred in square brackets. While referring a journal paper, volume, number, page numbers and year must be given. From 2021, the reference list should be prepared using the Vancouver referencing style. Attention!: Article citations should demonstrate the integration of the published work in the scholarly community and surrounding research field. Articles reporting lists of references citing non scholarly documents, such as, webpages, blogs, commercial products, manuals of any device or software as well as references that cannot be accessed, are not acceptable.
[1] Setiyo M, Waluyo B. Mixer with Secondary Venturi: An Invention for the First-Generation LPG Kits. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):21–26.
[2] Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS. Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;95:115–124.
[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.
[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.
[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.
[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.
Manuscript Temptale
Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
The International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity, transparency, and ethical conduct in scholarly publishing. This statement outlines the ethical responsibilities of all parties involved in the publication process, including authors, reviewers, editors, editorial board members, and the publisher.
IJASTECH is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey (Otomotiv Mühendisleri Derneği). The journal publishes articles in English and applies a single-blind peer review process. The journal follows a continuous publication model with issue-based structure. This ethics statement is prepared in line with internationally accepted principles of publication ethics and is informed by the guidance and core practices of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
1. Ethical Framework
IJASTECH expects all participants in the publication process to act in accordance with the principles of:
- academic honesty,
- originality,
- transparency,
- accountability,
- fairness,
- confidentiality,
- responsible research reporting,
- and respect for research participants, animals, institutions, and the scholarly record.
The journal does not tolerate plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, citation manipulation, duplicate publication, peer-review manipulation, undisclosed conflicts of interest, or any other form of publication misconduct.
2. Duties and Responsibilities of Editors
2.1 Editorial Independence and Fair Decision-Making
Editors evaluate submitted manuscripts exclusively on the basis of their academic merit, originality, methodological rigor, clarity, relevance to the journal’s scope, and contribution to automotive science and technology. Editorial decisions are made without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, religious belief, political opinion, institutional affiliation, or personal characteristics of the authors.
2.2 Confidentiality
Editors and editorial staff must treat all submitted manuscripts as confidential documents. Information regarding a submission may only be shared with the corresponding author, reviewers, editorial advisers, and the publisher when necessary for editorial processing.
2.3 Conflict of Interest
Editors must not be involved in decisions regarding manuscripts in which they have a personal, institutional, academic, collaborative, or financial conflict of interest. In such cases, editorial responsibility must be transferred to another qualified editor.
2.4 Peer Review Oversight
Editors are responsible for ensuring that each manuscript undergoes a fair, unbiased, and timely single-blind peer review process. Editors should select reviewers with relevant expertise and should avoid reviewers with conflicts of interest.
2.5 Handling Misconduct
Editors will take appropriate action when ethical concerns are raised regarding a submitted or published work. Such action may include requesting clarification, seeking evidence, contacting authors’ institutions, rejecting the manuscript, publishing a correction, issuing an expression of concern, retracting the article, or applying other appropriate measures.
2.6 Corrections and Retractions
When serious errors or misconduct are identified, editors are responsible for protecting the integrity of the scholarly record. Depending on the nature of the issue, the journal may publish a correction, retraction, editorial note, or expression of concern.
3. Duties and Responsibilities of Authors
3.1 Originality and Plagiarism
Authors must submit only original work. Manuscripts must not contain plagiarism, self-plagiarism, copied data, manipulated images, or improperly reused material. All sources must be properly cited. Quotations, ideas, methods, data, figures, and tables taken from other works must be clearly acknowledged.
All submitted manuscripts may be screened with similarity-detection software before peer review and/or before final acceptance.
3.2 Authorship and Contributorship
Authorship must be limited to those who have made a substantial scholarly contribution to the conception, design, execution, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the study. All persons who made significant contributions must be listed as authors, and all listed authors must approve the submitted and final versions of the manuscript.
The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that:
- all eligible contributors are listed as authors,
- no ineligible persons are listed as authors,
- all authors have seen and approved the manuscript,
- and author contribution statements are provided where required.
3.3 Accurate Reporting
Authors must present their work honestly, clearly, and accurately. The manuscript should contain sufficient methodological detail and appropriate references so that the work can be understood, assessed, and, where applicable, reproduced by others. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements are unethical and unacceptable.
3.4 Data Integrity and Data Availability
Authors are responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and preservation of the data underlying their study. When requested by the editors, authors should be prepared to provide raw data, processed data, codes, or supporting documentation for editorial evaluation. Authors should retain research data for a reasonable period after publication.
3.5 Multiple, Redundant, or Concurrent Submission
A manuscript submitted to IJASTECH must not be simultaneously under consideration by another journal or publication venue. Authors must not submit previously published work unless the journal explicitly permits justified secondary publication with full transparency and appropriate permission.
Redundant publication, salami slicing, and unjustified overlap with the authors’ own previously published work are considered unethical.
3.6 Acknowledgment of Sources
Authors must acknowledge the work of others appropriately. Relevant prior studies should be cited fairly and accurately. Citation manipulation, excessive self-citation, coercive citation, or citation of irrelevant sources solely to influence metrics is unethical.
3.7 Funding and Conflict of Interest Disclosure
Authors must clearly disclose all sources of funding, financial support, project sponsorship, and any relationships or interests that could influence, or appear to influence, the interpretation of the results. Examples include employment, consultancy, stock ownership, patents, paid expert testimony, grants, and institutional affiliations.
If no conflict of interest exists, authors should explicitly state that there is no conflict of interest.
3.8 Ethical Approval for Research Involving Humans or Animals
If the study involves human participants, human data, human samples, surveys, driver behavior experiments, ergonomic assessments, medical information, or any research requiring ethical oversight, the manuscript must include the name of the ethics committee/institutional review board, approval number, and approval date where applicable.
If the study involves animals, authors must confirm that all applicable institutional, national, and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed and that necessary approvals were obtained.
Where informed consent is required, authors must confirm that informed consent was obtained.
3.9 Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools
If generative AI or AI-assisted tools are used in the preparation of the manuscript, authors must disclose this use transparently and explain how the tools were used. AI tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot take responsibility for the work. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, validity, and ethical integrity of all submitted content.
3.10 Copyright, Permissions, and Reuse
Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission for any copyrighted material reused in the manuscript, including figures, tables, photographs, or substantial text passages, where permission is required. Appropriate acknowledgments must be included in the manuscript.
3.11 Corrections After Publication
If authors discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their submitted, accepted, or published work, they must promptly notify the editorial office and cooperate fully in correcting or retracting the article where necessary.
4. Duties and Responsibilities of Reviewers
4.1 Contribution to Editorial Decisions
Reviewers assist editors in making editorial decisions and help authors improve the quality of their manuscripts through constructive, scholarly, and objective feedback.
4.2 Competence and Timeliness
Reviewers should accept review assignments only if the manuscript falls within their area of expertise and they can complete the review within the requested time. If a reviewer feels unqualified or unavailable, the editor should be informed immediately.
4.3 Confidentiality
Manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Reviewers must not share, discuss, copy, use, or distribute the manuscript or its contents for personal, academic, or commercial advantage.
4.4 Objectivity and Professionalism
Reviews must be objective, respectful, evidence-based, and constructive. Personal criticism of authors is inappropriate. Reviewers should clearly explain their evaluations and support their recommendations with reasoned arguments.
4.5 Identification of Relevant Sources
Reviewers should identify important published work relevant to the manuscript that has not been cited by the authors. Reviewers should also alert the editor to any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under review and any other work of which they are aware.
4.6 Conflict of Interest
Reviewers must decline to review manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest arising from personal relationships, institutional connections, direct competition, collaboration, or financial interests.
5. Duties and Responsibilities of the Publisher
The publisher supports the editorial process but does not interfere with editorial decisions. The publisher is committed to safeguarding editorial independence, supporting ethical publishing practices, and ensuring that suspected misconduct is handled appropriately and transparently.
6. Complaints, Appeals, and Allegations of Misconduct
IJASTECH takes all complaints and allegations of misconduct seriously, whether they arise before or after publication. Complaints may relate to editorial decisions, peer review, plagiarism, data integrity, authorship, conflicts of interest, citation manipulation, ethical approval, or any other ethical concern.
Such cases will be evaluated by the editorial office and, where necessary, by the Editor-in-Chief and publisher in accordance with journal policies and recognized ethical guidance. Additional documents, explanations, or institutional clarification may be requested.
Authors may appeal editorial decisions when they believe a serious procedural or scientific misunderstanding has occurred. Appeals must be reasoned, evidence-based, and submitted in writing.
7. Actions in Cases of Ethical Violations
If misconduct or serious ethical violations are identified, IJASTECH reserves the right to take one or more of the following actions:
- reject the manuscript,
- return the manuscript for clarification,
- suspend editorial evaluation,
- inform the authors’ institution(s) or funding body,
- publish a correction,
- publish an expression of concern,
- retract the article,
- restrict future submissions from the responsible party for a defined period,
- or take any other measure deemed necessary to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.
8. Post-Publication Responsibility
Publication does not end ethical responsibility. Authors, reviewers, editors, and readers are encouraged to notify the journal if they identify significant errors, ethical concerns, or misconduct in published work. IJASTECH is committed to evaluating such notifications fairly and transparently.
9. Final Statement
All parties involved in the publication process of IJASTECH are expected to comply with this policy. Submission of a manuscript to the journal implies that the authors agree to these ethical standards and accept the journal’s procedures for editorial assessment, peer review, and the handling of potential misconduct.
Price Policy
The Journal aim to publish extensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries about automotive science and technology. Papers will be freely accessible online without any subscriptions and restrictions to researchers worldwide. Original research papers, review papers, letter to the editor, case reports, short communications are welcome for publishing without any publishing or submission payment.
Indexes
Citation Indexes
Journal Boards
Editor in Chief
Co-Editor in Chief
Section Editors
M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Main research topics:
• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.
Current research interests:
• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.
Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.
He is a member of SAE International.
Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers.
Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE). Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.
Editorial Board
International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey
